The document discusses flexible budgets and performance analysis. It provides examples to illustrate how to prepare flexible budgets that account for multiple activity levels, as well as calculate variances between flexible budgets and actual results. The key benefits of flexible budgets are that they allow for "apples-to-apples" comparisons of costs when actual activity differs from planned levels. Flexible budgets more accurately reveal whether variances are due to external factors like activity changes or controllable factors like poor cost management. The document outlines how to prepare flexible budgets, calculate variances, and analyze performance using these variance reports.
Download these notes and other resources at https://WeAreQurious.com/Economics
Teaching, learning and revision notes for Market Efficiency in A-Level Economics and IB Economics for all exam boards (Edexcel, AQA, OCR, Eduqas).
Download these notes and other resources at https://WeAreQurious.com/Economics
Teaching, learning and revision notes for Market Efficiency in A-Level Economics and IB Economics for all exam boards (Edexcel, AQA, OCR, Eduqas).
This presentation will help you develop some learning regarding to budgeting its role and importance in planning and control and then will some shed light on Flexible Budgeting, Capacity and Volume of The Flexible Budget, Analysis of the Cost Behavior, Determining the Fixed & Variable Elements of the Semi Variable Expense, High & Low Points Method , Statistical Scatter Graph Method, Method of the Least Square, Preparing a Flexible Budget, Flexible Budget with Multiple Cost Drive and Flexible Budget Input versus Output. This presentation was prepared for my Cost Accounting class project.
Akuntansi Manajemen Edisi 8 oleh Hansen & Mowen Bab 4Dwi Wahyu
Materi Bab 4 Activity Based Product Costing, Akuntansi Manajemen buku Hansen & Mowen Edisi 8. Presentasi powerpoint oleh Gail B. Wright, Professor Emeritus of Accounting, Bryant University
Naureen Karachiwalla and Albert Park - Promotion Incentives in the Public Sec...IFPRI SIG
"Promotion Incentives in the Public Sector: Evidence from Chinese Schools" - Naureen Karachiwalla and Albert Park
SIG 2015 Workshop "Integrating Multi-level Governance into the Post-2015 Development Agenda: Opportunities, Trade-offs, and Implications", Nov 9-10, 2015
2017 Facilities Budget and Staffing Survey ResultsNicholas Mirisis
The second annual Budget, Staffing and Operations survey serves as the benchmarking document for K-12 and Higher Education operations professionals. Each year, we present the most relevant budgeting, staffing and operations data to our readers collected from the responses of hundreds of participants on the facilities landscape, budget and staffing, and operational Key Performance Indicators. This year, we heard from over 500 respondents in both K-12 and Higher Education from 46 states in the United States and spanning 8 countries.
DXN is a direct selling company that offers opportunities for everyone to start a business with low-risk and low-cost.
DXN is the world's largest Ganoderma company and ranked in top 15th direct selling company in 2018.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
3. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 3
Characteristics of Flexible Budgets
Planning budgets
are prepared for
a single, planned
level of activity.
Performance
evaluation is difficult
when actual activity
differs from the
planned level of
activity.
Hmm! Comparing
static planning budgets
with actual costs
is like comparing
apples and oranges.
4. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 4
Improve performance evaluation.
May be prepared for any activity
level in the relevant range.
Show costs that should have been
incurred at the actual level of
activity, enabling “apples to apples”
cost comparisons.
Help managers control costs.
Let’s look at Larry’s Lawn Service.
Characteristics of Flexible Budgets
5. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 5
Larry’s Lawn Service provides lawn care in a planned
community where all lawns are approximately the same size.
At the end of May, Larry prepared his June budget based on
mowing 500 lawns. Since all of the lawns are similar in size,
Larry felt that the number of lawns mowed in a month would
be the best way to measure overall activity for his business.
Larry’s Budget
Deficiencies of the Static Planning Budget
7. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 7
Deficiencies of the Static Planning Budget
Larry’s Actual Results
8. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 8
Deficiencies of the Static Planning Budget
Larry’s Actual Results Compared with the Planning Budget
9. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 9
Deficiencies of the Static Planning Budget
Larry’s Actual Results Compared with the Planning Budget
F = Favorable variance that occurs when
actual costs are less than budgeted costs.
U = Unfavorable variance that occurs when
actual costs are greater than budgeted costs.
F = Favorable variance that occurs when actual
revenue is greater than budgeted revenue.
10. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 10
Deficiencies of the Static Planning Budget
Larry’s Actual Results Compared with the Planning Budget
Since these variances are favorable, has
Larry done a good job controlling costs?
Since these variances are unfavorable, has
Larry done a poor job controlling costs?
11. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 11
I don’t think I
can answer the
questions using
a static budget.
Actual activity is above
planned activity.
So, shouldn’t the variable
costs be higher if actual
activity is higher?
Deficiencies of the Static Planning Budget
12. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 12
The relevant question is . . .
“How much of the cost variances is due to higher
activity, and how much is due to cost control?”
To answer the question,
we must
the budget to the
actual level of activity.
Deficiencies of the Static Planning Budget
13. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 13
How a Flexible Budget Works
To a budget we need to know that:
Total variable costs change
in direct proportion to
changes in activity.
Total fixed costs remain
unchanged within the
relevant range. Fixed
14. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 14
Let’s prepare a
budget
for Larry’s Lawn
Service.
How a Flexible Budget Works
16. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 16
Quick Check
What should the total wages and salaries cost
be in a flexible budget for 600 lawns?
a. $18,000
b. $20,000.
c. $23,000.
d. $25,000.
17. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 17
Quick Check
What should be the total wages and salaries
cost in a flexible budget for 600 lawns?
a. $18,000
b. $20,000.
c. $23,000.
d. $25,000.
Total wages and salaries cost
= $5,000 + ($30 per lawn 600 lawns)
= $5,000 + $18,000 = $23,000
What should the total wages and salaries cost
be in a flexible budget for 600 lawns?
a. $18,000
b. $20,000.
c. $23,000.
d. $25,000.
19. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 19
Activity Variances
Planning
budget revenues
and expenses
Flexible
budget revenues
and expenses
The differences between
the budget amounts are
called activity variances.
20. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 20
Let’s use budgeting
concepts to compute activity
variances for Larry’s Lawn Service.
Activity Variances
22. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 22
Activity Variances
Larry’s Flexible Budget Compared with the Planning Budget
Activity and revenue increase by 10 percent, but net operating income
increases by more than 10 percent due to the presence of fixed costs.
24. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 24
Revenue and Spending Variances
Flexible budget revenue Actual revenue
The difference is a revenue variance.
Flexible budget cost Actual cost
The difference is a spending variance.
25. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 25
Now, let’s use budgeting
concepts to compute revenue and
spending variances for Larry’s Lawn
Service.
Revenue and Spending Variances
26. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 26
Revenue and Spending Variances
Larry’s Flexible Budget Compared with the Actual Results
$1,750 favorable
revenue variance
27. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 27
Larry’s Flexible Budget Compared with the Actual Results
Revenue and Spending Variances
Spending
variances
28. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 28
Learning Objective 4
Prepare a performance
report that combines
activity variances and
revenue and spending
variances.
29. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 29
Now, let’s use budgeting
concepts to combine the revenue and
spending variances reports for Larry’s
Lawn Service.
A Performance Report Combining Activity
and Revenue and Spending Variances
30. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 30
A Performance Report Combining Activity
and Revenue and Spending Variances
31. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 31
A Performance Report Combining Activity
and Revenue and Spending Variances
50 lawns × $75 per lawn 50 lawns × $30 per lawn
32. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 32
A Performance Report Combining Activity
and Revenue and Spending Variances
$43,000 actual - $41,250 budget
33. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 33
Performance Reports in Non-Profit
Organizations
Non-profit organizations may receive funding from
sources other than the sale of goods and services,
so revenues may consist of both fixed and
variable elements.
Universities
Tuition and fees
DonationsState funding
Endowments
34. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 34
Performance Reports in Cost Centers
Performance reports are often prepared
for cost centers. These reports should be
prepared using the same principles
discussed so far, except for the fact that
these reports will not contain revenue or
net operating income variances.
35. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 35
Learning Objective 5
Prepare a flexible budget
with more than one cost
driver.
36. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 36
More than one cost
driver may be needed to
adequately explain all of
the costs in an organization.
The cost formulas used
to prepare a flexible
budget can be adjusted
to recognize multiple
cost drivers.
Flexible Budgets with Multiple Cost Drivers
37. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 37
Because of the large unfavorable wages and salaries spending
variance, Larry decided to add an additional cost driver for
wages and salaries. The variance is due primarily to the number
of hours required for the additional edging and trimming. So
Larry estimates the additional hours and builds those hours into
both his revenue and expense budget formulas.
Larry’s New Budget
Flexible Budgets with Multiple Cost Drivers
38. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 38
Flexible Budgets with Multiple Cost Drivers
Larry’s Budget Based on More than One Cost Driver
39. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 39
Learning Objective 6
Understand common
errors made in preparing
performance reports
based on budgets and
actual results.
40. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 40
Some Common Errors
The most common errors in preparing performance
reports are to implicitly assume that:
1. All costs are fixed or that
2. All costs are variable.
Assume all costs are fixed.
41. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 41
Common Error 1: Assuming All Costs Are
Fixed
Faulty Analysis Comparing Budgeted Amounts to Actual Amounts
42. McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Cheng & YuenMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 42
Common Error 2: Assuming All Costs Are
Variable
Faulty Analysis that Assumes All budget Items Are Variable