The document discusses a study on the water stability of asphalt mixtures modified with SBS and polyacrylate (PAE). Marshall stability tests and flooding scattering experiments were conducted on asphalt mixtures, SBS-modified mixtures, and mixtures with different contents of PAE and SBS composite modification. The results showed that PAE significantly improved the water stability of asphalt mixtures, with mass loss decreasing as PAE content increased. The optimal PAE content was found to be 8%, as residual stability and resistance to water damage were highest within this range.
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The Marshall stability and flow test provides the performance prediction measure for the Marshall mix design method. The stability portion of the test measures the maximum load supported by the test specimen at a loading rate of 50.8 mm/minute. Load is applied to the specimen till failure, and the maximum load is designated as stability. During the loading, an attached dial gauge measures the specimen's plastic flow (deformation) due to the loading. The flow value is recorded in 0.25 mm (0.01 inch) increments at the same time when the maximum load is recorded.
DETERMINING HEIGHT OF BENCHES IN OPEN MINING OF STEEPLY-DIPPING DEPOSITS WITH...IAEME Publication
At present stage of the development of the mineral resource complex, a trend is
seen to deterioration of geological and engineering conditions of mining ore deposits,
which entails increase of losses and dilution of mineral, causing increase of the cost
price of mineral production and processing. With consideration of the specified
limiting conditions, the maximal net present value of deposit mining will be achieved
with minimal economic loss resulted from mineral losses and dilution.
For the conditions of steeply-sloping ore pits, analysis was conducted of the
impact of the bench height on the value of mineral losses and dilution, and necessary
calculations were made to identify the degree of influence of the pit bench height and
the height of the triangle of inmixed waster rocks on the values of losses and dilution
by three possible modes of preparing a new horizon (in mining from the hanging wall
to the bottom wall, in preparation across the ore body).
According to the results of the research, conclusions were made that the economic
loss related to the losses and dilution, increase in direct proportion to the increase of
bench heights; the mode of horizon preparation significantly influences the value of
losses and dilution and the economic losses related to them; the value of losses and
dilution increases with increase of bench height, and the current stripping ratio
reduces. For this reason, for determining the optimal bench height, joint consideration
of the losses and dilution with the current stripping ratio, is required. The conducted
technical and economic calculations result in recommending the bench height in ore
zone, equal to 5 m. with maintaining the rock bench height of 20 meters
A sample lab report on Marshall method of mix design for bituminous mixtures with all calculations.
Please request with your mail ID if you want to download this document.
Concrete Mix design with the recommendation of IS10262:2009. Also discussed the differences between the IS10262:2009 and IS10262:1982.
The major content of presentation are:
Scope
Introduction
Factors affected mix design
Mix Design
Differences b/w IS10262:1982 and 10262:2009
Exercise
EFFECT OF SILICA FUME ON RHEOLOGY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTY OF SELF COMPACTING ...IAEME Publication
The usage of an extensive group of industrial mineral residues (silica fume and fly ash) and other products significantly increases the rheological performance of concrete. This research is supposed to take a look at Rheology and Strengthened Properties of Self Compacting Concrete with Silica fume. This examination commenced with 4 groups of Self Compacting Concrete changed with diverse probabilities of Silica fume (5%, 10%,15%, and 20%). The rheological properties of self-compacting concrete are investigated experimentally using the slump flow diameter, the U box test, the V funnel test, and the L box test. Compressive strength and flexural strength are the strengthened properties experimentally examined. In this study, we observed the suitable percent of silica fume, which offers advanced rheological characteristics of Self Compacting Concrete as equated to Conventional Self Compacting Concrete. Our experimental results show, by the replacing 15% of silica fume with the weight of cement will increase both Rheological Properties and strengthened Properties of SCC.
In the following pages to follow an attempt is being made to bring forward a brief analysis about the concrete mix designs of M30 and M40 concrete. Here an effort has been made to find out the compressive strengths developed by both M30 and M40 concrete not only by its normal mix design but also through addition of admixtures and fibres.
The theories presented here have been adopted from the study of various standard codes available for the conduct of civil engineers. Any suggestions and queries regarding correction of the theories as well as the numerical presentations are welcome.
Close care has been taken to present the design solution calculation to the nearest possible decimal values and any error or misprint in the calculations may suitably be considered.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
In the recent years, the rapid growths of population and industrialization levels have been
resulted in increased for demand of transportation. In addition, this growth increases the traffic loads
which cause several pavement distresses such as rutting. Several trials were made to control
pavement rutting by mix enhancement. These trials were already limited pavement rutting, but on the
other hand showed pavement cracking as a result of lower flexibility for the modified pavements.
This study aims at investigating the effect of crumb rubber on the characteristics of asphalt mixes. To
achieve this objective, crumb rubber with different percentages of fine aggregate (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20,
24 and 28%) were used to manufacture the investigated asphalt mixes. Marshall designs were used to
obtain the optimum asphalt contents and the corresponding characteristics of the investigated mixes.
Other mix characteristics including Marshall stiffness, loss of stability, tensile strength as well as
rutting resistance were measured for the investigated mixes. Loss of stability test, indirect tensile test
(ITT) and wheel tracking test (WTT) were conducted to measure these characteristics. Analyzing the
study results showed that, the use of crumb rubber has a noticeable effect on the characteristics of
asphalt mixes. It is noticed that, the use of rubber percent up to 16% by weight of fine aggregate
increases the pavement resistance to cracking and does not greatly affect the pavement resistance to
rutting.
Dave Aver, City of Santa Rosa, and Greg Reader, George Reed Inc., deliver a presentation on Superpave Mix Designs, test methods and how the results are incorporated in the final Job Mix Formula. Presentation delivered on Nov. 7, 2019 at the California Asphalt Pavement Association Fall Asphalt Pavement Conference in Sacramento, Calif.
Research on the relationship between water stability and aggregate gradation ...IJERA Editor
In the early destruction of asphalt pavement, water damage is the most major form.In this paper, experimental study was conducted on the composition of asphalt concrete,Marshall specimens were made in different types of aggregate gradation with the same kind of asphalt. Water immersion tests were conducted in order to analysis the relationship between the water stability and aggregate gradation of asphalt pavement.
The Marshall stability and flow test provides the performance prediction measure for the Marshall mix design method. The stability portion of the test measures the maximum load supported by the test specimen at a loading rate of 50.8 mm/minute. Load is applied to the specimen till failure, and the maximum load is designated as stability. During the loading, an attached dial gauge measures the specimen's plastic flow (deformation) due to the loading. The flow value is recorded in 0.25 mm (0.01 inch) increments at the same time when the maximum load is recorded.
DETERMINING HEIGHT OF BENCHES IN OPEN MINING OF STEEPLY-DIPPING DEPOSITS WITH...IAEME Publication
At present stage of the development of the mineral resource complex, a trend is
seen to deterioration of geological and engineering conditions of mining ore deposits,
which entails increase of losses and dilution of mineral, causing increase of the cost
price of mineral production and processing. With consideration of the specified
limiting conditions, the maximal net present value of deposit mining will be achieved
with minimal economic loss resulted from mineral losses and dilution.
For the conditions of steeply-sloping ore pits, analysis was conducted of the
impact of the bench height on the value of mineral losses and dilution, and necessary
calculations were made to identify the degree of influence of the pit bench height and
the height of the triangle of inmixed waster rocks on the values of losses and dilution
by three possible modes of preparing a new horizon (in mining from the hanging wall
to the bottom wall, in preparation across the ore body).
According to the results of the research, conclusions were made that the economic
loss related to the losses and dilution, increase in direct proportion to the increase of
bench heights; the mode of horizon preparation significantly influences the value of
losses and dilution and the economic losses related to them; the value of losses and
dilution increases with increase of bench height, and the current stripping ratio
reduces. For this reason, for determining the optimal bench height, joint consideration
of the losses and dilution with the current stripping ratio, is required. The conducted
technical and economic calculations result in recommending the bench height in ore
zone, equal to 5 m. with maintaining the rock bench height of 20 meters
A sample lab report on Marshall method of mix design for bituminous mixtures with all calculations.
Please request with your mail ID if you want to download this document.
Concrete Mix design with the recommendation of IS10262:2009. Also discussed the differences between the IS10262:2009 and IS10262:1982.
The major content of presentation are:
Scope
Introduction
Factors affected mix design
Mix Design
Differences b/w IS10262:1982 and 10262:2009
Exercise
EFFECT OF SILICA FUME ON RHEOLOGY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTY OF SELF COMPACTING ...IAEME Publication
The usage of an extensive group of industrial mineral residues (silica fume and fly ash) and other products significantly increases the rheological performance of concrete. This research is supposed to take a look at Rheology and Strengthened Properties of Self Compacting Concrete with Silica fume. This examination commenced with 4 groups of Self Compacting Concrete changed with diverse probabilities of Silica fume (5%, 10%,15%, and 20%). The rheological properties of self-compacting concrete are investigated experimentally using the slump flow diameter, the U box test, the V funnel test, and the L box test. Compressive strength and flexural strength are the strengthened properties experimentally examined. In this study, we observed the suitable percent of silica fume, which offers advanced rheological characteristics of Self Compacting Concrete as equated to Conventional Self Compacting Concrete. Our experimental results show, by the replacing 15% of silica fume with the weight of cement will increase both Rheological Properties and strengthened Properties of SCC.
In the following pages to follow an attempt is being made to bring forward a brief analysis about the concrete mix designs of M30 and M40 concrete. Here an effort has been made to find out the compressive strengths developed by both M30 and M40 concrete not only by its normal mix design but also through addition of admixtures and fibres.
The theories presented here have been adopted from the study of various standard codes available for the conduct of civil engineers. Any suggestions and queries regarding correction of the theories as well as the numerical presentations are welcome.
Close care has been taken to present the design solution calculation to the nearest possible decimal values and any error or misprint in the calculations may suitably be considered.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
In the recent years, the rapid growths of population and industrialization levels have been
resulted in increased for demand of transportation. In addition, this growth increases the traffic loads
which cause several pavement distresses such as rutting. Several trials were made to control
pavement rutting by mix enhancement. These trials were already limited pavement rutting, but on the
other hand showed pavement cracking as a result of lower flexibility for the modified pavements.
This study aims at investigating the effect of crumb rubber on the characteristics of asphalt mixes. To
achieve this objective, crumb rubber with different percentages of fine aggregate (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20,
24 and 28%) were used to manufacture the investigated asphalt mixes. Marshall designs were used to
obtain the optimum asphalt contents and the corresponding characteristics of the investigated mixes.
Other mix characteristics including Marshall stiffness, loss of stability, tensile strength as well as
rutting resistance were measured for the investigated mixes. Loss of stability test, indirect tensile test
(ITT) and wheel tracking test (WTT) were conducted to measure these characteristics. Analyzing the
study results showed that, the use of crumb rubber has a noticeable effect on the characteristics of
asphalt mixes. It is noticed that, the use of rubber percent up to 16% by weight of fine aggregate
increases the pavement resistance to cracking and does not greatly affect the pavement resistance to
rutting.
Dave Aver, City of Santa Rosa, and Greg Reader, George Reed Inc., deliver a presentation on Superpave Mix Designs, test methods and how the results are incorporated in the final Job Mix Formula. Presentation delivered on Nov. 7, 2019 at the California Asphalt Pavement Association Fall Asphalt Pavement Conference in Sacramento, Calif.
Research on the relationship between water stability and aggregate gradation ...IJERA Editor
In the early destruction of asphalt pavement, water damage is the most major form.In this paper, experimental study was conducted on the composition of asphalt concrete,Marshall specimens were made in different types of aggregate gradation with the same kind of asphalt. Water immersion tests were conducted in order to analysis the relationship between the water stability and aggregate gradation of asphalt pavement.
Make them Fall in Love All Over Again: Nurturing the Inbound WayKirsten Knipp
Learn how creating marketing that people LOVE and engaging with them over time via personalization can result in improved conversion and customer retention over time.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effects of Water- Cement Ratio on Workability of Bagasse Ash Concretepaperpublications3
Abstract: Among several variables which influence the workability of fresh concrete is water/cement ratio (w/c), hence the need to investigate the latter’s effect on concrete blended with BA. Traditionally, w/c ratio probably is the most important parameter within cement materials technology such as concrete and mortar. An extensive experimentation was performed to study the workability of wet concrete in which pozzolanic portland cement (PPC) was partially replaced with fine (< 0.075mm) BA. Samples of the latter were purposely selected from the Nzoia Sugar Company (NSC) dump sites in western Kenya. The w/c ratio was varied from 0.40 to 0.60 for different sets of BA replacement of cement levels ranging from 0 to 30%. The study showed that the optimum BA replacement of PPC is 10% for all w/c ratios that gives the highest workability. In the study conclusion, it was further stated that 0.55 was the optimum w/c.
The utilization of waste produced by industries and agriculture has been focused, to reduce it for agriculture and economical reasons. The waste product from sugarcane factory (SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH) is causing serious pollution which is replaced in cement concrete. Bagasse is sugar factories byproduct.
Bagasse can be used for energy generation. The ash which is obtained from the boiler is a waste product known a Sugarcane Bagasse Ash. It has high volume of Sio2. Use of SBA as partial replacement of fine aggregate will help to improve quality of concrete. SCBA is replaced by cement in concrete with 0%, 5%, to 30% ratios. In addition to this 10% silica fume is added to the composition. Due to improper compaction of concrete may have pores & capillary spaces, which leads to low strength of concrete. Tests compaction factor test and slump cone test are conducted for fresh concrete as all as harden concrete tests like compressive strength, sorptivity and water absorption are also conducted.
To Study the Behaviour of use Bituminous Pavement Wastes in Cement Concreteijtsrd
Generally, aggregate prepare 60 to 75 of total concrete amount, therefore the aggregate choice is crucial, and additionally they regulate concrete qualities. Aggregate offer wear resistance as well as strength. So, the aggregate selection, as well as proportioning, must need more attention. The aggregate is usually crushed rocks for example limestone, coarse gravel, maybe granite as well as good aggregate like sand or maybe stone dust. Aggregate formed Bulk pavement structure. This research paper represents a review on the utilization of bituminous pavement wastes. This can assist in obtaining economic climate in construction of road along with preserving environment friendly degradation in term of decreased amount of pollution as well as mining. Gulshan | Nitin Thakur "To Study the Behaviour of use Bituminous Pavement Wastes in Cement Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28042.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/28042/to-study-the-behaviour-of-use-bituminous-pavement-wastes-in-cement-concrete/gulshan
Cast in-situ concrete is the most frequently used material worldwide in the multi-storey residential buildings. Conventional concrete (CC) casting relies on compaction to ensure adequate strength and durability. Inadequate compaction affects the quality and durability of concrete structures.
Self compacting concrete (SCC) was first developed in Japan in 1986 as a quality assurance concept to address the issues like long production times, unhealthy work environment
Influence Of The Powder/Asphalt Ratio On The High Stress Responses Of Crumb R...IJERA Editor
In order to study different powder/asphalt ratios effect on nonlinear viscoelastic responses of mortar, this paper
choose limestone as the filler, and powder/asphalt ratio is 0.2,0.4,0.6,and 0.8.The tests were conducted using a
Dynamic Shear Rheometer to perform multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) tests.The test results show
that,with the increase of powder/asphalt ratio irrecoverable creep compliance(Jnr) value of the mortar ,
decrease gradually, and the amplitude is larger.High temperature performance of the mortar are improve
obviously.Using environmental scanning electron microscopy to scan those mortars,it analyzed the improvement
of mortar from the microcosmic mechanism.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
The Study of Water Stability for SBS and Polyacrylate Composite Modified Asphalt Mixture
1. HU Qiusheng et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 9( Version 6), September 2014, pp.17-22
www.ijera.com 17 | P a g e
The Study of Water Stability for SBS and Polyacrylate Composite Modified Asphalt Mixture HU Qiusheng* ZHOU Gang** WANG Huoming** QIAO Jun* (*.School of Civil Engineering & Architecture,Chongqing Jiaotong University,Chongqing 400074,China; **China Merchants Chongqing Communications Research & Design Institute,Chongqing 400067,China) Abstract: Polyacrylate (Polyacrylate, called PAE) is a kind of thermoplastic polymer latex, which is easy to form a waterproof membrane and has greater adhesion ,always be used in concrete to enhance its ability to resist water corrosion.SBS is an inorganic modifier for modified asphalt mixture will help to improve the high and low temperature stability and other road performance, ect.However,its ability to enhanced asphalt mixture’s resistance for water damage is not obvious. In order to research the two composite modified asphalt mixture’s resistance effects to water damage , the Marshall Stability Test and Fort Kentucky Flooding Scattering Experiments were used on asphalt mixtures, SBS modified asphalt mixture and composite modified asphalt mixture and the effect of different composite modified PAE content were studied. The results showed that: PAE can significantly improve the water stability of asphalt mixture, what’s more, with the increase use of PAE,the mass loss rate of asphalt mixture decreases steadily. Key words: Asphalt mixture; Composite modified; Water stability;SBS; PAE
I. Introduction
In recent years, the greenhouse effect on the global environment are becoming more and more obvious. Hot weather and also the rainy weather are the major natural environment challenges that the asphalt concrete pavement are facing. However, as a viscoelastic material, asphalt is hydrophobic, which undermines the asphalt concrete pavement’s ability of resisting water damage. Because of the water damage, asphalt and aggregate will peel off, which may lead to further damage to the pavement structure. And water damage to the pavement will become worse under the influence of hot and humid environment (high temperature and rainfall). As a thermoplastic polymer, PAE have strong adhesion and also can form a waterproof membrane. And, PAE is widely used in cement concrete to improve its strength and corrosion resistance, but seldom used in modification application study on resistance to water damage in asphalt concrete. Therefore, it’s very significant for us to study further on PAE’s application in stability of modified asphalt mixture and the optimal dosage of PAE. For this reason, this paper conducts Marshall stability test and Fort Kentucky flooding scattering test on asphalt concrete, sbs modified asphalt concrete, PAE and SBS composite modified asphalt concrete (the following are referred as A-type, B-type and C-type bituminous concrete and C-type asphalt concrete have 5 different dosages of PAE, which were 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%,and 12%, respectively marked as the C1, C2, C3, C4 and C5.) ,respectively.
II. Raw materials
2.1 Stone materials and asphalt
In this paper, we introduce AC-20-grade asphalt concrete, in which stone materials are made of clean and un-weathered metamorphic sandstone and asphalt is shell 90# high quality bitumen. Asphalt technical indicators are shown in Table 2.1. The stone materials and asphalt are shown in figure 2.2.
Tab2.1 basic technical indexes of asphalt
indicators
25℃ penetration/(0.1mm)
10℃Ductility/(cm)
Softening Point /(℃)
60℃Viscosity/(Pa ·s)
Test result
86.3
31.6
47.0
163
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. HU Qiusheng et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 9( Version 6), September 2014, pp.17-22
www.ijera.com 18 | P a g e
Fig2.1 quality meta sandstone Fig2.2 asphalt of shell 90 2.2 Diatomaceous and poly acrylate emulsion Here, we use Jilin-produced SBS with high quality and polyacrylate is emulsified polyacrylate emulsion. Fig2.3 and Fig2.4 show the SBS and polyacrylate latex, respectively.
Fig2.3 the modifier of SBS Fig2.4 the modifier of Polyacrylate latex
III. proportion of Asphalt Mixure Designing
According to highway asphalt and asphalt testing procedures (JTG E20-2011), we introduce standard Marshall test to design proportion of asphalt mixure. And, we adopt wet mixed method for asphalt modification, stirring and incorporating SBS Modified Asphalt(We can determine the best SBS production in the region is 15% amount of asphalt content by asphalt index). The basic technical indicators of SBS modified asphalt are shown in Table 3.1 Tab3.1 the basic technical indicators of SBS modified asphalt
indicators
25℃ penetration/(0.1mm)
10℃Ductility/(cm)
Softening Point /(℃)
50℃Viscosity/(Pa·s)
Test results
99.1
79.9
78.0
12972
According to "asphalt pavement design and technical specifications" (JTG D50-2006) and "Highway Engineering aggregate testing procedures" (JTGE42-2005),we study on modified asphalt and proportion of asphalt mixture designing. First, we obtain the pass rate of different stall feeding by sieving, then draw out aggregate gradation curve and determine aggregate gradation. After that, we test the mechanical properties of graded aggregates and then determine the proportion of asphalt mixture based on Marshall asphalt mixture
3. HU Qiusheng et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 9( Version 6), September 2014, pp.17-22
www.ijera.com 19 | P a g e
design method. Table 3.2 shows the basic mechanical properties of aggregates and proportion of asphalt mixture. Tab3.2 basic mechanical properties of aggregates and proportion of asphalt mixture
Graded aggregates indicators Testing results
Crushing value(%)
Flakiness content(%)
Apparent density(g/cm3)
Bulk density(g/cm3)
17.5
4.0
2.813
1.825
Sieve size(mm)
26.5
19
16.0
13.2
9.5
4.75
2.36
1.18
0.6
0.3
0.15
0.075
Graded ceiling
100
100
91
80
73
56
44
33
24
17
14
6
Synthetic grading
100
92.3
85.4
76.1
58.0
40.5
25.2
20.9
13.3
7.5
6.3
5.1
Graded lower limit
100
89
78
62
50
26
15
12
8
5
4
3
Asphalt types and ratio(%)
Asphalt
4.1%
SBS Modified Asphalt
3.9%
IV. Experimental Design and experimental results
4.1 Marshall stability test First, we do residual stability test according to results of proportion of asphalt mixture, then two Marshall groups are formed by A-type, B-type, C1-type, C2-type, C3-type, C4-type, and C5-type( one group is to do the standard Marshall test, another group is to do immersion Marshall test. Four specimens are set from each group, the results are averaged). Experimental conditions: loading rate 50mm / min, specimen height 63.5 ± 1.3mm.The experiment requires specimens being immersed in 60 ℃ constant temperature for 48h. Marshall test specimen measured indicators as well as the experimental results and immersion Marshall Marshall experimental results are shown in Table 4.1. Tab 4.1 the water stability of Marshall specimen
Mixture type
Porosity (%)
VMA (%)
Saturation (%)
Standard Marshall stability (KN)
Immersion Marshall stability (KN)
Residual stability (%)
A-type
6.1
59.9
59.3
10.4
8.3
79.9
B-type
5.9
60.3
60.4
11.6
10.1
87.2
C1-type
5.6
62.1
60.9
12.1
11.4
94.3
C2-type
5.5
62.9
61.5
13.9
11.7
94.8
C3-type
5.2
63.7
61.4
13.9
13..6
97.6
C4-type
4.5
64.1
61.5
14.4
14..1
97.7
C5-type
4.4
64.7
61.00
14.6
14..3
98.3
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According to Marshall stability test results, plot the relationship curve of PAE content and stability of asphalt
residues., including the stability of (y) and PAE residual asphalt content (x) complying with the formula,
825.48 187.93 87.348 2 y x x
, where the correlation coefficient 0.9809 2 R . Firgure4.1 shows the curve.
Fig4.1 the relation between PAE content and residual stability
From table4.1 and figure 4.1, the results show:
(1) Comparing the asphalt stability and residual stability of A-type, B-type, and C-type, we find that the SBS
modified asphalt mixture have better asphalt stability and residual stability than asphalt mixture. And asphalt
concrete that incorporates with PAE have the largest asphalt stability and residual stability, so PAE plays an
significant role in improving the water stability of asphalt mixture.(2)For B-type and C-type asphalt
concrete, PAE content were respectively 0%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% and 12%, and the corresponding residual
stability of asphalt mixture ranges from 79.9% to 98.2% and it shows the relationship of the corresponding
growth. Therefore, asphalt’s ability of resisting to water damage enhances with increasing PAE content. What’s
more, as the PAE content increases from 6% to 8%, the residual stability shows stepped growth. And it begins
to have less obvious effect on the residual stability with 8% PAE content or more. Therefore, the modified water
stability has the most obvious effect with 8% PAE content, thus from an economic perspective, the
recommended PAE content is 8%.(3)Plot the relationship between PAE content and residual stability. From
figure4.1, we can find that effect of PAE content on residual stability
presents a quadratic curve, and fitting correlation coefficient 0.9809 2 R . The fitting curve has an excellent
correlation. This also indirectly shows that asphalt mixture water stability has the best modification effect with
the recommended 8% PAE content.
4.2 Fort Kentucky flooding scattering test
According to China's "highway asphalt and asphalt testing procedures" (JTG E20-2011), we obtain
Marshall specimens from seven types of asphalt mixture (four Marshall specimens from each group and the
results are averaged) and then do Fort Kentucky flooding scattering test.
Experimental procedures: standard double-sided compaction method for making Marshall specimen after
fostering, then release mold; all specimens are placed in 60 ℃ water bath regimen for 48 hours, then placed at
room temperature for 24 hours, and weigh the specimen and get the weight of m0 after 24h ; Put the specimens
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in Los Angeles testing machine, start the scattering experiments (turn times for 300 rpm, speed 33r / min), after
that, weigh the test specimen and get the weight of m1; finally calculate the scattering mass loss using Equation
4.2
100
0
0 1
m
m m
S ········Equation 4.2
S —mass loss rate
m0—specimen weight before the experiment(kg);
m1—specimen weight after the experiment(kg)
The result of Kentucky flying test is shown in Table4.2.
Tab4.2 the result of Kentucky flying test
Mixture type m0(Kg) m1(Kg) S (%)
A-type
1196.6 819.7 29.5
B-type
1204.3 965.8 18.8
C1-type
1204.1 1082.5 10.2
C2-type
1205.4 1074.0 11.1
C3-type
1205.6 1109.2 8..2
C4-type
1205.9 1110.6 7.8
C5-type
1207.1 1114.2 7.6
Table4.2. shows that : (1)Comparing Kentucky Fort
flooding scattering loss rate of A-type, B-type and C-type
asphalt, we can find that the mass loss rate of
asphalt mixture can reach to 31.5% after the soaking
scattering test. The water stability of SBS modified
asphalt mixture is improved and the mass loss rate is
19.8%. And asphalt mixture with PAE have the
smallest mass loss rate. Therefore, PAE has a
significant effect on improving the asphalt mixture’s
ability to resist to water damage. (2) Considering B-type
and C-type bituminous concrete mass loss rate,
we find that the scattering loss rate decreases with
the increasing content of PAE; As PAE content
decreases from 6% to 8% , the scattering loss rate
also decreases to 2.9 %and the scattering loss rate
almost doesn’t change when the PAE content exceeds
8%. Therefore, the asphalt mixture’s ability of
resisting to water damage enhances with PAE
increasing and modifying effect is relatively obvious
with 8%PAE, which matches with the experimental
results of residual stability.
V. Conclusion
After conducting asphalt mixture Marshall
Stability Test and Fort Kentucky flooding scattering
test on asphalt concrete, SBS modified asphalt
concrete, PAE and SBS modified asphalt concrete,
we can conclude that:
(1) Residual stability test and Fort Kentucky flooding
scattering test can better simulate asphalt’s
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engineering application conditions, which can
effectively evaluate the PAE water stability for
asphalt modification. The stability of residual asphalt
enhances with PAE content increasing. It also reduce
the scattering loss. Therefore, PAE has a significant
effect on improving the asphalt mixture’s water
stability.
(2) The relationship curve of PAE content (x) and
stability of asphalt residues(y) complies with the
following formula,
825.48 187.93 87.348 2 y x x
, where the correlation coefficient 0.9809 2 R .
(3)The residual stability of asphalt mixture ranges
from 79.9% to 98.2% as PAE content is between 0
and12%. What’s more, as the PAE content increases
from 6% to 8%, the residual stability shows stepped
growth. And it begins to have less obvious effect on the
residual stability with 8% PAE content or more.
Therefore, the modified water stability has the most
obvious effect with 8% PAE content, thus from an
economic perspective, the recommended PAE content is
8%.
(4) From Fort Kentucky flooding scattering test, we
can find that the scattering loss rate also decreases to
2.9 % as PAE content decreases from 6% to 8%, and
the scattering loss rate almost doesn’t change when
the PAE content exceeds 8%. Therefore, the asphalt
mixture’s ability of resisting to water damage
enhances with PAE increasing and modifying effect
is relatively obvious with 8%PAE, which matches
with the experimental results of residual stability.
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