This document provides guidance on prescribing antimicrobial therapy for patients with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI). It recommends empiric broad-spectrum antimicrobials and antivirals be given as soon as possible to patients with SARI and sepsis or severe pneumonia. It outlines antimicrobial regimens for bacterial and viral infections like COVID-19, influenza, and pneumonia. It stresses the importance of interpreting diagnostic tests correctly and narrowing or de-escalating treatment once the causative agent is identified.
Presentation from the 3rd Joint Meeting of the Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare-Associated Infections (ARHAI) Networks, organised by the European Centre of Disease Prevention and Control - Stockholm, 11-13 February 2015
In today’s healthcare environment, there is an increasing emphasis on antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASP) and their impact on patient and community health and hospital financials. There are now new regulatory standards from The Joint Commission (TJC) that require hospitals to implement ASPs, and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has proposed making it mandatory that hospitals implement an ASP in order to participate in Medicare and Medicaid. Regardless, a solid ASP is critically important to patient wellbeing, public health, and a hospital’s bottom line. This webinar will focus on how to bring a successful ASP to life in your hospital with a business plan and buy in from key stakeholders across the organization.
Presentation from the 3rd Joint Meeting of the Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare-Associated Infections (ARHAI) Networks, organised by the European Centre of Disease Prevention and Control - Stockholm, 11-13 February 2015
In today’s healthcare environment, there is an increasing emphasis on antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASP) and their impact on patient and community health and hospital financials. There are now new regulatory standards from The Joint Commission (TJC) that require hospitals to implement ASPs, and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has proposed making it mandatory that hospitals implement an ASP in order to participate in Medicare and Medicaid. Regardless, a solid ASP is critically important to patient wellbeing, public health, and a hospital’s bottom line. This webinar will focus on how to bring a successful ASP to life in your hospital with a business plan and buy in from key stakeholders across the organization.
Role of PK PD in Antibiotic Stewardship Program with case study. This presentation gives an comprehensive overview about role of PK PD in antibiotic stewardship program.
Advisor Live: Antimicrobial Stewardship - Why Now and How?Premier Inc.
This 90-minute webinar discusses strategies and tools for implementing antimicrobial stewardship programs, including methods for measuring antimicrobial use and resistance.
Join Premier’s free Advisor Live® webinar series for a special Get Smart About Antibiotics Week presentation on Thursday, November 19 from 12-1:30 p.m. EST. The panel for this 90-minute webinar will discuss strategies and tools for implementing antimicrobial stewardship programs, including methods for measuring antimicrobial use and resistance.
EXPERT PRESENTERS:
- Gina Pugliese, RN, MS, vice president, Premier Safety Institute®, moderator
- Arjun Srinivasan, MD, (CAPT, USPHS) medical director of the CDC’s Get Smart for Healthcare program, will highlight the national focus on antibiotic stewardship and reasons for the current urgency
- Michael Postelnick, RPh, BCPS AQ- Infectious Diseases, clinical manager and senior infectious diseases pharmacist for Northwestern Memorial Hospital, will share lessons learned from implementing their antibiotic stewardship program
- Craig Barrett, Pharm.D., BCPS, director safety solutions for Premier, Inc. will share strategies from Premier member hospitals striving for antimicrobial stewardship
Rational use of antibiotics, part of our work & recommendations in antibiotic...Alaa Fadhel Hassan Alwazni
practical description of issues we faced in our antibiotic stewardship-bacterial resistance-culture & sensitivity test-antibiotic skin allergy test
Lecture was presented on the 30th. Nov. 2020
Antibiotics are most common therapeutic agents used in hospitals across world, however, microbial world is becoming resistant day by day, posing special challenges to clinicians specially working in ICU set ups. There are multiple ways to curb this menace, if approached together in antibiotic stewardship way, can bring about wonders and retain therapeutic potentials of these drugs.
NHS Improvement AMS Workshop London 5th May4 All of Us
Hosted by both NHS Improvement and Public Health England, this workshop, intended for NHS staff involved with antimicrobial stewardship activities within primary care; commissioning organisations; acute, community and mental health care provider organisations.
1. Learn about what is new in 2016-17 – AMR CQUIN & Quality Premium; PHE Fingertips; Behavioural strategies for AMR
2. Sharing success – learn about what worked well
3. Discuss what this means for your local health economy
4. Start planning local AMR networks – what might these look like? How to get started
Dr.sherin elsherbiny
Senior registrar clinical microbiology
AMR coordinator
Infection control auditor
Riyadh region
Meeqat General Hospital ,Madina,KSA
• Describe the role of antibiotic use in the
development of resistance
• Review toxicity of commonly used antibiotics
• Understand the prevalence and clinical impact
of carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae
• State the prognosis antimicrobial resistant
Staph aureus infections
Dr. Steve Solomon - Metrics and Decision-Making for Antibiotic Stewardship in...John Blue
Metrics and Decision-Making for Antibiotic Stewardship in Human Medicine - Dr. Steve Solomon, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Currently serves as Director of the Office of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, in the Office of Infectious Diseases at CDC., from the 2014 NIAA Symposium on Antibiotics Use and Resistance: Moving Forward Through Shared Stewardship, November 12-14, 2014, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-niaa-antibiotics-moving-forward-through-shared-stewardship
Approach to the therapy of cap , vap and hapazza mokhtar
Many od us as clinician facing an issue regarding appropiate choosing of antibiotics especially in ICU setting . This presentation view outlines of antibiotics therapy based on resistance and patient risks.
Role of PK PD in Antibiotic Stewardship Program with case study. This presentation gives an comprehensive overview about role of PK PD in antibiotic stewardship program.
Advisor Live: Antimicrobial Stewardship - Why Now and How?Premier Inc.
This 90-minute webinar discusses strategies and tools for implementing antimicrobial stewardship programs, including methods for measuring antimicrobial use and resistance.
Join Premier’s free Advisor Live® webinar series for a special Get Smart About Antibiotics Week presentation on Thursday, November 19 from 12-1:30 p.m. EST. The panel for this 90-minute webinar will discuss strategies and tools for implementing antimicrobial stewardship programs, including methods for measuring antimicrobial use and resistance.
EXPERT PRESENTERS:
- Gina Pugliese, RN, MS, vice president, Premier Safety Institute®, moderator
- Arjun Srinivasan, MD, (CAPT, USPHS) medical director of the CDC’s Get Smart for Healthcare program, will highlight the national focus on antibiotic stewardship and reasons for the current urgency
- Michael Postelnick, RPh, BCPS AQ- Infectious Diseases, clinical manager and senior infectious diseases pharmacist for Northwestern Memorial Hospital, will share lessons learned from implementing their antibiotic stewardship program
- Craig Barrett, Pharm.D., BCPS, director safety solutions for Premier, Inc. will share strategies from Premier member hospitals striving for antimicrobial stewardship
Rational use of antibiotics, part of our work & recommendations in antibiotic...Alaa Fadhel Hassan Alwazni
practical description of issues we faced in our antibiotic stewardship-bacterial resistance-culture & sensitivity test-antibiotic skin allergy test
Lecture was presented on the 30th. Nov. 2020
Antibiotics are most common therapeutic agents used in hospitals across world, however, microbial world is becoming resistant day by day, posing special challenges to clinicians specially working in ICU set ups. There are multiple ways to curb this menace, if approached together in antibiotic stewardship way, can bring about wonders and retain therapeutic potentials of these drugs.
NHS Improvement AMS Workshop London 5th May4 All of Us
Hosted by both NHS Improvement and Public Health England, this workshop, intended for NHS staff involved with antimicrobial stewardship activities within primary care; commissioning organisations; acute, community and mental health care provider organisations.
1. Learn about what is new in 2016-17 – AMR CQUIN & Quality Premium; PHE Fingertips; Behavioural strategies for AMR
2. Sharing success – learn about what worked well
3. Discuss what this means for your local health economy
4. Start planning local AMR networks – what might these look like? How to get started
Dr.sherin elsherbiny
Senior registrar clinical microbiology
AMR coordinator
Infection control auditor
Riyadh region
Meeqat General Hospital ,Madina,KSA
• Describe the role of antibiotic use in the
development of resistance
• Review toxicity of commonly used antibiotics
• Understand the prevalence and clinical impact
of carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae
• State the prognosis antimicrobial resistant
Staph aureus infections
Dr. Steve Solomon - Metrics and Decision-Making for Antibiotic Stewardship in...John Blue
Metrics and Decision-Making for Antibiotic Stewardship in Human Medicine - Dr. Steve Solomon, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Currently serves as Director of the Office of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, in the Office of Infectious Diseases at CDC., from the 2014 NIAA Symposium on Antibiotics Use and Resistance: Moving Forward Through Shared Stewardship, November 12-14, 2014, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-niaa-antibiotics-moving-forward-through-shared-stewardship
Approach to the therapy of cap , vap and hapazza mokhtar
Many od us as clinician facing an issue regarding appropiate choosing of antibiotics especially in ICU setting . This presentation view outlines of antibiotics therapy based on resistance and patient risks.
Febrile neutropenia - Infections in cancer patientsAli Musavi
This powerpoint provides a summary of infections in neutropenic patients and febrile neutropenia. It contains the definition, etiology, approach, treatments, and recommendations from ESMO and IDSA guidelines.
Mgh COVID-19 Treatment Guidance March 17, 2020Ken Yale
This document was developed by members of the ID division at MGH in conjunction with pharmacy, radiology, and other medicine divisions to provide guidance to frontline clinicians caring for patients with COVID-19. This document covers potential off-label and/or experimental use of medications and immunosuppression management for transplant patients as well as a suggested laboratory work up. It does NOT cover recommendations for infection control, PPE, management of hypoxemia or other complications in patients with COVID-19. This is a living document that will be updated in real time as more data emerge.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. HEALTH
programme
EMERGENCIES
Learning objectives
At the end of this lecture, you will be able to:
• Prescribe empiric antimicrobial therapy to patients with SARI and
suspected severe pneumonia/sepsis: COVID-2019
• Describe antiviral therapy for patients with 2019-nCoV infections.
• Describe antiviral therapy for influenza, if also circulating
• Understand how to interpret diagnostic test results and modify
management.
|
3. HEALTH
programme
EMERGENCIES
Prescribing antimicrobial therapy
for patients with SARI (1/3); severe illness
• Give appropriate, empiric broad-spectrum antimicrobials as soon as
possible of recognition of patient with SARI and sepsis/severe
pneumonia (in the emergency area when possible).
• Preferably after the clinical specimen collection (upper and/or lower
respiratory samples and blood cultures).
• Each hour delay in administration of effective antimicrobial therapy in
septic shock is associated with increased mortality.
4. HEALTH
programme
EMERGENCIES
Prescribing antimicrobial therapy
for patients with SARI (2/3): severe illness
● Empiric therapy may include one or more effective drugs
to treat all likely pathogens:
– i.e. antibiotics for suspected bacterial pathogens, antiviral for suspected viral
pathogen (if effective antiviral is known), antifungal for suspected fungal
pathogen, etc.).
● For patients with septic shock, can consider combination
therapy:
– i.e. using two antibiotics of different antimicrobial classes aimed at most likely
bacterial pathogen.
5. HEALTH
programme
EMERGENCIES
Antivirals for 2019-nCoV
• There are no known effective antivirals for coronavirus infections.
• Various candidates with potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity are
being evaluated for clinical trial protocols.
• Use of unregistered or unproven therapeutics for COVID-2019
should be done under strict monitoring and ethical approval.
6. HEALTH
programme
EMERGENCIES
Priority agents and ongoing clinical trials
• Priority agents for clinical trials:
– Remdisivir: broad spectrum antiviral (in vitro and in vivo data, clinical
safety in EVD)
– Lopinovir/ritonavir: could be quickly repurposed
• China:
– Ritonavir/Lopinavir vs placebo: finished enrollment
– Remdisivir vs placebo: mild and severe patients, enrolling
• USA:
– Remdisivir vs placebo-hospitalized patients: just started enrollment
https://www.who.int/blueprint/priority-diseases/key-action/novel-coronavirus/en/
7. HEALTH
programme
EMERGENCIES
Other therapeutics in earlier development
• Need more development/early phase:
– Monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies.
– Plasma (hyperimmune globulin)
• Not prioritized:
– Ribavirin due to toxicity and potential harm in SARS 2003
– Chloroquine (lack of data)
List to be updated as regularly as evidence becomes available
9. HEALTH
programme
EMERGENCIES
Prescribing antivirals for patients with influenza virus
infection
● For patient with or at risk of severe seasonal influenza A
or B viruses or those with zoonotic influenza A virus
infection:
– Give antiviral (NAI, oseltamivir) as soon as possible.
• earlier treatment has greater clinical benefit than later treatment or no
treatment.
– Can give at any stage of active disease when ongoing viral replication is
anticipated or proven.
– Influenza viral replication can be prolonged in the lower respiratory tract in
critically ill patients.
10. HEALTH
programme
EMERGENCIES
Prescribing oseltamivir (1/2)
• WHO recommends for patient with severe or at risk
for severe, seasonal influenza virus infection and
zoonotic influenza virus infection.
• Oral capsule or suspension, that can be given via
nasogastric or orogastric tube in ventilated patients.
• Dose is 75 mg twice daily for 5 days in adults
Give as soon as possible to patient with suspected
or confirmed influenza virus infection of all ages.
11. HEALTH
programme
EMERGENCIES
Prescribing oseltamivir (children) (2/2)
• Dose in children up to 40 kg is 3 mg/kg twice daily for
5 days
• Dose in children over 40 kg is adult dose (75 mg
twice daily for 5 days)
• Available as oral suspension (6 or 12 mg/mL) and
tablets (30 mg, 45 mg, 75 mg)
12. HEALTH
programme
EMERGENCIES|
Interpretation of test results
• Detection of virus depends on multiple factors:
– time of sample collection from illness onset
– source of specimen (upper vs lower)
– type of virus
– diagnostic testing assay
– storage and transportation conditions
– host factors.
• Thus, there can be false negative results.
If you have a high clinical and epidemiologic suspicion of influenza, DO NOT
stop treatment and IPC measures for influenza virus following a negative result.
Repeat testing, sampling lower tract preferably.
14. HEALTH
programme
EMERGENCIES
Prescribing antibiotics therapy
for patients with SARI: severe and critical illness
● Dose antimicrobials optimally based on pharmacokinetic
principles:
– i.e. take into account renal or hepatic function
– i.e. take into account volume of distribution.
● Ensure drug adequately penetrates into tissue presumed
to be source of infection (i.e. lungs):
– e.g. gentamycin and daptomycin are not reliable CAP treatments in adults.
15. HEALTH
programme
EMERGENCIES
Choose the correct antibiotics (1/2)
• Patient’s factors:
• at risk for resistant pathogens (i.e. recent IV antibiotics)
• at risk for opportunistic infections (i.e. immunosuppression, co-morbidities or presence
of invasive devices).
• Epidemiologic factors:
• Community acquired, hospital acquired, etc.
• Pathogen factors:
• prevalent pathogens in community, hospital, etc.
• susceptibility and resistance patterns of prevalent pathogens.
16. HEALTH
programme
EMERGENCIES
Choose the correct antibiotic (2/2)
• Refer to local guidance for treatment recommendations:
– based on local antibiograms.
• If none available, adapt international guidance:
– Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA):
• CAP in adults published in 2007, revision pending
• CAP in child older than 3 months of age, published 2011.
– British Thoracic Society (BTS):
• CAP in adults, published 2014.
– NICE guidelines:
• CAP in adults, published in 2015.
18. HEALTH
programme
EMERGENCIES
Examples of antibiotic regimens for severe CAP: IDSA
and BTS guidelines
Combination therapy:
•B-lactam e.g. ampicillin-sulbactam, cefuroxime, cefotaxime or
ceftriaxone
•and antibiotic against atypical pneumonia (e.g. macrolide or
doxycycline) or respiratory flouroquinolone (e.g. levofloxacin).
If community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA)
suspected:
•add vancomycin or linezolid.
If immunosuppressed (i.e. PL-HIV):
• consider anti-pneumocystis treatment (e.g.
sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim).
In pregnant women the use of macrolides, cephalosporins and penicillins are safe. Do not
use flouroquinolones or doxycyline.
19. HEALTH
programme
EMERGENCIES
Paediatric recommendation
from IDSA
Combination therapy:
•ampicillin or penicillin G for fully immunized child if local epidemiology
documents lack of substantial high-level penicillin-resistance for
invasive S. pneumoniae.
•Or third generation cephalosporin (e.g. cefotaxime or ceftriaxone) for
non-fully immunized child, known high-level, penicillin-resistance for
invasive S. pneumoniae or life-threatening infection.
And antibiotic against atypical pneumonia (i.e. macrolide).
If community-acquired S. aureus suspected:
•add vancomycin or clindamycin based on local susceptibility data.
Flouroquinolones and doxycyline are not used to treat CAP in
children.
20. HEALTH
programme
EMERGENCIES
Paediatric recommendation
from WHO Child Handbook
Severe pneumonia:
•ampicillin or penicillin G + gentamicin.
If no signs of improvement within 48 hours:
• switch to third generation cephalosporin (e.g. cefotaxime or ceftriaxone).
If no improvement in 48 hours and suspect community-acquired S.
aureus:
•switch to cloxacillin and gentamicin.
If HIV infection or exposure to HIV, suspect PjP pneumonia:
•child < 12 months, give high dose co-trimoxazole and sulfamethoxazole
•child 1–5 years, give PjP treatment only if clinical signs of PjP.
Flouroquinolones and doxycyline are not used to treat CAP in
children.
21. HEALTH
programme
EMERGENCIES
Examples of antibiotic regimens for HAP from IDSA/ATS
guidelines: 2016
Risk factors for MDR pathogen*:
•Prior intravenous antibiotic use within 90 days
•Admission from nursing home
Anti-pseudomonal coverage:
•cephalopsorin with antipseudomonal activity(e.g. ceftazidine, cefepime) or
•carbapenem (e.g. meropenem or imipenem not ertapenem) or
•B-lactam/B-lactamase inhibitor (e.g. piperacillin/tazobactam) or
•aztreonam (if penicillin allergic)
plus (double coverage can be considered if > 10% isolates are MDR)
•flouroquinolone (e.g. levofloxacin (high dose) or ciprofloxacin) or
•aminoglycoside (e.g. tobramycin, amikacin, gentamicin).
AND anti-methicillin-resistant S. aureus antibiotic if patient is at
high risk of mortality (need for ventilator support due to pneumonia and sepsis)
or > 20% isolates are MRSA:
•vancomycin or linezolid.
** Aliberti S et al. Clinical Infect Dose. 2012;54(4):470-478
22. HEALTH
programme
EMERGENCIES
Antimicrobial de-escalation (1/3)
• Re-assess the antimicrobial regimen daily for potential de-
escalation.
• Narrow once causative agent is identified, sensitivities
established:
– continue most appropriate antimicrobial that targets the pathogen.
• In the absence of clinical or microbiological indication of bacterial
infection consider discontinuation of antibiotics.
23. HEALTH
programme
EMERGENCIES
Antimicrobial de-escalation (2/3)
• If no causative agent, de-escalation should still occur, but strict
criteria for de-escalation are not available.
• Considerations include:
– signs of clinical improvement (i.e. once shock resolved)
– signs of infection resolution (i.e. procalcitonin).
• 5–10 days of duration of treatment is adequate for most serious
infections associated with sepsis.
• Longer treatment courses may be appropriate in patients with
slow clinical response, undrainable foci and certain infections (i.e.
S. aureus bacteremia).
27. HEALTH
programme
EMERGENCIES
Corticosteroids and viral pneumonia
• Corticosteroid use is associated with various negative
clinical outcomes, such as:
- prolonged viral replication, avascular necrosis, promotion of
immunosuppression leading to bacterial or fungal super-infection, psychosis,
hyperglycaemia, and increased mortality.
• Consider its use only for specific indications such as
exacerbation of asthma/COPD or suspected adrenal
insufficiency or refractory shock or co-infection with PjP. If
used, use only low dose.
There is NO proven role for corticosteroids
in acute influenza pneumonia or SARS/MERS infection.
28. HEALTH
programme
EMERGENCIES
Summary
• At this stage, there are no known antiviral therapies for 2019-nCoV infection.
All therapeutics should be given, under strict monitoring and ethical approval,
preferably randomized controlled trial.
• If influenza virus infection is suspected (i.e. seasonal influenza A or B viruses
are known or suspected to be circulating among persons in the community or
the patient is at risk for avian influenza A virus infection), then treat SARI
patient empirically with oseltamivir,.
• SARI patients with sepsis or severe pneumonia, should also be treated with
appropriate antibiotics as soon as possible with a clear de-escalation plan.
29. HEALTH
programme
EMERGENCIES
Contributors
Dr Cheryl Cohen, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), Johannesburg, South Africa
Dr Shabir Madhi, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Dr Niranjan Bhat, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
Dr Michael Ison, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
Dr Tim Uyeki, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
Dr Janet Diaz, WHO Consultant, San Francisco CA, USA
Dr Fred Hayden, University of Virginia, USA
Dr Owen Tsang, Hospital Authority, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
Dr Leo Yee Sin, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Communicable Disease Centre, Singapore
Dr Vu Quoc Dat, Hanoi Medical University and National Hospital of Tropical Disease, Hanoi Viet Nam
Dr Natalia Pshenichnaya, Rostov State Medical University, Russian Federation
Acknowledgements