This document provides information on febrile neutropenia, including:
- It is a common and serious complication of cancer chemotherapy, especially in those with hematologic malignancies.
- Initial evaluation of febrile neutropenic patients includes assessing infection risk factors and sites, as well as collecting blood and other cultures.
- High-risk patients require intravenous empirical antibiotic therapy in the hospital, while low-risk patients may be treated orally or as outpatients.
- Empirical therapy typically involves a broad-spectrum beta-lactam with coverage against pseudomonas, with vancomycin or other anti-gram positive coverage only added if clinically indicated. Therapy is continued until marrow recovery from neutropenia
Febrile neutropenia - Infections in cancer patientsAli Musavi
This powerpoint provides a summary of infections in neutropenic patients and febrile neutropenia. It contains the definition, etiology, approach, treatments, and recommendations from ESMO and IDSA guidelines.
I worked on this presentation in 2017, for the Infectious disease department. My sources are: UpToDate, IDSA guidelines. Please share & give me credit to my work.
lecture presented at Al-Mahmoudiya General hospital in the 30th Aug 2023
based upon recent governmental protocols of antibiotic selection, dosage forms conversion by MOH 2023
Febrile neutropenia - Infections in cancer patientsAli Musavi
This powerpoint provides a summary of infections in neutropenic patients and febrile neutropenia. It contains the definition, etiology, approach, treatments, and recommendations from ESMO and IDSA guidelines.
I worked on this presentation in 2017, for the Infectious disease department. My sources are: UpToDate, IDSA guidelines. Please share & give me credit to my work.
lecture presented at Al-Mahmoudiya General hospital in the 30th Aug 2023
based upon recent governmental protocols of antibiotic selection, dosage forms conversion by MOH 2023
Approach to new fever in ICU and common causes (infectious and non-infectious), including bacteremia, VAP, catheter related infections (CLABSI), CAUTI and drug fever. Brief discussion about new sepsis definitions (2016), qSOFA score and biomarkers (procalcitonin).
Pneumonia - Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)Arshia Nozari
An overview to Community Acquired Pneumonia; It's Pathophysiology, Etiology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment according to Harrison's Internal Medicine, 20th Edition (2018).
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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3. INTRODUCTION
• One of the most frequent and serious complications of cancer chemotherapy .
• Fever occurs in 10%–50% of pts. with solid tumors and around 80% of those with
hematologic malignancies.
• Clinically documented infections occur in 20%–30% of febrile episodes.
• Resistant Gram Positive Pathogens s/a MRSA and VRE and fluconazole-resistant Candida
strains (e.g. Candida krusei and Candida glabrata) have become more common
• Fungi are rarely identified as the cause of first fever early in the course of neutropenia;
rather, they are encountered after the first week of prolonged neutropenia and empirical
antibiotic therapy
4. DEFINITION
• Fever
• Fever is defined as a single oral temperature measurement of >38.3 C (101F) or a
temperature of >38.0 C (100.4F) sustained over a 1-h period.
• Neutropenia
• Neutropenia is defined as an ANC of < 500 cells/cu mm or an ANC that is expected to
decrease to < 500 cell/cu mm during the next 48 h.
IDSA 2010 Guidelines for Febrile Neutropenia
• Febrile Neutropenia
• Febrile neutropenia (FN) is defined as an oral temperature of >38.3°C or two consecutive
readings of >38.0°C for 2 h and ANC of <0.5 × 109/l, or expected to fall below 0.5 × 109/l.
ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines 2016
5. Cont..
• Profound neutropenia is an ANC < 100 cells/micro.
• Functional neutropenia
• Refers to patients whose hematologic malignancy results in qualitative
defects (impaired phagocytosis and killing of pathogens) of circulating
neutrophils.
• Should also be considered to be at increased risk for infection, despite a
‘‘normal’’ neutrophil count.
6. NEUTROPENIA Vs CHEMOTHERAPY
• Clear relationship between the severity of neutropenia and the intensity of
chemotherapy.
• Currently, the different regimens are classified as
• High risk (>20%)
• Intermediate risk (10%–20%)
• Low risk (<10%) of FN
7. COMMON BACTERIAL PATHOGENS IN
NEUTROPENIC PATIENTS
Common Bacterial Pathogens in Neutropenic Patients
Common Gram Positive Pathogens Common Gram Negative Pathogens
Coagulase-negative staphylococci
Staphylococcus aureus, including MRSA
Enterococcus species, including VRE
Streptococci viridians
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pyogenes
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella species
Enterobacter species
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Citrobacter species
Acinetobacter species
8. MORTALITY AND LINKS
• Overall, bacteremia can be detected in ∼20% of patients with FN.
• Mortality rate is 18% in Gram-negative and 5% in Gram-positive bacteremia.
• Mortality is lower than 5% if the MASCC score is ≥21, but possibly as high as 40%
if the MASCC score is <15 .
10. What is the role of risk assessment ?
• Determine type of antibiotic therapy (Oral Vs IV )
• Venue of treatment ( Inpatient Vs Outpatient )
• Duration of antibiotic therapy
12. HIGH RISK PATIENTS
• MASCC score < 21
• Profound neutropenia (ANC <100 cells/mm3 ) anticipated to extend > 7 days
• Presence of any co-morbid medical problems including but not limited to:
• Hemodynamic instability
• Oral or gastrointestinal mucositis that interferes with swallowing or causes severe diarrhea
• Gastrointestinal symptoms, including abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, or diarrhea
• Neurologic or mental-status changes of new onset
• Intravascular catheter infection, especially catheter tunnel infection
• New pulmonary infiltrate or hypoxemia, or underlying chronic lung disease
• Evidence of hepatic insufficiency (defined as aminotransferase levels >5 times normal values) or renal
insufficiency (defined as CrCl of < 30 mL/min).
13. LOW RISK PATIENTS
• MASCC score > 21
• Expected to be neutropenic (ANC < 500 cells/cu mm) for ≤ 7 days
• No active co-morbidities.
• No evidence of significant hepatic or renal insufficiency.
16. INITIAL EVALUATION
• Note the presence of indwelling IV catheters ( peripheral and central ).
• S/S suggesting an infection focus:
• Respiratory system
• Gastrointestinal tract
• Skin
• Perineal region/genitourinary discharges
• Oropharynx
• Central nervous system
• Knowledge of previous positive microbiology results by checking clinical records
17. INVESTIGATIONS
Routine investigations Further investigations (profound/prolonged
neutropenia/following allografts)
CBC , RFT , LFT
Coagulation screen
CRP
Blood cultures (minimum of two sets)
including cultures from indwelling IV
catheter
Urinalysis and culture
Sputum microscopy and culture
Stool microscopy and culture
Skin lesion (aspirate/biopsy/swab)
Chest radiograph
HRCT (if pyrexia despite 72 h of appropriate
antibiotics)
BAL
18. • At least 2 sets of blood cultures are recommended, with a set collected
simultaneously from each lumen of an existing CVC, if present, and from a
peripheral vein site.
• 2 blood culture sets from separate venipunctures should be sent if no central
catheter is present.
• A ‘‘set’’ consists of 1 venipuncture or catheter access draw of ≈20 mL of blood
divided into 1 aerobic and 1 anaerobic blood culture bottle
20. EMPIRICAL THERAPY
• High-risk patients
Require hospitalization for IV empirical antibiotic therapy.
Monotherapy with an anti-pseudomonal b-lactam agent, such as cefepime, ceftazidime, a
carbapenem (meropenem or imipenem-cilastatin), or piperacillin-tazobactam, is recommended.
Other antimicrobials (aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and/or vancomycin) may be added for
management of complications (eg,hypotension and pneumonia) or if antimicrobial resistance is
suspected or proven.
Vancomycin (or other agents active against aerobic gram positive cocci) is not recommended as a
standard part of the initial antibiotic regimen for fever and neutropenia.
21. When to add antibiotics active against GPOs
to the empirical regimen?
IDSA clinical guidelines 2010 on febrile neutropenia
22. Cont..
• Most penicillin-allergic pts tolerate cephalosporins, but those with a h/o type 1 HSR s/b
treated with a combination that avoids b-lactams and carbapenems, such as ciprofloxacin
plus clindamycin or aztreonam plus vancomycin.
• Afebrile neutropenic pts who have new s/s suggestive of infection should be evaluated
and treated as high-risk pts.
• Low-risk pts should receive initial oral or IV empirical antibiotic doses in a clinic or
hospital setting.
• Ciprofloxacin plus amoxicillin-clavulanate in combination is recommended for oral
empirical treatment
23. Cont..
• Patients receiving fluoroquinolone prophylaxis should not receive oral empirical
therapy with a fluoroquinolone.
• Hospital re-admission or continued stay in the hospital is required for persistent
fever or s/s of worsening infection
25. WHEN TO MODIFY THERAPY ?
• Modifications to initial empirical therapy may be considered
• Antibiotic resistant organisms, particularly if the patient’s condition is unstable or
• Positive blood culture results suspicious for resistant bacteria.
• MRSA: Consider early addition of vancomycin, linezolid, or daptomycin.
• VRE: Consider early addition of linezolid or daptomycin.
• ESBLs: Consider early use of a carbapenem.
• KPCs: Consider early use of polymyxin-colistin or tigecycline.
26. Cont..
• Modifications to the initial antibiotic regimen s/b guided by clinical and
microbiologic data.
• Unexplained persistent fever in a patient whose condition is otherwise stable
rarely requires an empirical change to the initial antibiotic regimen. If an infection
is identified, antibiotics should be adjusted accordingly.
• Documented clinical and/or microbiological infections should be treated with
antibiotics appropriate for the site and for the susceptibilities of any isolated
organisms.
27. Cont..
• If vancomycin or other coverage for GPOs was started initially, it may be stopped after 2
days if there is no evidence for a gram-positive infection.
• Pts who remain hemodynamically unstable after initial doses with standard agents for
neutropenic fever should have their antimicrobial regimen broadened to include
coverage for resistant gram-negative, gram-positive, and anaerobic bacteria and fungi.
• An IV-to-oral switch in antibiotic regimen may be made if pts are clinically stable and GI
absorption is felt to be adequate.
• Empirical antifungal coverage should be considered in high-risk patients who have
persistent fever after 4–7 days of a broad-spectrum antibacterial regimen and no
identified fever source
29. PERSISTENT FEVER
• Persistent fever is an episode of fever during neutropenia that does not resolve
after 5 days of broad-spectrum antibacterial agents.
• The median time to defervescence following the initiation of empiric antibiotics
in patients with hematological malignancies is five days, in contrast with only two
days for patients with solid tumors.
31. How Long Should Empirical Antibiotic Therapy
be Given?
• In pts with clinically or microbiologically documented infections, the duration of
therapy is dictated by the particular organism and site; appropriate antibiotics
should continue for at least the duration of neutropenia (until ANC >500
cells/mm3) or longer if clinically necessary.
• In patients with unexplained fever, it is recommended that the initial regimen be
continued until there are clear signs of marrow recovery; the traditional endpoint
is an increasing ANC that exceeds 500 cells/mm3.
• Alternatively, if an appropriate treatment course has been completed and all s/s
of a documented infection have resolved, pts who remain neutropenic may
resume oral fluoroquinolone prophylaxis until marrow recovery
33. ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS
• Fluoroquinolone prophylaxis s/b considered for high-risk pts with expected
durations of prolonged and profound neutropenia (ANC <100 cells/mm3 for > 7
days).
• There were no significant differences between fluoroquinolone prophylaxis and
TMP-SMX prophylaxis with regard to death from all causes or infection; however,
fluoroquinolone prophylaxis was associated with fewer side effects.
• Addition of a gram-positive active agent to fluoroquinolone prophylaxis is
generally NOT recommended.
• Antibacterial prophylaxis is NOT routinely recommended for low-risk patients
who are anticipated to remain neutropenic for < 7 days.
35. ROLE OF ANTIFUNGAL EMPIRICAL THERAPY
• Empirical antifungal therapy and investigation for IFI s/b considered for pts with
persistent or recurrent fever after 4–7 days of antibiotics and whose overall
duration of neutropenia is expected to be >7 days.
• Aspergillus has surpassed Candida as a cause of IFI.
• In low-risk patients, the risk of invasive fungal infection is low, and therefore
routine use of empirical antifungal therapy is not recommended.
36. ANTIFUNGAL PROPHYLAXIS
• Prophylaxis against Candida infections is recommended in pts in whom the risk of
invasive candida infections is substantial, such as allogeneic HSCT recipients or
those undergoing intensive remission-induction or salvage induction
chemotherapy for acute leukemia.
Fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, micafungin, and
caspofungin are all acceptable alternatives.
Fluconazole : prevents infection with all species of Candida except for C. krusei or
C. glabrata ; no activity against Aspergillus or other molds.
37. Cont..
• Prophylaxis against invasive Aspergillus infections with s/b considered for
selected pts >13 years of age who are undergoing intensive chemotherapy for
AML/MDS in whom the risk of invasive aspergillosis without prophylaxis is
substantial.
Itraconazole ,Voriconazole , Posaconazole and AMB are equal alternatives.
The NCCN Guidelines panel advises that prophylaxis with posaconazole,
itraconazole and voriconazole s/b avoided in pts receiving vinca alkaloid-based
regimens.
Only agent effective against invasive Mucor mycosis : AMB
39. • HSV-seropositive patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT or leukemia induction
therapy should receive acyclovir antiviral prophylaxis.
• Antiviral treatment for HSV or VZV is only indicated if there is clinical or
laboratory evidence of active viral disease
41. CLABSI
• Differential Time to Positivity(DTP) >120 min of qualitative blood cultures
performed on specimens simultaneously drawn from the CVC and a vein suggests
a CLABSI.
• For CLABSI caused by S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, fungi, or mycobacteria, catheter
removal is recommended in addition to systemic antimicrobial therapy for at least
14 days.
• Catheter removal is also recommended for tunnel infection or port pocket site
infection, septic thrombosis, endocarditis, sepsis with hemodynamic instability, or
bloodstream infection that persists despite > 72 h of therapy with appropriate
antibiotics
42. CLABSI cont..
• For documented CLABSI caused by coagulase negative staphylococci, the catheter may
be retained using systemic therapy with or without antibiotic lock therapy.
• Prolonged treatment (4–6 weeks) is recommended for complicated CLABSI, defined as
the presence of deep tissue infection, endocarditis, septic thrombosis , or persistent
bacteremia or fungemia occurring > 72 h after catheter removal in a patient who has
received appropriate antimicrobials for S. aureus.
• Vancomycin should be administered through the line when possible to cover GPO.
• Teicoplanin is a useful alternative as it can be administered once daily as a line lock.
45. • Hand hygiene is the most effective means of preventing transmission of infection
in the hospital.
• Standard barrier precautions s/b followed for all patients.
• Plants and dried or fresh flowers should not be allowed in the rooms of
hospitalized neutropenic patients
46. REFERENCE
• Management of febrile neutropenia: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines 2016.
• Treatment of Febrile Neutropenia and Prophylaxis in Hematologic Malignancies:
A Critical Review and Update 2014.
• Clinical Practice Guideline for the Use of Antimicrobial Agents in Neutropenic
Patients with Cancer: 2010 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
• Blood journal 2017: How I treat febrile neutropenia?
• NCCN ,ASCO guidelines on febrile neutropenia