This document provides an overview of the lessons to be covered in a module on life on Earth. It includes topics such as the variety of life, evolution, evidence of change, Charles Darwin's theories, the origins of species, inheritance, where life came from, sensing the environment, human evolution, and extinction. Each lesson includes objectives, key terms, and extension questions. The document guides students through the content that will be examined over the next 12 lessons and an end of module test.
This document provides an introduction to genetics and heredity through Mendel's experiments with pea plants. It discusses how Mendel used pea plants to discover the basic principles of heredity, including that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete factors we now call genes. Mendel determined that some genes are dominant and others recessive, with dominant traits always appearing in offspring who receive a dominant allele. His work established the basic rules of heredity and laid the foundation for the field of genetics. The document also introduces key genetics concepts like genotypes, phenotypes, homozygous, and heterozygous individuals.
Gregor Mendel experimented with pea plants and discovered the principles of inheritance, including dominance and segregation. He found that traits are determined by discrete factors, now known as genes, which are inherited from parents. Offspring receive one of each pair of genes from their parents. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and genes segregate so each gamete receives one of each gene. This ensures genetic variation in offspring.
B4FA 2013 Ghana: Introduction to Genetics - Prof Eric Yirenkyi Danquahb4fa
This document provides an overview of basic genetics concepts including:
- Genetics is the study of heredity and variation, focusing on genes which provide instructions for making proteins.
- Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 1850s and discovered the laws of inheritance, including that traits are passed through discrete units (now known as genes) which segregate and assort independently.
- Cells contain DNA, which carries the genetic code in genes arranged on chromosomes. The order of molecules (A, C, T, G) in the DNA determines an organism's traits.
- Sexual reproduction and random mutation create variation within a population, while genes control the traits passed from parents to
Heridity and Evolution - Biology Class 10 CBSEAthira S
This Powerpoint Presentation is on the chapter Heredity and Evolution from class 10 Biology in CBSE Board. The contents of the presentation are from the NCERT science textbook for class 10 and Lakhmir Singh Biology Handbook Class 10.
This document discusses several key genetics concepts:
- Heredity is the passing of genetic traits from parents to offspring through chromosomes.
- Genotype refers to an organism's genetic makeup, while phenotype describes observable traits influenced by both genes and environment.
- Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to establish the basic principles of heredity, including dominant and recessive traits and the 3:1 ratio in the F2 generation. His work formed the foundation of classical genetics.
This document discusses genetics and Mendelian inheritance. It provides background on genetics concepts like DNA, genes, chromosomes, and heredity. It then summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants, which demonstrated that traits are inherited as distinct units (genes) that segregate and assort independently during reproduction. Mendel showed that the inheritance of traits follows predictable statistical patterns, laying the foundation for the field of genetics.
The document discusses basic concepts of heredity and genetics, including chromosomes, genes, alleles, dominance, and patterns of inheritance. It explains Mendel's experiments with pea plants and how they led to the concepts of dominant and recessive alleles. It also discusses sex determination, genetic disorders, and using Punnett squares and family trees to predict inheritance patterns.
This document introduces the concepts of heredity and genetics. Heredity is defined as the passing of physical characteristics from parents to offspring. Genetics is the study of heredity. Traits are different forms a characteristic can take, such as hair color, eye color, or fur color. The document then discusses Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that helped establish the basic principles of heredity, including the idea that traits are inherited through discrete units (later discovered to be genes located on chromosomes). Mendel showed that traits can be dominant or recessive when determining the traits expressed in offspring.
This document provides an introduction to genetics and heredity through Mendel's experiments with pea plants. It discusses how Mendel used pea plants to discover the basic principles of heredity, including that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete factors we now call genes. Mendel determined that some genes are dominant and others recessive, with dominant traits always appearing in offspring who receive a dominant allele. His work established the basic rules of heredity and laid the foundation for the field of genetics. The document also introduces key genetics concepts like genotypes, phenotypes, homozygous, and heterozygous individuals.
Gregor Mendel experimented with pea plants and discovered the principles of inheritance, including dominance and segregation. He found that traits are determined by discrete factors, now known as genes, which are inherited from parents. Offspring receive one of each pair of genes from their parents. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and genes segregate so each gamete receives one of each gene. This ensures genetic variation in offspring.
B4FA 2013 Ghana: Introduction to Genetics - Prof Eric Yirenkyi Danquahb4fa
This document provides an overview of basic genetics concepts including:
- Genetics is the study of heredity and variation, focusing on genes which provide instructions for making proteins.
- Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 1850s and discovered the laws of inheritance, including that traits are passed through discrete units (now known as genes) which segregate and assort independently.
- Cells contain DNA, which carries the genetic code in genes arranged on chromosomes. The order of molecules (A, C, T, G) in the DNA determines an organism's traits.
- Sexual reproduction and random mutation create variation within a population, while genes control the traits passed from parents to
Heridity and Evolution - Biology Class 10 CBSEAthira S
This Powerpoint Presentation is on the chapter Heredity and Evolution from class 10 Biology in CBSE Board. The contents of the presentation are from the NCERT science textbook for class 10 and Lakhmir Singh Biology Handbook Class 10.
This document discusses several key genetics concepts:
- Heredity is the passing of genetic traits from parents to offspring through chromosomes.
- Genotype refers to an organism's genetic makeup, while phenotype describes observable traits influenced by both genes and environment.
- Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to establish the basic principles of heredity, including dominant and recessive traits and the 3:1 ratio in the F2 generation. His work formed the foundation of classical genetics.
This document discusses genetics and Mendelian inheritance. It provides background on genetics concepts like DNA, genes, chromosomes, and heredity. It then summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants, which demonstrated that traits are inherited as distinct units (genes) that segregate and assort independently during reproduction. Mendel showed that the inheritance of traits follows predictable statistical patterns, laying the foundation for the field of genetics.
The document discusses basic concepts of heredity and genetics, including chromosomes, genes, alleles, dominance, and patterns of inheritance. It explains Mendel's experiments with pea plants and how they led to the concepts of dominant and recessive alleles. It also discusses sex determination, genetic disorders, and using Punnett squares and family trees to predict inheritance patterns.
This document introduces the concepts of heredity and genetics. Heredity is defined as the passing of physical characteristics from parents to offspring. Genetics is the study of heredity. Traits are different forms a characteristic can take, such as hair color, eye color, or fur color. The document then discusses Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that helped establish the basic principles of heredity, including the idea that traits are inherited through discrete units (later discovered to be genes located on chromosomes). Mendel showed that traits can be dominant or recessive when determining the traits expressed in offspring.
This chapter discusses heredity and evolution. It covers Mendel's principles of inheritance including segregation and independent assortment. Examples of Mendelian traits in humans like cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia are provided. Non-Mendelian inheritance patterns and mitochondrial inheritance are also discussed. The chapter then explores modern evolutionary theory including the definition of evolution, factors that produce variation, and how natural selection acts on variation.
The document discusses genes, DNA, RNA, heredity, and reproduction. It defines a gene as the unit of heredity that contains DNA instructions for an organism's traits. DNA encodes genetic instructions and is made up of nucleic acids alongside proteins and carbohydrates. RNA also contains genetic codes and has various biological roles. Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring via sexual or asexual reproduction. The two types of reproduction are sexual, which combines genetic material from two parents, and asexual, which involves one parent. Genes hold the codes to build and maintain organisms and are passed down through reproduction.
Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. Genes hold the information to build and maintain an organism. Genes are found within each cell of the body, located on structures called chromosomes within the nucleus. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, with one set inherited from each parent, containing the genes that determine traits like eye color. Differences in genes between individuals result in biological diversity.
- Genetics is the science of heredity and variation. It studies how traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes and chromosomes.
- Chromosomes contain DNA and genes which determine inherited traits. Genes can be dominant or recessive.
- Mendel's experiments with pea plants established the laws of inheritance including dominance, segregation and independent assortment. His work laid the foundation for genetics.
This document provides an overview of genetics and Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants. It summarizes Mendel's work, including that he conducted monohybrid crosses using pea plants with distinct traits like seed shape, color, and size. Through his careful experiments and quantitative analysis, Mendel discovered the laws of inheritance and developed an understanding of dominant and recessive traits. His work laid the foundations for modern genetics although it was not widely recognized until many decades later.
This document provides an overview of genetics and inheritance concepts taught in Campbell & Reece's chapters 14 and 15. It summarizes Mendel's experiments with pea plants which established the basic principles of heredity, including dominant and recessive traits, genotypes and phenotypes, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. It also covers sex determination, sex-linked inheritance, degrees of dominance, and polygenic inheritance. Mendel's work laid the foundation for genetics as a scientific field.
The document summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants and the conclusions he drew from them. It discusses how Mendel performed crosses in three generations of pea plants to study inheritance of traits. He observed that traits were passed down in predictable ratios, leading him to propose his two laws of heredity - the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment. The document also explains concepts like dominant and recessive alleles, genotype and phenotype, and how probability and Punnett squares can be used to predict inheritance patterns.
The document provides a history of genetics, beginning with ancient observations of inheritance and selective breeding. It describes early incorrect ideas that were later disproven, such as spontaneous generation and inheritance of acquired traits. A major breakthrough was Gregor Mendel's experiments in the 1860s which demonstrated genes and inheritance patterns but went largely unnoticed. In the early 1900s, Mendel's work was rediscovered and linked to chromosomes by Thomas Hunt Morgan. In 1953, Watson and Crick determined DNA's double helix structure, explaining its role in heredity and linking genetics to molecular biology.
This document provides an overview of a book that introduces readers to the concepts of heredity and genetics. It discusses how characteristics are passed down from parents to children through genes and DNA. Key terms that are defined include DNA, genes, chromosomes, heredity, and traits. Readers learn that DNA contains an organism's genetic code within genes located on chromosomes. Through heredity, genes and traits are passed from parents to offspring. The book also explores how environment can influence observable traits in addition to genetic factors.
Identical twins occur when a single fertilized egg splits into two embryos, while fraternal twins develop from two separate eggs fertilized by different sperm. Conjoined twins result when an egg begins to split like identical twins but fails to completely separate, causing the embryos to share parts of the body. Heredity plays a large role in determining physical traits that are passed down from parents to children through genes and chromosomes. Factors like genetics and environment can also impact prenatal development and may cause birth defects.
Gregor Mendel conducted the first recorded scientific study of heredity by breeding pea plants. Through his experiments, he discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units (now known as genes). Mendel determined that some traits are dominant and will mask recessive traits, and that traits are inherited independently of each other. His work established the basic principles of genetics and heredity.
1. Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who studied inheritance patterns in pea plants and is considered the founder of genetics.
2. He conducted breeding experiments with pea plants involving both self-pollination and cross-pollination to study inherited traits like plant height, seed texture, flower color and more.
3. Through his experiments, Mendel discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units later known as genes, and that some genes are dominant while others are recessive.
B4FA 2012 Ghana: Fundamentals of Genetics - Eric Danquahb4fa
Presentation by Prof Eric Danquah, West African Centre for Crop Improvement, University of Ghana, Legon
Delivered at the B4FA Media Dialogue Workshop, Accra, Ghana - September 2012
This document provides an overview of Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants and his discoveries of basic principles of genetics and heredity. The key points are:
1. Mendel studied inheritance of traits in pea plants and discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring via discrete units later called "genes".
2. He found that for many traits, one gene variant (allele) is dominant and hides the expression of the other recessive allele.
3. Through experiments with successive generations, he showed that alleles segregate and assort independently during reproduction, allowing previously hidden recessive traits to reappear according to predictable statistical patterns.
1. While the DNA between individuals is nearly identical, small variations exist in 0.1% of the DNA that differs between people.
2. These variations arise from both genetic and environmental factors and lead to differences in traits between individuals of the same species.
3. Genetic variations come from mutations, sexual reproduction through processes like independent assortment and crossing over during meiosis, and random fertilization leading to offspring that are highly varied.
This document provides an overview of genetics and evolution. It defines key genetic terms like DNA, genes, chromosomes, and mutations. It summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants which formed the basis of Mendelian genetics and his laws of inheritance. The document also explains molecular genetics concepts such as DNA structure, replication, transcription and translation. It describes the genetic code and how DNA is used as a blueprint for protein synthesis.
This document provides an overview of genetics concepts including:
1) Incomplete dominance results in an intermediate phenotype between the two homozygous parents, like pink flowers from red and white flowered parents.
2) Multiple alleles exist for some traits like blood type, which has four phenotypes (A, B, AB, and O) determined by three alleles.
3) Polygenic traits are influenced by multiple gene pairs acting together, producing more variety in phenotypes like hair and eye color.
4) Sex determination is based on XX females and XY males, with males determining offspring sex by contributing either an X or Y chromosome.
Genetics is the science that studies heredity, or the passing of traits from parents to offspring. Traits are passed through DNA, which is made up of four chemical bases that form the genetic code. DNA is packaged into chromosomes that are found in almost every cell and contain the full set of instructions to produce a human. Genes located on chromosomes provide templates for proteins and determine traits based on dominant and recessive alleles inherited from each parent.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key genetics concepts such as genotype, phenotype, Punnett squares, dominant and recessive traits, alleles, and genetic disorders. It uses examples like plant height, eye color, and genetic conditions to illustrate these concepts and how Punnett squares can be used to predict the possible genotypes of offspring from parents with known genotypes. Interactive elements engage the reader to apply their understanding, such as prompting them to draw and describe a Punnett square.
This document summarizes key concepts about heredity and genetics covered in Chapter 5, including:
1) Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring through alleles contained in DNA. Gregor Mendel studied heredity through pea plant experiments.
2) Mendel discovered dominant and recessive traits and that recessive traits can reappear through cross-breeding.
3) Punnett squares are used to determine the probability of traits being passed down based on parental genotypes.
4) Other concepts covered include incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, polygenic inheritance, mutations, sex determination, and genetic engineering techniques.
This document provides an overview of the 12 lessons that will be covered in the B4 Homeostasis module. It introduces key concepts about homeostasis, including how the body regulates conditions like body temperature, water levels, blood sugar levels, and blood pressure. Each lesson will focus on a different aspect of homeostasis, starting with an introduction to homeostasis and negative feedback mechanisms in Lessons 1 and 2. Subsequent lessons will cover topics like enzyme function, temperature regulation, water homeostasis, and what can happen when homeostasis goes wrong.
This document provides an overview of a 12-lesson module on growth and development. The lessons will cover topics like growing and changing, growth patterns, cell reproduction, genetics, specialized cells, and proteins. Key concepts include DNA, genes, inheritance, cell division, and how cells become specialized.
This chapter discusses heredity and evolution. It covers Mendel's principles of inheritance including segregation and independent assortment. Examples of Mendelian traits in humans like cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia are provided. Non-Mendelian inheritance patterns and mitochondrial inheritance are also discussed. The chapter then explores modern evolutionary theory including the definition of evolution, factors that produce variation, and how natural selection acts on variation.
The document discusses genes, DNA, RNA, heredity, and reproduction. It defines a gene as the unit of heredity that contains DNA instructions for an organism's traits. DNA encodes genetic instructions and is made up of nucleic acids alongside proteins and carbohydrates. RNA also contains genetic codes and has various biological roles. Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring via sexual or asexual reproduction. The two types of reproduction are sexual, which combines genetic material from two parents, and asexual, which involves one parent. Genes hold the codes to build and maintain organisms and are passed down through reproduction.
Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. Genes hold the information to build and maintain an organism. Genes are found within each cell of the body, located on structures called chromosomes within the nucleus. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, with one set inherited from each parent, containing the genes that determine traits like eye color. Differences in genes between individuals result in biological diversity.
- Genetics is the science of heredity and variation. It studies how traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes and chromosomes.
- Chromosomes contain DNA and genes which determine inherited traits. Genes can be dominant or recessive.
- Mendel's experiments with pea plants established the laws of inheritance including dominance, segregation and independent assortment. His work laid the foundation for genetics.
This document provides an overview of genetics and Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants. It summarizes Mendel's work, including that he conducted monohybrid crosses using pea plants with distinct traits like seed shape, color, and size. Through his careful experiments and quantitative analysis, Mendel discovered the laws of inheritance and developed an understanding of dominant and recessive traits. His work laid the foundations for modern genetics although it was not widely recognized until many decades later.
This document provides an overview of genetics and inheritance concepts taught in Campbell & Reece's chapters 14 and 15. It summarizes Mendel's experiments with pea plants which established the basic principles of heredity, including dominant and recessive traits, genotypes and phenotypes, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. It also covers sex determination, sex-linked inheritance, degrees of dominance, and polygenic inheritance. Mendel's work laid the foundation for genetics as a scientific field.
The document summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants and the conclusions he drew from them. It discusses how Mendel performed crosses in three generations of pea plants to study inheritance of traits. He observed that traits were passed down in predictable ratios, leading him to propose his two laws of heredity - the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment. The document also explains concepts like dominant and recessive alleles, genotype and phenotype, and how probability and Punnett squares can be used to predict inheritance patterns.
The document provides a history of genetics, beginning with ancient observations of inheritance and selective breeding. It describes early incorrect ideas that were later disproven, such as spontaneous generation and inheritance of acquired traits. A major breakthrough was Gregor Mendel's experiments in the 1860s which demonstrated genes and inheritance patterns but went largely unnoticed. In the early 1900s, Mendel's work was rediscovered and linked to chromosomes by Thomas Hunt Morgan. In 1953, Watson and Crick determined DNA's double helix structure, explaining its role in heredity and linking genetics to molecular biology.
This document provides an overview of a book that introduces readers to the concepts of heredity and genetics. It discusses how characteristics are passed down from parents to children through genes and DNA. Key terms that are defined include DNA, genes, chromosomes, heredity, and traits. Readers learn that DNA contains an organism's genetic code within genes located on chromosomes. Through heredity, genes and traits are passed from parents to offspring. The book also explores how environment can influence observable traits in addition to genetic factors.
Identical twins occur when a single fertilized egg splits into two embryos, while fraternal twins develop from two separate eggs fertilized by different sperm. Conjoined twins result when an egg begins to split like identical twins but fails to completely separate, causing the embryos to share parts of the body. Heredity plays a large role in determining physical traits that are passed down from parents to children through genes and chromosomes. Factors like genetics and environment can also impact prenatal development and may cause birth defects.
Gregor Mendel conducted the first recorded scientific study of heredity by breeding pea plants. Through his experiments, he discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units (now known as genes). Mendel determined that some traits are dominant and will mask recessive traits, and that traits are inherited independently of each other. His work established the basic principles of genetics and heredity.
1. Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who studied inheritance patterns in pea plants and is considered the founder of genetics.
2. He conducted breeding experiments with pea plants involving both self-pollination and cross-pollination to study inherited traits like plant height, seed texture, flower color and more.
3. Through his experiments, Mendel discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units later known as genes, and that some genes are dominant while others are recessive.
B4FA 2012 Ghana: Fundamentals of Genetics - Eric Danquahb4fa
Presentation by Prof Eric Danquah, West African Centre for Crop Improvement, University of Ghana, Legon
Delivered at the B4FA Media Dialogue Workshop, Accra, Ghana - September 2012
This document provides an overview of Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants and his discoveries of basic principles of genetics and heredity. The key points are:
1. Mendel studied inheritance of traits in pea plants and discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring via discrete units later called "genes".
2. He found that for many traits, one gene variant (allele) is dominant and hides the expression of the other recessive allele.
3. Through experiments with successive generations, he showed that alleles segregate and assort independently during reproduction, allowing previously hidden recessive traits to reappear according to predictable statistical patterns.
1. While the DNA between individuals is nearly identical, small variations exist in 0.1% of the DNA that differs between people.
2. These variations arise from both genetic and environmental factors and lead to differences in traits between individuals of the same species.
3. Genetic variations come from mutations, sexual reproduction through processes like independent assortment and crossing over during meiosis, and random fertilization leading to offspring that are highly varied.
This document provides an overview of genetics and evolution. It defines key genetic terms like DNA, genes, chromosomes, and mutations. It summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants which formed the basis of Mendelian genetics and his laws of inheritance. The document also explains molecular genetics concepts such as DNA structure, replication, transcription and translation. It describes the genetic code and how DNA is used as a blueprint for protein synthesis.
This document provides an overview of genetics concepts including:
1) Incomplete dominance results in an intermediate phenotype between the two homozygous parents, like pink flowers from red and white flowered parents.
2) Multiple alleles exist for some traits like blood type, which has four phenotypes (A, B, AB, and O) determined by three alleles.
3) Polygenic traits are influenced by multiple gene pairs acting together, producing more variety in phenotypes like hair and eye color.
4) Sex determination is based on XX females and XY males, with males determining offspring sex by contributing either an X or Y chromosome.
Genetics is the science that studies heredity, or the passing of traits from parents to offspring. Traits are passed through DNA, which is made up of four chemical bases that form the genetic code. DNA is packaged into chromosomes that are found in almost every cell and contain the full set of instructions to produce a human. Genes located on chromosomes provide templates for proteins and determine traits based on dominant and recessive alleles inherited from each parent.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key genetics concepts such as genotype, phenotype, Punnett squares, dominant and recessive traits, alleles, and genetic disorders. It uses examples like plant height, eye color, and genetic conditions to illustrate these concepts and how Punnett squares can be used to predict the possible genotypes of offspring from parents with known genotypes. Interactive elements engage the reader to apply their understanding, such as prompting them to draw and describe a Punnett square.
This document summarizes key concepts about heredity and genetics covered in Chapter 5, including:
1) Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring through alleles contained in DNA. Gregor Mendel studied heredity through pea plant experiments.
2) Mendel discovered dominant and recessive traits and that recessive traits can reappear through cross-breeding.
3) Punnett squares are used to determine the probability of traits being passed down based on parental genotypes.
4) Other concepts covered include incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, polygenic inheritance, mutations, sex determination, and genetic engineering techniques.
This document provides an overview of the 12 lessons that will be covered in the B4 Homeostasis module. It introduces key concepts about homeostasis, including how the body regulates conditions like body temperature, water levels, blood sugar levels, and blood pressure. Each lesson will focus on a different aspect of homeostasis, starting with an introduction to homeostasis and negative feedback mechanisms in Lessons 1 and 2. Subsequent lessons will cover topics like enzyme function, temperature regulation, water homeostasis, and what can happen when homeostasis goes wrong.
This document provides an overview of a 12-lesson module on growth and development. The lessons will cover topics like growing and changing, growth patterns, cell reproduction, genetics, specialized cells, and proteins. Key concepts include DNA, genes, inheritance, cell division, and how cells become specialized.
The document discusses a lesson plan that covers genetic screening and testing. Over the next 12 lessons, students will learn about genetics topics like inherited disorders, genetic testing, screening, and the ethical issues around how genetic information is used. One lesson focuses on genetic screening and testing, including how genetic information could be misused by insurance companies and discussed the arguments for and against using DNA profiles to determine insurance costs.
This document provides an overview of a 12-lesson course on keeping healthy. The lessons will cover topics like what causes disease, microbe attacks, vaccines, antibiotic resistance, and health studies. It previews the objectives and activities for the first lesson on microbes and disease, including understanding how microbes can cause illness and how the body prevents microbes from entering.
The document provides an overview of the 12 lessons that will be covered in the B4 Homeostasis module. It focuses on lesson 7 which covers how the body responds to changes in core temperature through vasoconstriction, vasodilation, sweating, and shivering. The key concepts covered are how varying blood supply to the skin through constricting or dilating blood vessels helps regulate core temperature. Extension questions provide further explanation and examples.
The document provides information about a biology lesson plan that covers genetics and inherited traits. It includes 12 lessons that cover topics like similarities and differences between family members, inherited disorders like cystic fibrosis and Huntington's disease, genetic testing, and stem cells. The lesson plan provides learning objectives, activities, and questions for each lesson.
The document provides an overview of a 12-lesson chemistry course covering topics like the periodic table, alkaline metals, chemical equations, halogens, helium, atomic structure, electrons, salts, and ionic theory. It includes lesson objectives, activities, extension questions, and summaries for the first two lessons which focus on the periodic table and alkaline metals. Key points covered are the periodic table's arrangement of elements, properties of group 1 alkaline metals like their reactions with water and acids, and their similarities and reactivity trends.
The document provides an overview of a course on Earth science and the universe. It includes 12 lessons covering topics like mapping the seafloor, plate tectonics, earthquakes and volcanoes, the origin of the universe, the solar system, what we are made of, the extinction of dinosaurs, and whether life exists elsewhere. The first lesson introduces concepts of time, space, the structure of Earth, and the rock cycle. Subsequent lessons will explore these topics in more depth.
The document provides an overview of the 12 lessons in a health studies module, including topics like antibiotics, vaccines, and clinical trials. It then presents information about lesson 7 which focuses on antibiotics and the rise of antibiotic-resistant "superbugs" due to overuse of antibiotics. The lesson objectives, activities, key concepts, and extension questions are outlined.
Cbse class 10 science chapter 9 heredity and evolution2015 11-09Sameer Bhatta
This document contains a practice test for CBSE Class 10 Science Chapter 9 on Heredity and Evolution. It includes 25 multiple choice questions and true/false questions to test understanding of concepts related to inheritance of traits, genetic variation, natural selection, evolution, and Mendel's experiments with garden peas. The questions cover topics such as dominant and recessive traits, genetic drift, inheritance of sex chromosomes, DNA as the source of genetic information, and more.
This document provides an overview of a 12-lesson course on life on Earth. It will cover topics such as the variety of life, evolution, evidence of change, Charles Darwin's theories of evolution, the origins of species, inheritance, where life came from, human evolution, extinction, and human-caused extinction. The first lesson focuses on the variety of life and how all living things are different due to genetic variations.
This document contains a summary of a basic biology practicum report on heredity. The summary includes:
1) The practicum was conducted on October 31st 2011 from 10:50 AM to 12:30 PM in the biology laboratory on the 3rd floor of FMIPA UNM.
2) The practicum involved checking phenotypes of heredity traits in the body and recording observations in a table. Dominant phenotypes were marked with a check. Data was also collected from other group members and classmates.
3) Analysis found the ratio of dominant to recessive traits in the group was 41.66% to 58.33% and in the class was 42.85% to 57.49
This document provides an overview of hereditary genetics and how traits are passed from parents to offspring through chromosomes, DNA, genes, and alleles. It discusses key concepts like dominant and recessive alleles, genotypes and phenotypes, and how Gregor Mendel used pea plants to discover the laws of inheritance through experiments with traits like flower color and plant height. It also explains techniques like punnett squares that are used to predict the probability of different traits being expressed in offspring.
1) The document discusses heredity and evolution, including the accumulation of variation during reproduction and its effects over generations.
2) It covers Mendel's experiments which established the rules of inheritance and traits being passed from parents to offspring.
3) Evolution occurs as generations accumulate subtle variations, with some helping organisms survive and pass on their traits while others do not, not impacting survival.
Life-Span Human Development 9th Edition Sigelman Solutions ManualTimothyPadilla
Full download : https://alibabadownload.com/product/life-span-human-development-9th-edition-sigelman-solutions-manual/
Life-Span Human Development 9th Edition Sigelman Solutions Manual
Example OneDiscuss how new discoveries in genetics are contr.docxSANSKAR20
Example One
Discuss how new discoveries in genetics are contributing to our understanding of the HIV virus
and how some folks exposed to HIV have been able to escape developing AIDS.
The HIV virus daily infects 14,000 people, however some individuals’ odds of contracting the
virus are very low. Dr. Donald Mosier of the Script Institute was puzzled by this and launched a
genetic study to determine why certain individuals are resistant to the HIV virus. What Dr.
Mosier discovered was the resistant people inherited a deletion mutation that gave them
protection. Within the deletion mutation, the receptor CCR5, is excluded. This deleted section
of the CCR5 receptor functions as a lock, therefore people born with the mutation will not get
the HIV virus. Those individuals that are homozygous – have two copies of the same deletion
gene, are immune to the virus and are protected. Individuals that are heterozygous – have two
different genes – have some protection from HIV because their body have half the “locks.” Dr.
Mosier further studied populations and discovered the deleted mutation was higher in certain
parts of the world and among Caucasians.
Explain the genetic connection between phenotype and genotype discovered by Mendel in the
19th century.
Genetics helps to understand human diversity, not only in today’s world but in the past as well.
When studying genetics it is important to understand the relationship between phenotype and
genotype. A phenotype is defined as an observable physical characteristic whereas a genotype
is the set of specific genes an organism carries (Allen, Anton, Stanford 60). In the video lesson,
Anne Stone commented the phenotype can be impacted by the environment. For example, if
there is not sufficient food or there is disease, this can impact an individual’s height which is a
phenotype. Anthropologist Geneticist Joanna Mountain explained a phenotype can be
“measurements and anything we can describe about a person from appearance to metabolism.”
Utilizing the garden pea plant to conduct his experiment, Gregor Mendel was able to recognize
traits were passed on from parents to offspring. He knew traits were inherited but did not know
how this inheritance worked. Mendel’s Principles of Segregation which states in an organism,
alleles occurs in pairs and when gametes sex cells get produced, alleles separate so each
gamete contains one member of each pair. Further experiments by Mendel lead him to
conclude in a unit of inheritance, meaning offspring received receive genes from each parent.
Theses principles laid the foundation for future scientists to study inheritance.
Vocabulary
Phenotype – observable characteristics; expression of genetic instructions; something you can
measure
Genotype – genetic make-up of an individual; every person has a unique genotype made of
genes inherited from parents
Recessive – a masked trait or covered up
Dominant – mask recessive characteristics
P ...
Here are some key points to focus on for the psychology midterm:
- Memory: Define different types of memory (sensory, short-term, long-term, episodic, semantic, procedural). Understand memory models (Atkinson-Shiffrin, working memory). Know factors that influence memory accuracy and storage.
- Learning: Define classical and operant conditioning. Understand principles of reinforcement, punishment, extinction. Know examples of different conditioning paradigms.
- Cognition: Understand how attention, perception, problem-solving work. Know biases and heuristics. Define language and thinking.
- Development: Know major theories of development (psychoanalytic, cognitive, behavioral). Understand development
Question 1 This type of selection favors both extremes of the .docxmakdul
Question 1
This type of selection favors both extremes of the phenotype spectrum within a population.
A.
disruptive
B.
natural
C.
neutral
D.
stabilizing
E.
directional
5 points
Question 2
On a molecular level, all organisms
A.
have the same bases in DNA and RNA, the same amino acids in proteins, but use different genetic codes.
B.
have the same bases in DNA and RNA, the same amino acids in proteins, and use the same genetic code.
C.
use different means of storing genetic information.
D.
have the same bases in DNA and RNA, but different amino acids in proteins.
E.
show no similarities.
5 points
Question 3
Most mutations lead to a decreased chance of survival for the mutant organism. Rarely, a mutation can provide an increased chance of survival. These rare mutations provide a(n) _____________________ for the mutant.
A.
selective disadvantage
B.
environmental susceptibility
C.
adaptive
D.
directional shift
E.
selective advantage
5 points
Question 4
After being produced in the seminiferous tubules, sperm mature in the
A.
seminal vesicle.
B.
vas deferens.
C.
epididymis.
D.
ejaculatory duct.
E.
urethra.
5 points
Question 5
Random changes in gene frequency that occur in small populations describes the concept of
A.
genetic drift.
B.
adaptive radiation.
C.
parapatric speciation.
D.
sympatric speciation.
E.
convergent evolution.
5 points
Question 6
The primary male hormone is
A.
produced throughout a male’s entire lifetime.
B.
produced in the brain.
C.
testosterone.
D.
estrogen.
E.
only involved in sperm production.
5 points
Question 7
Which of the following statements about natural selection is true?
A.
Natural selection leads to increased likelihood of survival for certain individuals based on variation. The variation must come from outside the population.
B.
Natural selection results in those individuals within a population who are best-adapted surviving and producing more offspring.
C.
Natural selection causes variations to arise within a population.
D.
All individuals within a population have an equal likelihood of survival. Survival is based on chance.
E.
Natural selection leads to extinction.
5 points
Question 8
Which of the following is not true of the punctuated equilibrium theory?
A.
It was inspired in part by patterns observed in the fossil record.
B.
It suggests that most species undergo little phenotypic change during most of their evolutionary duration.
C.
It suggests that subgroups diverge and evolve at about equal and constant rates.
D.
It appears to be well supported by the fossil record.
E.
It proposes that most evolutionary change is concentrated in relatively brief episodes of change.
5 points
Question 9
Animals that possess both male and female sexual organs
A.
are hermaphroditic and typically cross-fertilize.
B.
are dioecious and typically self-fertilize.
C.
are parthenogenetic and typically self-fertilize.
D.
are hermaphroditic and typically ...
This document provides an overview of chapters 7 and 8 from a biology textbook. It discusses key topics like Mendelian inheritance, phenotypes and genotypes, probability in genetics, polygenic traits, sex-linked traits, evolution through natural selection, and evidence that supports evolution such as experiments on fruit flies and fossil records. The document uses bullet points, diagrams, and questions to highlight important concepts and terms from the chapters.
This document discusses several key genetics concepts including dominant and recessive alleles, Punnett squares, pedigree charts, single gene disorders, chromosome disorders, and multifactoral disorders. It also covers topics like the Human Genome Project, genetic counseling, cloning, biotechnology foods, and how biotech foods could help address issues like world hunger and malnutrition.
Heredity and evolution class 10th Questionssinghaniya12
Ncert chapter heredity and evolution class X you can find questions for exam preparation and there is lot of questions based on heredity and evolution chapter for it is doc file it contain short or long answer type question and it is like question paper of school
Erwin Chargaff discovered in 1950 that guanine always pairs with cytosine and adenine always pairs with thymine in DNA. He also found that different species have different ratios of these base pairs. In 1953, Rosalind Franklin used x-ray crystallography to take a photo of DNA structure. James Watson and Francis Crick used Chargaff's rules and Franklin's photo to deduce the double helix structure of DNA. This provided the first understanding of DNA's molecular structure and established it as the molecule responsible for inheritance.
Genetics and its history with gregor mendel lawmanoj Joshi
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the mid-1800s that laid the foundations of genetics. Through his experiments, he discovered three principles: 1) the law of segregation, which states that alleles separate during gamete formation, 2) the law of independent assortment, which demonstrates that traits carried on different chromosomes assort independently, and 3) the law of dominance, where one allele is dominant and masks the presence of the recessive allele. Mendel's work was largely ignored until the early 1900s but provided the basic concepts still used in genetics today.
This document discusses extranuclear inheritance, which refers to inheritance patterns of genetic material located outside the cell nucleus, such as chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA. Extranuclear inheritance follows maternal inheritance patterns rather than Mendelian inheritance. A disease associated with extranuclear inheritance is Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), which is linked to mutations in mitochondrial DNA. The document provides examples of organisms and inheritance patterns related to extranuclear DNA.
This document discusses genetics and evolution. It provides background on heredity, variation, Mendel's experiments with pea plants, and his laws of inheritance. It describes how traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes, alleles, dominance, and segregation. It discusses evidence for evolution, including homologous and vestigial structures, as well as theories like natural selection and genetic drift. The document also covers modern concepts like DNA, chromosomes, mutation, and molecular evidence supporting common descent.
This document provides an overview of genetics and Mendelian inheritance. It defines key genetics terms and discusses pre-Mendelian theories of inheritance. It then summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants in which he demonstrated the laws of segregation and independent assortment during monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. Mendel's work laid the foundation for modern genetics although his findings were not widely recognized until after his death.
This document provides information about heredity and evolution. It discusses how traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes. It describes Mendel's experiments with pea plants that determined the rules of inheritance for dominant and recessive traits. The document also discusses evolution through natural selection and the accumulation of variations over generations, which can eventually lead to the formation of new species. Evidence of evolution comes from homologous and analogous structures in different organisms as well as the fossil record.
In September 1944, the Netherlands was still under Nazi control near the end of World War II. The Allied Forces attempted to liberate the country with a railway strike, but this failed. In response, the German government imposed a food embargo on the Netherlands, coinciding with a harsh winter that led to poor crops. This caused a famine, with daily calorie intake dropping drastically from over 2,300 to just 1,000 initially.
The document provides an overview of lessons covering physics topics related to astronomy. It outlines 24 lessons that will cover telescopes, lenses, different types of telescopes, stars, the sun, moon and earth, eclipses, star distances, galaxies, and more. Each lesson includes objectives, literacy and numeracy focuses, and extension questions.
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The document outlines a physics course covering topics related to astronomy and the structure of atoms and stars over 24 lessons. It provides learning objectives and activities for each lesson, including lessons on telescopes, the sun and planets, star distances and temperatures, galaxies, and the structure and behavior of atoms and gases.
This document provides an overview of the lessons that will be covered in a module about radiation and waves. It focuses on lesson P6.7, which discusses electromagnetic waves with frequencies higher than visible light, including ultraviolet (UV) rays, X-rays, and gamma rays. The lesson objectives are to understand that these waves are ionizing radiation that can alter or damage living cells. Examples of sources, detectors, and uses of each type of wave are provided. Key concepts explained are that frequency increases and wavelength decreases as you move from radio waves to gamma rays in the electromagnetic spectrum.
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This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in 12 lessons on electric circuits. The lessons will cover static electricity, electric charge, circuit symbols, simple circuits, controlling and measuring current, resistance, resistor combinations, measuring voltage, electrical power, domestic appliances, generating electricity, and distributing electricity. Each lesson will have objectives, activities, extension questions, and a summary.
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The document outlines a 12 lesson plan on the topic of forces and motion. It will cover key concepts such as forces in different directions, how objects start to move, friction, reaction of surfaces, speed, modeling motion, force interactions, changes in momentum, car safety, and laws of motion. Each lesson will include objectives, activities, literacy and numeracy focuses, and questions to help students understand the key topics being covered.
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The document outlines a chemistry route map for studying various topics over 24 lessons, including alkanes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, fats and oils, energy changes, chromatography, titrations, reaction rates, equilibrium, the chemical industry, and green chemistry. It provides lesson objectives, activities, and questions for lessons on alkanes, alcohols, and carboxylic acids, covering topics like their structures, properties, reactions, uses, and how they are produced.
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
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Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
B3 lesson part two
1. B3 Life on Earth Route map Over the next 12 lessons you will study : Friday 21 October 2011 B3.1 The variety of life B3.2 How does evolution happen B3.3 Evidence for change now B3.4 The story of Charles Darwin End of module test B3.5 Theories of evolution B3.6 The origins of species B3.7 The mechanism of inheritance B3.8 Where did life come B3.9 Sensing the outside the environment B3.10 Human evolution B3.11 Extinction B3.12 Human activities causing extinction B3.13 What’s on our doorstep
2.
3. B3.7 The mechanism of inheritance Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Introduction: A gene is a region of DNA that controls a hereditary characteristic. Humans are estimated to have about 31,000 genes. Different forms of the same gene are called alleles. Humans carry different alleles for one particular trait for example eye colour. When there are two different alleles for one trait, one is usually stronger or dominant to the other. All genes are arranged in a double helix, one strand is maternal, the other paternal. Genes change due to mutations and these changes can cause variation in species. Some of these variations can make an individual more successful and hence more like to pass on their genes to the next generation. Extension questions: 1: Explain two ways that a mutation in a gene can arise ? 2: Explain how mutations in an individual genome causes variation ? 3: A well know mutation is the so called ‘Albino human’ where the skin lacks any pigment at all. Explain why Albinos are at risk of early death from skin cancer ? 4: Some mutations cause trivial changes in an organisms characteristics like eye colour or nose shape. Give three other examples where mutations cause these types of changes ? Know this: a: Know that genes code for characteristics like eye colour. b: Know that genes are passed form mother and father to offspring. Friday 21 October 2011
4. B3.7 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Every plant or animal is the result of reproduction, and all organisms reproduce. Sexual reproduction needs two individuals of the opposite sex. During sexual reproduction, an embryo is formed when an egg carried by the female is fertilized by the male sperm. The embryo has a unique set of genes inherited from the mother and father. Pick three traits from the list in the diagram below left…decide which of these traits you have inherited from your mother or your father ? Which trait for a) hair colour and b) eye colour is most common in the UK ? Looking at the traits of a mother and father, can you always predict the traits that the children will inherit ? Traits Eye colour Skin colour Hair colour Height Blood group Hand span Tongue roller Freckles Attached lobes Fertilisation Egg Sperm 1 set of DNA 1 set of DNA Zygote 2 sets of DNA Newborn Key concepts
5. B3.7 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Each human has a unique set of genes that code for all our traits. This is called their genotype and it cannot be changed. A humans’ phenotype is what they look like and is the result of a person’s genotype and their environment. For example, a human cannot change their blood group, but they can change their hair colour by dying it. A study showed that the weight difference between twins was less than the weight difference between siblings, do these results suggest that genes control our weight ? Explain why identical twins look more alike when they are newborn when compared to how they look at 20 ? List using a table a) three traits that you could change and b) three traits that you could not change ? Key concepts
6. B3.7 c Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Some features like height and hand span show continuous variation, and some features like eye colour show discontinuous variation. Human height ranges from that of the shortest person to that of the tallest person. If you record the heights of a group of individuals and draw a graph of your results, it has a bell shaped distribution: List three factors than can affect the eventual height a human will be ? Looking at the graph opposite, how might clothes shops who sell trousers, gloves or shoes use this data to decide how many of each size to make, stock and sell ? In 1950, the average female height was 158 cm, in 2009 it is 165 cm…explain what has caused this increase in female height ? 155 165 175 185 % abundance Height (cm) Key concepts
7. Key concepts B3.7 d Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: There are two alleles for height: tall and short. Using the information in Mendel's original data which allele is recessive, which is dominant ? If both alleles for height (tall and short) were co dominate what would the results of an F 1 cross be like in the F 2 generation ? Mendel’s work in peas Tall dwarf Tall Tall Tall Tall Tall dwarf Gregor Mendel, in 1850s was the first to study the transfer of traits from parent to offspring. He selected peas. He crossed pollinated pure bred tall and pure bred short pea plant. He called this the P or parental generation. In the first generation, he got all tall plants. This generation was called the first filial or F1 generation. Then the plants from F 1 generation were self-pollinated and the next generation was called the second filial or the F2 generation. In this generation, the ratio of tall to short plants was found to be 3:1. P F 1 F 2
8. Key concepts B3.7 e Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: List three traits that are dominant in humans and three traits that are recessive ? Mendel’s work in peas Tall dwarf Tall Tall Tall Tall Tall dwarf Gregor Mendel didn’t just use one trait to investigate the mechanism of inheritance from parent to offspring. He another experiment, he crossed pollinated pure bred purple flowered peas with pure bred white flowered pea plant. Again he called this the P or parental generation. In the first generation, he got all purple flowered plants. This generation was called the first filial or F 1 generation. Then the plants from F 1 generation were self-pollinated and the next generation was called the second filial or the F 2 generation. In this generation, the ratio of purple to white flower plants was found to be 3:1. P F 1 F 2 There are two alleles for flower colour: purple and tall. Using the information in Mendel's original data which allele is recessive, which is dominant ?
9.
10. B3.8 Where did life come from ? Extension questions: 1: Explain why bacteria evolved before multi-cellular organisms ? 2: How long ago did life begin on Earth ? 3: Explain how life could have been brought to earth by a comet. 4: What is meant by multi-cellular? 5: Write down two advantages of being multi-cellular when compared to a simple bacteria ? Know this: a: Know when and how life began on Earth and that the habitats on earth then were very different to today’s habitats. b: Know that life began by simple chemical replicating themselves with a bi-lipid membrane or cell membrane Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: Life on Earth began about 3.5 billion years ago. Most living things on Earth today contain DNA. This is the molecule that can copy itself and is a set of instruction that control our characteristics. All living and extinct organism on Earth evolved from the first simple organisms. Simple organisms developed from molecules that could copy themselves. Biologists disagree about the origin of these molecules. Some believe that they were produced by environmental conditions on Earth at that time (under the ocean floor). Others believe they came from elsewhere in the Solar System via a meteorite or comet. What is clear is through evolution and gene changes all living things on Earth are suited to survive in their habitat.
11. Key concepts B3.8 Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: One theory is that life started at the bottom of the oceans. Hot water springs on the ocean floor contain dissolved minerals. When the hot water from the springs meet the cold seawater, minute bubbles of iron sulfide, filled with a solution of different chemicals, are formed. These bubbles act like cooking pots forming a thin layer of fatty protein and the first cell membrane. Why do scientists think that life began at the bottom of the ocean floor? Are these single cell organisms or multi-cellular organisms? What is the other scientific idea on how life began on Earth?
12. Key concepts B3.8 Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Another theory is that life may have begun on comets. Scientists have shown that amino acids may form from ammonia and other molecules under certain conditions of energy from lightning or ultraviolet light. Out in their distant orbits, comets are exposed to the kind of cosmic radiation which provides the energy needed to form these long, complex molecules, essential for life to begin. Comets contain ice, dust and water and other chemicals. Explain how life could exits in this icy object ? Scientists have analysed chemicals in the tail of a comet using a space probe and found organic molecules. Does this add evidence to life existing in comets ? Why do scientist say that wherever life started water must have been present ? Chemicals DNA Bacteria
13. B3.8 Plenary Lesson summary: solar copy conditions 3500 Friday 21 October 2011 From single cell bacteria, multi-cellular organisms evolved millions of years later. They became specialised in many different ways. Gradually the huge variety of life evolved over millions of years. Over that time some organisms became extinct as a result of destruction of habitat, hunting, competition for food & mates and disease. How Science Works: Research into how the nervous and hormonal systems coordinate the human body. Look into their similarities and differences Preparing for the next lesson: The first living things were molecules that could _____ themselves. They first appear on Earth about _____ million years ago. Some scientists think that these molecules came from somewhere else in the ______ system. Another theory is that life started on Earth. At that time the ____ might have been just right to produce these molecules Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: Most living things on Earth today contain DNA which can copy itself ? False True 2: There are billions of theories about how life began ? False True 1: Life began 300 million years ago?
14.
15.
16.
17. Key concepts B3.9 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: All involuntary actions that support life (i.e. heart rate, blood pressure & hormone levels) are coordinated by your nervous system. This coordination can be divided into two different parts: Parasympathetic and sympathetic parts of your nervous system. One responds (sympathetic), the other calms (parasympathetic) Which part of the system causes a) increases in your heart rate and b) when you are asleep which system shuts down your key organs ? During an asthma attack which part of your nervous system is responsible for constricting your airways ? If there is no pupil reflex after a traffic injury what does this tell you about the brain ? The nervous system
18. B3.9 Plenary Lesson summary: effector neurons spinal nervous Friday 21 October 2011 The thyroid gland makes a hormone that controls chemical reactions in the body. If a child doesn’t get enough of this hormone, their growth will be effected. The pancreas makes insulin for the control of blood sugar. The pituitary gland makes hormones which controls all other glands. The adrenal glands (top of the kidney) make adrenaline which speeds up the heartbeat and breathing rate. How Science Works: Explore websites for evidence for human evolution. Preparing for the next lesson: In a multi-cellular organisms, their cells need to communicate. They have evolved ______ system. These are made up of nerve cell (_____) linking receptor cells to ____ cells. In humans and other vertebrates, the nervous system is coordinated by a central nervous system which include the brain and ______ cord. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: The hormonal system has a short response period ? False True 2: The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord ? False True 1: The nerve cells are called neurons ?
19.
20. B3.10 Extension questions: 1: What is a Hominid? 2: Give two ways in which big brains helped some early humans to survive. 3: Why did all the hominid species except Homo Sapiens become extinct? 4: What feature shows that animals stand on two legs? 5: The explanations of human evolution are constantly changing. Why? Know this: a: Hominids share a common ancestor. Only one species survived and evolved into Homo Sapiens. b: Big brains helped early humans to use tools, hunt and make fire. Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: Human beings and chimpanzees share about 94% of their DNA, however we are not descended from modern apes, but we do share a common ancestor which was alive some 20 millions years ago. Hominids Australopithecines share some features with human beings: eye sockets are wide and set apart, broad nose and sinus inside front of skull. They walked on 2 legs. Habilines lived in Africa 1.6 to 2 million years ago. Fossils showed that their spines were joined to the middle of their skull, so habilines walked upright. They had big brains and made tools. They are called called Homo habilis. Different groups of humans evolved from a common ancestor. All but one of these groups died out. Only Homo sapiens (modern humans) survived (big brain). What do we know about human evolution
21. B3.10 Extension questions: 1: Human evolution made a big leap forward between homo habilis and homo erectus where humans stood upright. How was this an advantage ? 2: Give two ways in which big brains helped some early humans to survive ? 3: Why did all the hominid species except homo sapiens become extinct and why do the explanations of human evolution are constantly changing ? Know this: a: Hominids share a common ancestor. Only one species survived and evolved into Homo Sapiens. b: Big brains helped early humans to use tools, hunt and make fire. Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: Human beings and chimpanzees share about 94% of their DNA, however we are not descended from modern apes, but we do share a common ancestor which was alive 20 millions years ago. We can trace our own evolution back about 3.5 million years starting with australopithecus afarensis, with homo sapiens replacing homo neandertalensis some 13,000 years ago It is now believed that homo sapiens succeeded because of two things a) their greater intellect and that they cooperated with other humans What do we know about human evolution Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus africanus Homo habilis Homo erectus Homo neandertalensis Homo sapiens
22. B3.10 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Australopithecines lived in Africa 3.5 to 4 million years ago. Lucy is the most complete skeleton found. The footprints show that they walked on two legs. So they were more like human beings than chimps and gorillas. Opposite is an artist impression form the skull and other bones found of what Lucy would have looked like, far from the modern face of homo sapiens What evidence from the Lucy’s skeleton demonstrates that australopithecines walked on 2 legs ? How did living in groups with individuals that cooperated help our survive over neanderthal man ? Do you think that man is still evolving and if so what changes will we see in the next 3 to 4 million years ? Key concepts
23. B3.10 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: DNA studies suggest that all humans today descend from a group of African ancestors who about 120,000 years ago began a remarkable journey. Scientists are trying to obtain new knowledge about the migratory history of the human species by using sophisticated laboratory analysis of DNA contributed by thousands of people from around the world. Explain how skin colour changes as you move from the equator north and what drives this change in skin colour ? Look at the map of the migration of humans do you think that White Europeans are genetically we are closer to Africans or South Americans? Explain why humans might have been force to migrate many years ago ? Human migration Key concepts
24. B3.10 Plenary Lesson summary: ancestor humans sapiens brain Friday 21 October 2011 Modern humans have two features that are different from apes: (1) bigger brains and (2) walk upright. These features helped them to survive, adapt to changes and solve problems. How Science Works: Research into how species become extinct because of changing habitats or competition for resources form other individuals. Preparing for the next lesson: Hominids are animals that are more like ______ than apes. Many different hominid species evolved from a common ______. Those with bigger _____ and who walked upright had a better chance of surviving. Gradually all hominid species, except for modern humans (Homo ________), became extinct. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: The hole at the very bottom of the skull shows that the animal stood on 2 legs ? False True 2: The bigger the brain, the better the animal is suited to survive ? False True 1: Hominids are more like apes than humans ?
25. B3.11 Extinction Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Lesson objectives: Understand the factors which can endanger a species, possibly resulting in its extinction Understand the consequences of extinction on habitats and the biosphere We will focus on. Friday 21 October 2011 First activity: The woolly mammoth became extinct during the final decades of the last ice age. It was hunted by man and lost its habitat as the ice melted and retreat. Explain why these two pressures resulted in its extinction. Literacy: Extinction, endangered, species, pressure, change, food chain, food web, factors, endanger, habitat, environmental, changes, disease, predators and extinct. Numeracy: Currently due to changing habitats, the impact of man and other factors around 12000 different species of animals and plants are at risk of extinction. PLTS Independent enquirers Creative thinkers Reflective learners Team workers Effective participators Self managers We will focus on generating and exploring ideas.
26. B3.11 Extension questions: 1: Name three changes to a habitat which can put a species under pressure ? 2: What is meant by a) extinct and b) endangered ? 3: Name two things that plant species might compete for in their habitat and two things that an animals may compete for in their habitats ?. 4: Explain why the red squirrel has been largely replaced by the grey squirrel which is more aggressive and eats different foods ? Know this: a: Know that a changing habitat can cause extinction in animals and plants that can’t change quickly enough. b: Know that in a habitat, any quick changes in their habitat can put them at a risk (they are endangered). Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: Fossil record show that species die out and become extinct as environment change and individuals or whole species lose their struggle for survival. Extinction means never to return back on Earth. Changing habitats, disease, lack of food or water and other animals competing for the same food source can put a species under risk of extinction. Take the dinosaurs, a huge meteorite impacted with Earth causing an overnight drop in sun light and temperature which over the period of a few years caused the extinction all dinosaurs Extinction
27. B3.11 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: There have been periods in the earth past which has seen large number of species become extinct as a result of changing environments. In modern times the primary contributor to extinctions is man because our use of natural resources and the destruction of natural habitats like the tropical rain forest. What event caused the extinction of the dinosaurs around 65 million years ago ? It is said that small mammal replaced the dinosaurs on land. Why was this important for our own evolution in time ? Man’s activities causes most extinctions now. Explain three things that we do that may endanger animals or plants ? Key concepts
28. B3.11 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Ammonites first appeared 415 million years ago During their evolution the ammonites faced no less than three catastrophic events that would eventually lead to their extinction. The final catastrophe occurred at the end of the Cretaceous period when all species were annihilated and the ammonites became extinct. This event apparently coincided with the death of the dinosaurs What evidence tell us when ammonites first and last appeared on the Earth’s surface ? If ammonites finally became extinct around the same time as the dinosaurs how many years ago was that ? Explain how do fossils like the one picture above form ? pressure extinction Extinction of the ammonites Key concepts
29. B3.11 c Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Explain which specie or species compete with giraffe for nutrients from the Acacia tree ? Explain how cheetahs are adapted to catch both zebra’s and impalas ? During a dry season, the amount of grass would be much less...explain why this would affect numbers of zebra and impala, but not giraffe ? In all habitats, primary, secondary consumers and top predators feed on more than one species of plant or animal. Furthermore, if two species relies on only one food source this will increase competition among species. A food web gives a more complete picture of how herbivores and carnivores feed and compete for limited resources. Lion Cheetah Giraffe Zebra Impala Acacia tree Grass Food chains and webs Key concepts
30. B3.11 Plenary Lesson summary: species web food extinct Friday 21 October 2011 In 1929, mink were farmed in the UK for their furs. Some escaped into the wild and some were released by animal rights groups. Minks live along rivers and streams and shelter in holes in trees and under stones. They feed on fish, birds and their eggs and small mammals such as voles. They are fierce predators. Minks have become a problem as they wiped out voles, crayfish and some birds. How Science Works: Research into how humans and their activities are reducing biodiversity in plants and animals and how the rainforest is being destroyed at an alarming rate in South America Preparing for the next lesson: A food ____ shows what eats what. Changes to one part of the food web affect other ______ in the same food web, e.g. a sudden changes in environmental conditions, other species in the food web becoming ______ and new species arriving that can compete for _____ or can cause disease can lead to a species becoming extinct. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: Predator is an animal that kills other animals (its prey) for food ? False True 2: Habitat is the place where an organism naturally lives ? False True 1: Endangered means at risk of becoming extinct ?
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32. B3.12 Extension questions: 1: Explain how humans or their activities can cause extinction a) directly or b) indirectly ? 2: Where in the world, do they use the most resources ? 3: What impact does cutting down forests like the Amazon rain forest have on an organism’s habitat ? 4: What 3 things can you do to lower your ecological footprint ? 5: What is sustainable development and given one example how we can live more sustainably ? Know this: a: know that humans or their activities can destroy habitats and interrupt complex food webs. B: Know that we can all reduce our environmental impact by using less natural resources. Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: Over the last 100 years, the human population has doubled to about 5.5. billion people worldwide. The developed world use and consume huge amounts of natural resources. Unless we live more sustainably our impact on the biosphere will degrade our environments and cause the extinction of many thousands of animals and plants in the next 100 years. Mass extinctions could change nature’s balance and also deny us plants that may yield new medicines useful in the fight against cancers or other diseases. Human activities causing extinction
33. B3.12 Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: The Amazon rain forest is being cut down for land to grow crops and to harvest it hardwood tress like mahogany and teak. This destruction is happening at an alarming rate. The rainforests are also home to thousands of species and also takes out of lot of CO 2 from the atmosphere replacing it for oxygen. What encourages farmers to use the land for crops such as palm oil or wheat or corn to feed livestock like cattle ? What will happen to the quality of the soil over time once the trees are cleared ? What will happen to animals that rely on the rain forest for food and shelter ? The Amazon rain forest Cleared tropical rain forest Key concepts
34. B3.12 Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Every day we all consume natural resources. You can calculate your own Ecological footprint to determine your personal impact on your environment. Biodiversity is threatened by human activity directly (hunting) and indirectly (introducing new species into a habitat or taking away a habitat) which has caused extinction of species including the Dodo and the Woolly Mammoth. Explain why humans were not responsible for the extinction of the dinosaurs ? Dodos were both used a a protein source by man and their eggs were eaten by introduced species like rats. Explain why this led to their extinction by 1700 ? Scientists say that within 50 years the Siberian tiger will be extinct. How can we prevent this form happening ? Extinction Key concepts
35. B3.12 Plenary Lesson summary: biodiversity fuel sustainable human Friday 21 October 2011 Zoos around the World are trying to conserve many top predators like tigers. In order to prevent these species form becoming extinct they have a breeding program whilst the animal is in captivity and also help to conserve the natural habitats from where they are normally live. How Science Works: Research into how scientists sample habitats and different environments for the presence of both plant and animal life. Preparing for the next lesson: The variety of species and life is called ________. People depend on other species for food, _____ and natural fibres. Biodiversity has been threatened by _____ activity directly (hunting) and indirectly (introducing new species) which has caused extinction of species. Keeping biodiversity is part of using the Earth in a ______ way. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: Variety of life is called biodiversity ? False True 2: Destroying species' habitat is an indirect human activity that causes extinction? False True 1: Hunting is an example of direct human activity to cause extinction ?
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37. B3.13 Extension questions: 1: What is meant by ‘random’ selection ? 2: What is sampling and why is it impracticable to count every individual plant and animal species ? 3: How does measuring and recording the species in a particular environment help scientist understand ways in which organisms depend on each other? 4: Explain why making a large sample are make for a more accurate survey when counting plant and animal species ? Know this: a: Know that we survey the distribution of different individual using a line transect b: Know that new habitats are colonised by different plants and animals over time. Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: Some animals are more sensitive to pollution than others. Scientist measure and record the species found in a particular environment. This helps them understand the ways in which different organisms depend on each other. Long term monitoring is needed to decide if a species is endangered. Scientist often measure and record species by sampling, e.g. use random quadrates. Throw randomly 20 quadrates and count the number of species present in a woodland or grassland. What’s on our doorstep ?
38. B3.13 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: When scientists want to count and identify different plant and animals species in a habitat, they commonly use a line transect and sample every metre for 25 metres what is present inside a quadrant measuring 25cm by 25 cm. This methods given not a total count but a sample of what's living in a particular habitat. It would be very time consuming to count every individual plant and animal along the transect line ! Why is sampling not as accurate as counting everything you find along the transect line ? Look at the picture below left, describe how the distribution of species change from the shore line (left) to the stable dune (right) ? Explain why black oak is only found in older and more stable habitats away form the shore line ? Colonisation of a dune habitat Key concepts
39. B3.13 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Even bare rock is colonised by both plant and nails species over time. This is called colonisation. First the mosses and the lichens begin to grow and create small pocks of soil. Then the smaller shrubs and plants become established. These plants will also begin to attract invertebrate species. Finally the vertebrates, and the trees begin to colonise and dominate the land. Explain how lichens and mosses first succeed in colonising bare rock Why do the invertebrates begin to colonise after the appearance of small plants and shrubs ? If you cam back after another 50 years what might have changed over that time period ? Colonisation of bare rock colonisation maturing habitats new habitat lichens and mosses shrubs invertebrates trees vertebrates Key concepts
40. B3.13 Plenary Lesson summary: record organisms sampling count Friday 21 October 2011 50 random selected hedge sites were surveyed. The following were considered and reordered: the average maximum height, the average width, evidence of hedge cutting, percentage cover of different plants, the number of fruits present in autumn, percentage area showing gaps and the use of land next to the hedge. The survey also included comparing sites with each other. The variety of different plants species in a hedge tells the probable age of the hedge. How Science Works: Revise and prepare for end of module test Preparing for the next lesson: Scientists need to be able to _______ and _________ both plant and animal species in any habitat. Scientist measure and _______ the species found in a particular habitat. This helps them understand the ways in which different ________ depend on each other. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: Long term monitoring is needed to decide if a species is endangered ? False True 2: Random selection means that the site is chosen without organised method ? False True 1: A line transect is usually 1000 metres long ?