This document summarizes measurements of wireless channel properties at millimeter wave and sub-terahertz frequencies. Reflection coefficient was found to increase linearly with incident angle and decrease with frequency. Scattering from drywall was 20 dB or more below reflected power and could be modeled as simple reflection. Partition loss for materials like glass and drywall increased with frequency but varied by material. Both induced depolarization effects increasing with frequency. Indoor propagation measurements at 140 GHz showed similar path loss and shadowing as lower frequencies.
Design of substrate integrated waveguide withMinkowski-Sierpinski fractal ant...journalBEEI
This paper presents a new design of patch antenna using Minkowski-Sierpinski fractal technique with substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) to resonate at 60 GHz. The antenna is proposed to be used for wireless body area network applications (WBAN). The proposed antenna is implemented using Rogers 5880 substrate with permittivity of (εr) of 2.2 and loss tangent is 0.0004, height of the substrate is 0.381 mm. Computer simulation technology-Microwave Studio (CST-MW) is used to simulate the proposed antenna. The simulated results show a wide bandwidth of 3.5 GHz between the ranges of (58.3-61.7) GHz, with a good return loss of more than -10 dB. A simulated gain of 7.9 dB is achieved with a linear antenna efficiency of 91%. This proposed antenna is used to improve the quality of radiation pattern, bandwidth, and gain at millimetre wave (mm-Wave) band for WBAN applications.
Design fabrication and analysis of wideband high gain dielectric resonator an...IAEME Publication
This document describes the design, fabrication, and analysis of wideband high gain dielectric resonator antennas. It discusses placing dielectric resonators of varying thicknesses (0.3 cm, 0.6 cm, 0.9 cm) at the center of a rectangular microstrip patch to increase the antenna's impedance bandwidth. Experimental results show that a dielectric resonator thickness of 0.9 cm provides a bandwidth of 91.97%, over 30 times wider than a conventional microstrip antenna. Radiation patterns remain stable as thickness increases, though gain is highest with a 0.6 cm thickness. Increasing dielectric resonator thickness effectively enhances antenna bandwidth without impacting radiation characteristics.
Bandwidth Improvement of UWB Microstrip Antenna Using Finite Ground PlaneIJERA Editor
Microstrip antennas play a vital role in communication system. It is required in high performance wireless applications. But due to its resonant nature microstrip antennas have some considerable drawbacks like narrowband performance. Extensive study has been carried out on microstrip patch antennas in the recent past, but it still have large scope for improvement in the near future. To overcome narrow bandwidth problem, number of methods and techniques have been suggested and investigated, keeping in mind that the basic advantages of microstrip antenna should not be altered such as low profile, light weight, low cost and simple printed circuit structure. The area of investigation includes modification in geometrical shape of the antenna, use of resonators, use of dipole, and many other parameters. This paper presents a comparison between conventional microstrip antenna and microstip antenna with finite ground plane at ultra wideband. HFSS simulation tool is used here for antenna simulation. For feeding purpose microstrip feed line is used (50Ω). Optimized result provides impedance bandwidth of 7.2GHz with VSWR<2, operating frequency range is from 6.5GHz to 13.7GHz. Proposed antenna is useful for many ultra wideband applications. =
Design of wideband dielectric resonator antenna with square slots excited usi...Conference Papers
The document describes the design of a wideband dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with square slots for 5G communication applications operating at 26 GHz. Square slots of two different sizes are introduced in the DRA to reduce its quality factor and achieve a bandwidth of 3 GHz (11.5%) from 25-28 GHz. The DRA is excited using a microstrip feed line. Simulation results show the proposed antenna achieves a peak gain of 4.8 dBi and radiation efficiency of 93%. Compared to reference DRAs, the proposed antenna with slots provides the widest bandwidth for 5G millimeter-wave applications.
1. The document describes a new design for a small microstrip antenna with variable band-notch filtering capabilities for super ultra-wideband applications including 5G networks and IoT.
2. The antenna achieves improved radiation patterns between 3-14 GHz through modifications to the patch, ground plane, and feed line. It also integrates a band-notch filter using a slot on the patch to reject interference from other wireless systems like WLAN.
3. The center frequency of the band-notch filter can be tuned from 3.5-6 GHz by adjusting the slot dimensions or using a variable capacitor. This allows the antenna to reject interference across different WLAN bands.
This document describes the design and testing of wideband and multiband antennas for modern wireless communications. Wideband antenna design used a circular patch with a circular cut to achieve a return loss of less than -10 dB from 2.3 to 6 GHz. Multiband antenna design added a rectangular slot to the circular patch to create a stop band, resulting in a triple band of 2.3-2.8 GHz, 3.3-3.8 GHz, and above 4.6 GHz. Fabricated prototypes were measured and found to validate the simulated return loss, gain, and radiation patterns within acceptable variations.
A Compact Dual Band Dielectric Resonator Antenna For Wireless ApplicationsIJCNCJournal
This paper presents the design of a dual band rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA)
coupled to narrow slot aperture that is fed by microstrip line. The fundamental TE111 mode and
higher-order TE113 mode are excited with their resonant frequencies respectively. These
frequencies can be controlled by changing the DRA dimensions. A dielectric resonator with high
permittivity is used to miniaturize the global structure. The proposed antenna is designed to have
dual band operation suitable for both DCS (1710 - 1880 MHz) and WLAN (2400 - 2484 MHz)
applications. The return loss, radiation pattern and gain of the proposed antenna are evaluated.
Reasonable agreement between simulation and experimental results is obtained.
Indoor Radio Propagation Model Analysis Wireless Node Distance and Free Space...IJERA Editor
Ultra wide bandwidth (UWB) signals are commonly defined as signals that have a large relative bandwidth
(bandwidth divided by the carrier frequency) or a large absolute bandwidth. Typical indoor environments contain
multiple walls and obstacles consisting of different materials. The RF ultra wideband (UWB) system is a
promising technology for indoor localisation owing to its high bandwidth that permits mitigation of the multipath
identification problem. The work proposed in this paper identifies exact position of transmitter and receiver
wireless nodes, calculates free space path loss and distance between two nodes by considering frequency
bandwidth using 2-point and 3-point Gaussian filter. Also in the paper three types of indoor radio propagation
models are analyzed at ultra wideband frequency range and results are compared to select best suitable model for
setting up indoor wireless connectivity and nodes in typical office, business and college environments and
WPAN applications.
Design of substrate integrated waveguide withMinkowski-Sierpinski fractal ant...journalBEEI
This paper presents a new design of patch antenna using Minkowski-Sierpinski fractal technique with substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) to resonate at 60 GHz. The antenna is proposed to be used for wireless body area network applications (WBAN). The proposed antenna is implemented using Rogers 5880 substrate with permittivity of (εr) of 2.2 and loss tangent is 0.0004, height of the substrate is 0.381 mm. Computer simulation technology-Microwave Studio (CST-MW) is used to simulate the proposed antenna. The simulated results show a wide bandwidth of 3.5 GHz between the ranges of (58.3-61.7) GHz, with a good return loss of more than -10 dB. A simulated gain of 7.9 dB is achieved with a linear antenna efficiency of 91%. This proposed antenna is used to improve the quality of radiation pattern, bandwidth, and gain at millimetre wave (mm-Wave) band for WBAN applications.
Design fabrication and analysis of wideband high gain dielectric resonator an...IAEME Publication
This document describes the design, fabrication, and analysis of wideband high gain dielectric resonator antennas. It discusses placing dielectric resonators of varying thicknesses (0.3 cm, 0.6 cm, 0.9 cm) at the center of a rectangular microstrip patch to increase the antenna's impedance bandwidth. Experimental results show that a dielectric resonator thickness of 0.9 cm provides a bandwidth of 91.97%, over 30 times wider than a conventional microstrip antenna. Radiation patterns remain stable as thickness increases, though gain is highest with a 0.6 cm thickness. Increasing dielectric resonator thickness effectively enhances antenna bandwidth without impacting radiation characteristics.
Bandwidth Improvement of UWB Microstrip Antenna Using Finite Ground PlaneIJERA Editor
Microstrip antennas play a vital role in communication system. It is required in high performance wireless applications. But due to its resonant nature microstrip antennas have some considerable drawbacks like narrowband performance. Extensive study has been carried out on microstrip patch antennas in the recent past, but it still have large scope for improvement in the near future. To overcome narrow bandwidth problem, number of methods and techniques have been suggested and investigated, keeping in mind that the basic advantages of microstrip antenna should not be altered such as low profile, light weight, low cost and simple printed circuit structure. The area of investigation includes modification in geometrical shape of the antenna, use of resonators, use of dipole, and many other parameters. This paper presents a comparison between conventional microstrip antenna and microstip antenna with finite ground plane at ultra wideband. HFSS simulation tool is used here for antenna simulation. For feeding purpose microstrip feed line is used (50Ω). Optimized result provides impedance bandwidth of 7.2GHz with VSWR<2, operating frequency range is from 6.5GHz to 13.7GHz. Proposed antenna is useful for many ultra wideband applications. =
Design of wideband dielectric resonator antenna with square slots excited usi...Conference Papers
The document describes the design of a wideband dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with square slots for 5G communication applications operating at 26 GHz. Square slots of two different sizes are introduced in the DRA to reduce its quality factor and achieve a bandwidth of 3 GHz (11.5%) from 25-28 GHz. The DRA is excited using a microstrip feed line. Simulation results show the proposed antenna achieves a peak gain of 4.8 dBi and radiation efficiency of 93%. Compared to reference DRAs, the proposed antenna with slots provides the widest bandwidth for 5G millimeter-wave applications.
1. The document describes a new design for a small microstrip antenna with variable band-notch filtering capabilities for super ultra-wideband applications including 5G networks and IoT.
2. The antenna achieves improved radiation patterns between 3-14 GHz through modifications to the patch, ground plane, and feed line. It also integrates a band-notch filter using a slot on the patch to reject interference from other wireless systems like WLAN.
3. The center frequency of the band-notch filter can be tuned from 3.5-6 GHz by adjusting the slot dimensions or using a variable capacitor. This allows the antenna to reject interference across different WLAN bands.
This document describes the design and testing of wideband and multiband antennas for modern wireless communications. Wideband antenna design used a circular patch with a circular cut to achieve a return loss of less than -10 dB from 2.3 to 6 GHz. Multiband antenna design added a rectangular slot to the circular patch to create a stop band, resulting in a triple band of 2.3-2.8 GHz, 3.3-3.8 GHz, and above 4.6 GHz. Fabricated prototypes were measured and found to validate the simulated return loss, gain, and radiation patterns within acceptable variations.
A Compact Dual Band Dielectric Resonator Antenna For Wireless ApplicationsIJCNCJournal
This paper presents the design of a dual band rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA)
coupled to narrow slot aperture that is fed by microstrip line. The fundamental TE111 mode and
higher-order TE113 mode are excited with their resonant frequencies respectively. These
frequencies can be controlled by changing the DRA dimensions. A dielectric resonator with high
permittivity is used to miniaturize the global structure. The proposed antenna is designed to have
dual band operation suitable for both DCS (1710 - 1880 MHz) and WLAN (2400 - 2484 MHz)
applications. The return loss, radiation pattern and gain of the proposed antenna are evaluated.
Reasonable agreement between simulation and experimental results is obtained.
Indoor Radio Propagation Model Analysis Wireless Node Distance and Free Space...IJERA Editor
Ultra wide bandwidth (UWB) signals are commonly defined as signals that have a large relative bandwidth
(bandwidth divided by the carrier frequency) or a large absolute bandwidth. Typical indoor environments contain
multiple walls and obstacles consisting of different materials. The RF ultra wideband (UWB) system is a
promising technology for indoor localisation owing to its high bandwidth that permits mitigation of the multipath
identification problem. The work proposed in this paper identifies exact position of transmitter and receiver
wireless nodes, calculates free space path loss and distance between two nodes by considering frequency
bandwidth using 2-point and 3-point Gaussian filter. Also in the paper three types of indoor radio propagation
models are analyzed at ultra wideband frequency range and results are compared to select best suitable model for
setting up indoor wireless connectivity and nodes in typical office, business and college environments and
WPAN applications.
Wideband and high gain dielectric resonator antenna for 5G applicationsjournalBEEI
In this paper, wideband high gain dielectric resonator antenna for 5G applications is presented. Higher order mode is exploited to enhance the antenna gain, while the array of symmetrical cylindrical shaped holes drilled in the DRA to improves the bandwidth by reducing the quality factor. The proposed DRA is designed using dielectric material with relative permittivity of 10 and loss tangent of 0. 002.The Rogers RT/Droid 5880 has been selected as substrate with relative permittivity of 2.2, loss tangent of 0.0009- and 0.254-mm thickness. The simulated results show that, the proposed geometry has achieved a wide impedance bandwidth of 17.3% (23.8-28.3GHz=4.5 GHz) for S11<-10 dB, and a maximum gain of about 9.3 dBi with radiation efficiency of 96% at design frequency of 26 GHz. The DRA is feed by microstrip transmission line with slot aperture. The reflection coefficient, the radiation pattern, and the antenna gain are studied by full-wave EM simulator CST Microwave Studio. The proposed antenna can be used for the 5G communication applications such as device to device communication (D2D).
High directivity microstrip antenna with stopband and passband frequency sel...IJECEIAES
There is still no high-directivity microstrip antenna with directivity beyond 25 dBi, bandwidth (BW) of more than 24%, which can be used for 6G cellular communication at low-THz at a resonance frequency of 144 GHz. So, duo broadband microstrip antennas have been designed at a resonance frequency of 144 GHz with the Taconic TLY-5 laminate in this work. These designs were carried out with the computer simulation technology microwave studio (CST MWS) software. The first antenna simulation results were compared within an Ansys high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, and the obtained simulation results from both software were in fair consent, supporting the proposed designs. The peak directivity, peak gain, total peak efficiency, and BW obtained for the proposed THz microstrip antennas were 27.01 dBi, 25.3 dB, 78.96%, and 34.21 GHz (24.93%), respectively. Therefore, these antennas can be a base for 6G at low-THz.
This document presents the design and development of a novel superimposed square slot two element rectangular microstrip array antenna for wide bandwidth and high gain. The antenna achieves a maximum bandwidth of 93.07% and peak gain of 9.24 dB. It incorporates two superimposed square slots on each radiating patch and H-shaped slots on the ground plane. Experimental results show the antenna resonates across multiple bands and exhibits broadside radiation patterns throughout its operating band, making it suitable for applications such as WiMax and radar communications.
Modified e-slotted patch antenna for WLAN/Wi-Max satellite applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A low profile modified e-slotted microstrip antenna is proposed for multiple wireless communication applications. The performance of antenna is measured in terms of return loss, current distribution. The effect of variation of height of substrate on antenna impedance bandwidth is also studied. The antenna with overall size 30×50×.8m.m.3 resonates at eight frequencies which covers some important applications like GPS, wireless local area network (WLAN), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMax), Satellite communication etc. The proposed antenna structure offers great advantages due to compact size, simple structure and multiple applications. The multi band antenna was designed and optimized using ansoft HFSS v13 simulator. The simulated result is good agreement with measured result.
Design of a Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for GPS,WiMAX and WLANIOSR Journals
Abstract : The A multi band microstrip patch antenna has been designed for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN applications. The proposed antenna is designed by using substrate of RT duroid having permittivity of about 2.2 and loss tangent of 1.The substrate is having thickness of 6mm at which a trapezoidal patch antenna with V slot has been introduced in this paper. The designing results like S11 parameter return loss,VSWR and field pattern is plotted successfully. The obtained result is having a two band resonance with S11 less then -10dB and VSWR less than 2. So a dual band trapezoidal microstrip patch antenna has been designed and all results are plotted.Simmulating software used is IE3D. Keywords - V-shape slot, RT duroid, Dual band, WLAN, WiMAX,
Design of a Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN.IOSR Journals
The A multi band microstrip patch antenna has been designed for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN
applications. The proposed antenna is designed by using substrate of RT duroid having permittivity of about 2.2
and loss tangent of 1.The substrate is having thickness of 6mm at which a trapezoidal patch antenna with V slot
has been introduced in this paper. The designing results like S11 parameter return loss,VSWR and field pattern
is plotted successfully. The obtained result is having a two band resonance with S11 less then -10dB and VSWR
less than 2.
So a dual band trapezoidal microstrip patch antenna has been designed and all results are plotted.Simmulating
software used is IE3D.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3, besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6 mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2, to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2. The obtained return losses of the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation wireless communication system application.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3, besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6 mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2, to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2. The obtained return losses of the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation wireless communication system application.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3 , besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6 mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2 , to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2 . The obtained return losses of the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation wireless communication system application.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
This document summarizes the design and analysis of a rectangular slot microstrip patch antenna for millimeter-wave 5G communication systems. The proposed antenna design uses an FR4 substrate with dimensions of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3 and incorporates two rectangular slots and one square slot in the microstrip patch to enhance resonance. Simulation results show the antenna achieves a return loss of -21.25 dB, gain of 3.90 dBi, and VSWR of 1.18 at 28 GHz. Measurement of the fabricated prototype agrees well with simulation. Evaluation of specific absorption rate shows values within safety limits for 1g and 10g of biological tissue. The compact design makes the antenna suitable for 5G and future wireless
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3, besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6 mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2, to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2
. The obtained return losses of the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation wireless communication system application.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3, besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6 mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2, to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2. The obtained return losses of the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation wireless communication system application.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3, besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6 mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2, to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2. The obtained return losses of the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation wireless communication system application.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation
millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and
height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3
, besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6
mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2
, to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more
square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2
. The obtained return losses of
the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a
lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head
model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard
limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation
wireless communication system application.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3, besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6 mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2, to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2. The obtained return losses of the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation wireless communication system application.
Dual-band aperture coupled antenna with harmonic suppression capabilityTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The paper presents an aperture-coupled dual-band linearly-polarized antenna with harmonic suppression capability, operating at frequency 2.45 GHz and 5.00 GHz. In purpose of improving the directivity of antenna at the operating frequency of 2.45 GHz and 5.00 GHz, a modified inverted π-shaped slot-etched patch on the lower layer of the stacked antenna is introduced alongside the 50 Ω feed line. The harmonic suppression capability is achieved by the introduction of U-slot and asymmetrical left-right-handed stub at the transmission feed line, suppressing unwanted harmonic signals from 6.00 GHz up to 10.00 GHz. The final design of the antenna has produced very good reflection coefficient of -18.87 dB at 2.45 GHz and -19.57 dB at 5.00 GHz with third and higher order harmonic suppression up to -4 dB.
Dielectric resonator antenna excited using t strip feed line for wideband app...Conference Papers
The document presents a dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) excited using a T-strip feed line for wideband applications. The proposed antenna structure achieves an impedance bandwidth of 1.5 GHz covering 27.5-29 GHz with a peak gain of 6.6 dBi and high radiation efficiency of 89%. Simulation results show that the T-strip feed line improves the bandwidth of the DRA compared to other feeding methods. The proposed antenna is suitable for wideband communication applications such as 5G.
This document describes the simulation and design of a wideband E-shaped microstrip patch antenna that is conformed to a cylindrical surface. Simulation results using HFSS show that decreasing the substrate permittivity and increasing the substrate thickness can increase the antenna bandwidth. Bandwidths over 29 GHz were achieved with a thickness of 2.6 mm using lower permittivity substrates like RO3203 and Teflon. The compact size and ultra wideband performance of this cylindrical E-shaped patch antenna make it suitable for applications like high-speed wireless communication and avionics.
Higher order mode dielectric resonator antenna excited using microstrip linejournalBEEI
In this paper, the square-shaped dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) operating on higher order (푇퐸훿13) mode for the fifth generation (5G) communication applications is presented. The proposed DR antenna is excited by using a microstrip feed line and designed at the operating frequency of 28 GHz. The Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 material having a thickness of 0.254mm and a dielectric constant of 2.2 is used for the substrate. The commercial CST microwave studio (CST MWS) is used for the optimization and simulation of the antenna design. The reflection coefficient, antenna gain, radiation efficiency, VSWR and radiation pattern are studied. A -10dB bandwidth of 4.6% (1.3 GHz) for VSWR<2 with a gain of 5 dBi and radiation efficiency of 89%. The proposed antenna design is suitable for future 5G wireless communication applications.
The document is a PhD thesis submitted by Lei Zhang to the Technical University of Madrid titled "Channel Measurement and Modeling in Complex Environments". It describes measurement campaigns conducted in underground subway systems and high-speed rail scenarios to analyze wireless propagation characteristics. The extensive analysis and models developed are expected to help realize reliable high-performance wireless communication systems in complex scenarios.
Propagation channel modeling at centimeter–and–millimeter–wave frequencies in...umere15
This document describes a thesis submitted to Université Paris-Saclay in 2019 titled "Propagation Channel Modeling at Centimeter–and–Millimeter–Wave Frequencies in 5G Urban Micro–cellular Context". The thesis studies the frequency dependence of propagation channel large scale parameters (LSPs) such as building penetration losses, channel delay spread, channel azimuth spread, and path loss. Measurements were conducted in Belfort, France in typical 5G scenarios from 3-60 GHz, including outdoor-to-indoor and urban outdoor environments. The objective is to characterize the propagation channel for future 5G millimeter-wave systems.
Wideband and high gain dielectric resonator antenna for 5G applicationsjournalBEEI
In this paper, wideband high gain dielectric resonator antenna for 5G applications is presented. Higher order mode is exploited to enhance the antenna gain, while the array of symmetrical cylindrical shaped holes drilled in the DRA to improves the bandwidth by reducing the quality factor. The proposed DRA is designed using dielectric material with relative permittivity of 10 and loss tangent of 0. 002.The Rogers RT/Droid 5880 has been selected as substrate with relative permittivity of 2.2, loss tangent of 0.0009- and 0.254-mm thickness. The simulated results show that, the proposed geometry has achieved a wide impedance bandwidth of 17.3% (23.8-28.3GHz=4.5 GHz) for S11<-10 dB, and a maximum gain of about 9.3 dBi with radiation efficiency of 96% at design frequency of 26 GHz. The DRA is feed by microstrip transmission line with slot aperture. The reflection coefficient, the radiation pattern, and the antenna gain are studied by full-wave EM simulator CST Microwave Studio. The proposed antenna can be used for the 5G communication applications such as device to device communication (D2D).
High directivity microstrip antenna with stopband and passband frequency sel...IJECEIAES
There is still no high-directivity microstrip antenna with directivity beyond 25 dBi, bandwidth (BW) of more than 24%, which can be used for 6G cellular communication at low-THz at a resonance frequency of 144 GHz. So, duo broadband microstrip antennas have been designed at a resonance frequency of 144 GHz with the Taconic TLY-5 laminate in this work. These designs were carried out with the computer simulation technology microwave studio (CST MWS) software. The first antenna simulation results were compared within an Ansys high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, and the obtained simulation results from both software were in fair consent, supporting the proposed designs. The peak directivity, peak gain, total peak efficiency, and BW obtained for the proposed THz microstrip antennas were 27.01 dBi, 25.3 dB, 78.96%, and 34.21 GHz (24.93%), respectively. Therefore, these antennas can be a base for 6G at low-THz.
This document presents the design and development of a novel superimposed square slot two element rectangular microstrip array antenna for wide bandwidth and high gain. The antenna achieves a maximum bandwidth of 93.07% and peak gain of 9.24 dB. It incorporates two superimposed square slots on each radiating patch and H-shaped slots on the ground plane. Experimental results show the antenna resonates across multiple bands and exhibits broadside radiation patterns throughout its operating band, making it suitable for applications such as WiMax and radar communications.
Modified e-slotted patch antenna for WLAN/Wi-Max satellite applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A low profile modified e-slotted microstrip antenna is proposed for multiple wireless communication applications. The performance of antenna is measured in terms of return loss, current distribution. The effect of variation of height of substrate on antenna impedance bandwidth is also studied. The antenna with overall size 30×50×.8m.m.3 resonates at eight frequencies which covers some important applications like GPS, wireless local area network (WLAN), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMax), Satellite communication etc. The proposed antenna structure offers great advantages due to compact size, simple structure and multiple applications. The multi band antenna was designed and optimized using ansoft HFSS v13 simulator. The simulated result is good agreement with measured result.
Design of a Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for GPS,WiMAX and WLANIOSR Journals
Abstract : The A multi band microstrip patch antenna has been designed for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN applications. The proposed antenna is designed by using substrate of RT duroid having permittivity of about 2.2 and loss tangent of 1.The substrate is having thickness of 6mm at which a trapezoidal patch antenna with V slot has been introduced in this paper. The designing results like S11 parameter return loss,VSWR and field pattern is plotted successfully. The obtained result is having a two band resonance with S11 less then -10dB and VSWR less than 2. So a dual band trapezoidal microstrip patch antenna has been designed and all results are plotted.Simmulating software used is IE3D. Keywords - V-shape slot, RT duroid, Dual band, WLAN, WiMAX,
Design of a Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN.IOSR Journals
The A multi band microstrip patch antenna has been designed for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN
applications. The proposed antenna is designed by using substrate of RT duroid having permittivity of about 2.2
and loss tangent of 1.The substrate is having thickness of 6mm at which a trapezoidal patch antenna with V slot
has been introduced in this paper. The designing results like S11 parameter return loss,VSWR and field pattern
is plotted successfully. The obtained result is having a two band resonance with S11 less then -10dB and VSWR
less than 2.
So a dual band trapezoidal microstrip patch antenna has been designed and all results are plotted.Simmulating
software used is IE3D.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3, besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6 mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2, to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2. The obtained return losses of the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation wireless communication system application.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3, besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6 mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2, to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2. The obtained return losses of the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation wireless communication system application.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3 , besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6 mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2 , to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2 . The obtained return losses of the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation wireless communication system application.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
This document summarizes the design and analysis of a rectangular slot microstrip patch antenna for millimeter-wave 5G communication systems. The proposed antenna design uses an FR4 substrate with dimensions of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3 and incorporates two rectangular slots and one square slot in the microstrip patch to enhance resonance. Simulation results show the antenna achieves a return loss of -21.25 dB, gain of 3.90 dBi, and VSWR of 1.18 at 28 GHz. Measurement of the fabricated prototype agrees well with simulation. Evaluation of specific absorption rate shows values within safety limits for 1g and 10g of biological tissue. The compact design makes the antenna suitable for 5G and future wireless
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3, besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6 mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2, to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2
. The obtained return losses of the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation wireless communication system application.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3, besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6 mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2, to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2. The obtained return losses of the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation wireless communication system application.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3, besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6 mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2, to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2. The obtained return losses of the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation wireless communication system application.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation
millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and
height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3
, besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6
mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2
, to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more
square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2
. The obtained return losses of
the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a
lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head
model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard
limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation
wireless communication system application.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SLOT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR MILLIMET...jantjournal
This paper presents the design and analysis of the compact patch antenna for 5G and future generation millimetre-wave communication system. The proposed design consists of FR4 substrate length, width, and height of 21.37 x 5 x 1.59 mm3, besides two rectangular slots incorporated with a dimension of 0.2 x 2.6 mm2 within the patch of 4.22 x 3.46 mm2, to enhance the resonance frequency more accurate and one more square slot incorporated in to feed line with the dimension of 0.2 x 0.5 mm2. The obtained return losses of the design is-21.25dB with gain and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3.90dBi,1.18 by using a lumped port configuration. For the specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation considered as a human head model in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the obtained values are within the standard limit, the design covers the frequency range of 28GHz, this design may capable of 5G and next-generation wireless communication system application.
Dual-band aperture coupled antenna with harmonic suppression capabilityTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The paper presents an aperture-coupled dual-band linearly-polarized antenna with harmonic suppression capability, operating at frequency 2.45 GHz and 5.00 GHz. In purpose of improving the directivity of antenna at the operating frequency of 2.45 GHz and 5.00 GHz, a modified inverted π-shaped slot-etched patch on the lower layer of the stacked antenna is introduced alongside the 50 Ω feed line. The harmonic suppression capability is achieved by the introduction of U-slot and asymmetrical left-right-handed stub at the transmission feed line, suppressing unwanted harmonic signals from 6.00 GHz up to 10.00 GHz. The final design of the antenna has produced very good reflection coefficient of -18.87 dB at 2.45 GHz and -19.57 dB at 5.00 GHz with third and higher order harmonic suppression up to -4 dB.
Dielectric resonator antenna excited using t strip feed line for wideband app...Conference Papers
The document presents a dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) excited using a T-strip feed line for wideband applications. The proposed antenna structure achieves an impedance bandwidth of 1.5 GHz covering 27.5-29 GHz with a peak gain of 6.6 dBi and high radiation efficiency of 89%. Simulation results show that the T-strip feed line improves the bandwidth of the DRA compared to other feeding methods. The proposed antenna is suitable for wideband communication applications such as 5G.
This document describes the simulation and design of a wideband E-shaped microstrip patch antenna that is conformed to a cylindrical surface. Simulation results using HFSS show that decreasing the substrate permittivity and increasing the substrate thickness can increase the antenna bandwidth. Bandwidths over 29 GHz were achieved with a thickness of 2.6 mm using lower permittivity substrates like RO3203 and Teflon. The compact size and ultra wideband performance of this cylindrical E-shaped patch antenna make it suitable for applications like high-speed wireless communication and avionics.
Higher order mode dielectric resonator antenna excited using microstrip linejournalBEEI
In this paper, the square-shaped dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) operating on higher order (푇퐸훿13) mode for the fifth generation (5G) communication applications is presented. The proposed DR antenna is excited by using a microstrip feed line and designed at the operating frequency of 28 GHz. The Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 material having a thickness of 0.254mm and a dielectric constant of 2.2 is used for the substrate. The commercial CST microwave studio (CST MWS) is used for the optimization and simulation of the antenna design. The reflection coefficient, antenna gain, radiation efficiency, VSWR and radiation pattern are studied. A -10dB bandwidth of 4.6% (1.3 GHz) for VSWR<2 with a gain of 5 dBi and radiation efficiency of 89%. The proposed antenna design is suitable for future 5G wireless communication applications.
The document is a PhD thesis submitted by Lei Zhang to the Technical University of Madrid titled "Channel Measurement and Modeling in Complex Environments". It describes measurement campaigns conducted in underground subway systems and high-speed rail scenarios to analyze wireless propagation characteristics. The extensive analysis and models developed are expected to help realize reliable high-performance wireless communication systems in complex scenarios.
Propagation channel modeling at centimeter–and–millimeter–wave frequencies in...umere15
This document describes a thesis submitted to Université Paris-Saclay in 2019 titled "Propagation Channel Modeling at Centimeter–and–Millimeter–Wave Frequencies in 5G Urban Micro–cellular Context". The thesis studies the frequency dependence of propagation channel large scale parameters (LSPs) such as building penetration losses, channel delay spread, channel azimuth spread, and path loss. Measurements were conducted in Belfort, France in typical 5G scenarios from 3-60 GHz, including outdoor-to-indoor and urban outdoor environments. The objective is to characterize the propagation channel for future 5G millimeter-wave systems.
Channel Measurements, Modeling, Simulation and Validation at 32 GHz in Outdoo...umere15
This document summarizes channel measurements, modeling, simulation, and validation conducted at 32 GHz for 5G outdoor microcellular systems. Directional-scan-sounding measurements were performed with a horn antenna rotated in azimuth and elevation planes to form a virtual array. Large-scale channel parameters were extracted using non-parametric and parametric SAGE algorithms. Path loss models and a parameter table were developed for link and system level simulations using the QuaDRiGa platform, as recommended by 3GPP. Simulation results were validated against measurements and modeling results from other studies. The work provides important channel insights and a simulation framework for 5G systems at 32 GHz.
5G Millimeter Wave Channel Sounders, Measurements, and Models_ Recent Develop...umere15
The authors investigate recent developments and future challenges in 5G mmWave channel sounders, measurements, and models. They comprehensively compare various channel sounders classified as either frequency domain or time domain approaches. Channel measurements in diverse indoor and outdoor scenarios for different mmWave bands are surveyed, including a comparison of multiple mmWave bands, validation of mmWave massive MIMO channel properties, and measurement and modeling of human blockage effects. Different channel modeling approaches such as deterministic, semi-deterministic, and stochastic modeling methods are also summarized.
A Survey of 5G Channel Measurements and Models.pdfumere15
This document provides a survey of 5G channel measurements and models. It begins by outlining the key requirements for 5G channel modeling, including supporting a wide frequency range and bandwidths, various scenarios, 3D modeling, and mobility. It then reviews recent channel measurements focusing on technologies like massive MIMO, vehicle-to-vehicle communications, and millimeter wave communications. Finally, it discusses existing 5G channel models and future research directions.
Investigation and Comparison of 5G Channel Models_ From QuaDRiGa, NYUSIM, and...umere15
The document summarizes and compares three channel models for 5G wireless communications: QuaDRiGa, NYUSIM, and MG5G. It introduces the modeling frameworks of each, focusing on how they model small-scale parameters over time and space. Through simulations of metrics like angular power spectrum and channel capacity, the three models are comprehensively analyzed. The document finds that each model's strategy impacts system performance differently and provides evaluations and suggestions for 5G transmission algorithm simulations.
This document introduces a feature topic on channel models and measurements for 5G wireless communications. It summarizes 8 articles that were accepted after peer review that examine key differences between microwave and millimeter-wave propagation channels and their impact on 5G system design. The articles also look at propagation characteristics for massive MIMO, measurements of millimeter-wave channels, modeling spatial and temporal channel characteristics with beamforming, and the impact of hand and body blockage on millimeter-wave systems. Biographies of the guest editors are also provided.
5G 3GPP-Like Channel Models for Outdoor Urban Microcellular and Macrocellular...umere15
This document presents a preliminary overview of 5G channel models for frequency bands up to 100 GHz. It describes typical urban microcell and macrocell deployment scenarios and provides an initial 3D channel model that includes path loss, shadow fading, line-of-sight probability, and blockage models. It also discusses various processing methodologies like clustering and antenna decoupling algorithms. The model is based on extensive measurement results from 6 GHz to 100 GHz and aims to accurately model radio propagation at higher frequencies needed for 5G systems while maintaining consistency with existing models below 6 GHz.
SINR Analysis and Interference Management of Macrocell Cellular Networks in D...umere15
This document analyzes signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) and interference management in 5G macrocell cellular networks operating at 30 GHz in dense urban environments. It first investigates appropriate interference models for predicting outage events. It then creates a network simulation with 19 sites based on real geospatial data from NIT Srinagar, with each site having multiple cells. SINR maps are generated and compared for single antennas versus antenna arrays. The interference ball model is used to simplify interference calculation by only considering nearby interferers. Configuration parameters from ITU-R reports are used to simulate the network according to dense urban specifications.
This document proposes a heuristic algorithm to reduce the total number of wavelengths required in optical WDM networks with static traffic loads. It defines a new parameter called reduced wavelength cost (RCX) to evaluate the tradeoff between average light-path length and total wavelength number. The algorithm is compared to Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm, and RCX considers both the fractional increase in path length and decrease in wavelength number compared to Dijkstra's algorithm. The static routing and wavelength assignment problem is also defined, with the objectives being to minimize wavelength number and average path length. Constraints for wavelength assignment on each link are provided.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
AI assisted telemedicine KIOSK for Rural India.pptx
1908.09765.pdf
1. arXiv:1908.09765v2
[eess.SP]
3
Dec
2019 Y. Xing, O. Kanhere, S. Ju, and T. S. Rappaport, ”Indoor Wireless Channel Properties at Millimeter Wave and Sub-Terahertz
Frequencies,” 2019 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Hawaii, USA, Dec. 2019, pp. 1-6.
Indoor Wireless Channel Properties at Millimeter
Wave and Sub-Terahertz Frequencies
Yunchou Xing, Ojas Kanhere, Shihao Ju, and Theodore S. Rappaport
NYU WIRELESS, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, 11201
{ychou, ojask, shao, tsr}@nyu.edu
Abstract—This paper provides indoor reflection, scattering,
transmission, and large-scale path loss measurements and
models, which describe the main propagation mechanisms at
millimeter wave and Terahertz frequencies. Channel properties
for common building materials (drywall and clear glass) are
carefully studied at 28, 73, and 140 GHz using a wideband
sliding correlation based channel sounder system with ro-
tatable narrow-beam horn antennas. Reflection coefficient is
shown to linearly increase as the incident angle increases, and
lower reflection loss (e.g., stronger reflections) are observed
as frequencies increase for a given incident angle. Although
backscatter from drywall is present at 28, 73, and 140 GHz,
smooth surfaces (like drywall) are shown to be modeled as a
simple reflected surface, since the scattered power is 20 dB
or more below the reflected power over the measured range
of frequency and angles. Partition loss tends to increase with
frequency, but the amount of loss is material dependent. Both
clear glass and drywall are shown to induce a depolarizing
effect, which becomes more prominent as frequency increases.
Indoor propagation measurements and large-scale indoor path
loss models at 140 GHz are provided, revealing similar path loss
exponent and shadow fading as observed at 28 and 73 GHz. The
measurements and models in this paper can be used for future
wireless system design and other applications within buildings
for frequencies above 100 GHz.
Index Terms—mmWave; Terahertz; scattering; reflection;
5G; D-band; 140 GHz; 6G; channel sounder; partition loss
measurements; path loss; polarization
I. INTRODUCTION
The use of 5G millimeter wave (mmWave) in wireless
communication provides multi-Gbps data rates and enables
various new applications like wireless cognition and position-
ing [1], [2]. This year (2019) promises to be the “First year
of the 5G era” [3].
In March 2019, the Federal Communications Commission
(FCC) voted to open up spectrum above 95 GHz for the first
time ever in the USA to encourage the development of new
communication technologies and expedite the deployment of
new services (ET Docket No. 18-21 [4]), and provided 21.2
GHz of spectrum for unlicensed use. This ruling provides
a partially harmonized unlicensed band at 120 GHz with
Japan [5], [6]. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE) formed the IEEE 802.15.3d [7] task force
in 2017 for global Wi-Fi use at frequencies across 252
GHz to 325 GHz, creating the first worldwide wireless
communications standard for the 250-350 GHz frequency
range, with a nominal PHY data rate of 100 Gbps and channel
bandwidths from 2 GHz to 70 GHz [7]. The use cases for
This research is supported by the NYU WIRELESS Industrial Affiliates
Program and two National Science Foundation (NSF) Research Grants:
1702967 and 1731290.
IEEE 802.15.3d include kiosk downloading [8], intra-device
radio communication [9], connectivity in data centers, and
wireless fiber for fronthaul and backhaul [7], [10], [11].
Meanwhile, FCC will launch its largest 5G spectrum auction
on December 10, 2019 with 3400 MHz of spectrum in three
different bands–37 GHz, 39 GHz, and 47 GHz [12].
Frequencies from 100 GHz to 3 THz are promising bands
for the next generation of wireless communication systems
because of the wide swaths of unused and unexplored spec-
trum. Availability of this new spectrum above 95 GHz will
open up much needed broadband service enabling new ap-
plications for medical imaging, spectroscopy, new massively
broadband IoT, sensing, communications, and wireless fiber
links in rural areas [2], [10], [13]. Early work shows that
weather and propagation impairments are not very different
from today’s mmWave all the way up to 400 GHz [1], [2],
[14].
At mmWave and THz frequencies, the wavelength λ be-
comes small, motivating the use of hybrid beamforming for
“practical antenna packaging” [2], [15]. At sub-THz, λ is
comparable to or smaller than the surface roughness of many
objects, which suggests that scattering may not be neglected
like it was when compared to reflection and diffraction at
microwave frequencies (300 MHz to 3 GHz) [16].
Maximum transmission rates of several tens of Gbps for
line of sight (LOS) and several Gbps for non-LOS (NLOS)
paths were shown to be achievable at 300-350 GHz [17].
Measurements at 100, 200, 300, and 400 GHz using a 1 GHz
RF bandwidth channel sounder showed that both indoor LOS
and NLOS links (specular reflection from interior building
walls) could provide a data rate of 1 Gbps [18]. Signals with
larger incident angles were shown to experience less loss
due to the combined effects of reflection, absorption, and
scattering. The scattering loss of bare cinderblock walls at
400 GHz was shown to be negligible [18].
There are also notable differences and challenges seen
for frequencies beyond 100 GHz (e.g., high phase noise
and Doppler, limited output power, and more directional
beams), which makes the propagation more challenging [2].
Therefore, channel properties at 28, 73, and 140 GHz are
studied and compared in this paper.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section II
presents reflection and scattering measurements and results at
28, 73, and 142 GHz, which show the variation of electrical
parameters with frequencies. Section III provides an overview
of the previous research on partition loss, and presents free
space path loss (FSPL) measurement results and partition loss
measurements of glass and drywall at 28, 73, and 142 GHz
2. Fig. 1: Photograph of the reflection/scattering measurement setup.
The reflected/scattered power of drywall was measured at a distance
1.5 m away from the wall, in angular increments of 10°.
associated with antenna cross polarization measurements to
analyze the polarization effects on partition loss for different
materials and various frequencies. Section IV shows indoor
propagation measurements and an initial indoor large-scale
path loss model at 140 GHz for both LOS and NLOS
environments. Section V provides concluding remarks.
II. SCATTERING AND REFLECTION MEASUREMENTS AT
28, 73, AND 142 GHZ
A key to all measurements is using a standard approach
for calibration, that assures repeatable measurements by
any research team at any frequency [19]. 142 GHz FSPL
verification measurements were conducted at transmitter-to-
receiver (TR) separation distances of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 m
using the standard calibration and verification method taught
in [19], and the results after subtracting out antenna gains
were shown in Fig. 4 of [20]. The architectures of the
channel sounder system used in the measurements given here
have been extensively described in [1], [20], [21] and the
specifications of the channel sounder system are summarized
in Table I. The measured path loss at 142 GHz agrees well
with Friis FSPL equation [22], indicating the high accuracy
and proper calibration of the channel sounder system. The
close-in (CI) path loss model with 1 m reference distance
[1] fits perfectly to the measured data, indicating that the CI
model is viable well above 100 GHz.
A. Measurements Setup
One of the earliest studies of differences between mi-
crowave and mmWave frequencies (1.7 GHz vs. 60 GHz) was
presented in [23], which showed the variation of the electrical
parameters (e.g., reflection coefficient, conductivity, etc.) of
the building materials with frequencies and temperature.
Since little is known about scattering at mmWave and
THz frequencies, reflection and scattering measurements of
drywall at 28, 73, and 142 GHz were conducted and the
measurement setup is shown in Fig. 1. During the measure-
ments, both the heights of TX and RX were set at 1.2 m
on an arc with a radius of 1.5 m (which is greater than the
Fraunhofer distance) to ensure the propagation is happened
in far field [19]. Narrow beam horn antennas with HPBWs
of 10°, 7°, and 8°, which help to provide high angular
resolution, were used at both the TX and RX at 28, 73, and
142 GHz, respectively. Incident angles of θi = 10°, 30°, 60°,
TABLE I: Summary of channel sounder systems and antennas used
in measurements at 28 GHz, 73 GHz and 142 GHz [1], [20], [21]
RF Frequency RF BW Antenna Antenna Gain XPD
(GHz) (GHz) HPBW (dBi) (dB)
28 [1] 1 30° / 10° 15.0 / 24.5 19.30
73 [21] 1 15° / 7° 20.0 / 27.0 28.94
142 [20] 1 8° 27.0 44.18
TABLE II: Reflection Loss vs. Frequencies & Angles
f / θi 10° 30° 60° 80°
28 GHz -12.98 dB -4.22 dB -4.06 dB -3.18 dB
73 GHz -12.65 dB -8.08 dB -3.16 dB -1.28 dB
142 GHz -9.81 dB -7.53 dB -3.54 dB -0.36 dB
and 80° were chosen to measure the reflected and scattered
power off drywall, with the incident angle varying from a
small angle to a large angle with respect to a line normal
to the wall [16]. The received power was measured from
10° to 170° (the received power at 0° and 180° are not able
to measure due to the physical size of the antenna).
B. Reflection at mmWave and THz
The Fresnel reflection coefficient Γ⊥ (when the E-field is
normal to the plane of incidence) is given by [24]:
Γ⊥ =
Er
Ei
=
cos θi −
p
ǫr − sin2
θi
cos θi +
p
ǫr − sin2
θi
, (1)
where Er and Ei are the electric fields of the reflected and
incident waves with units of V/m, ǫr is the permittivity of
the reflecting surface, and the incident angle θi is defined as
the angle between the incident direction and normal.
Based on the measured data shown in Table II and Fresnel’s
equation (1), ǫr = 4.7, 5.2, and 6.4 was obtained through a
minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimator of |Γ⊥|2
at
28, 73, and 142 GHz, respectively. As shown in Fig. 2(a),
2(c), and 2(e), the blue diamond points indicate the magnitude
of the measured reflection coefficients |Γ⊥| and the red lines
are the theoretical Fresnel curve through MMSE estimation.
It is worth noting that, a linear fit (yellow dashed lines) of
the magnitude of reflection coefficient with the incident angle
in degrees performs better than the Fresnel equation at these
three frequencies. Table II shows that the reflection loss at
142 GHz ranges from 0.36 dB, when the incident angle is
close to grazing (θi= 80°), to 9.81 dB when the incident
direction is nearly perpendicular to the surface of drywall
(θi= 10°), and the reflection loss linearly decreases as the
incident angles θi increases. It is observed that reflections are
stronger at higher frequencies (the permittivity ǫr is smaller
at lower frequencies).
C. Scattering at mmWave and THz
Measured scattering patterns of different incident angles
at 28, 73, and 142 GHz are shown in Fig. 2(b), 2(d), and
2(f), respectively. The peak measured power (scattered power
plus reflected power) was observed to occur at the specular
reflection angle. The peak measured power was greater at
larger incident angles than at smaller incident angles (e.g.,
3. (a) Measured magnitude of reflection coefficients of drywall at
28 GHz, with ǫr = 4.7 by MMSE estimation.
(b) Measured reflection/scattering power off drywall at 28 GHz
with dual-lobe DS model prediction.
(c) Measured magnitude of reflection coefficients of drywall at
73 GHz, with ǫr = 5.2 by MMSE estimation.
(d) Measured reflection/scattering power off drywall at 73 GHz
with dual-lobe DS model prediction.
(e) Measured magnitude of reflection coefficients of drywall at
142 GHz, with ǫr = 6.4 by MMSE estimation.
(f) Measured reflection/scattering power off drywall at 142 GHz
with dual-lobe DS model prediction.
Fig. 2: Comparison between measurements and dual-lobe directive scattering (DS) model plus reflected power using Eq. (3)-(5) and (23)
in [16] at incident angles 10°, 30°, 60°, and 80° at 142 GHz for drywall (ǫr = 4.7, 5.2, and 6.4 for drywall at 28, 73, and 142 GHz.
9.4 dB difference between 80° and 10°at 142 GHz), where
most of the energy is due to reflection but not scattering
[2]. At all angles of incidence, measured power was within
10 dB below the peak power in a ± 10° angle range of
the specular reflection angle, likely a function of antenna
patterns. In addition, backscattered power was observed (e.g.,
10° and 30° incidence at 142 GHz) but was more than 20 dB
below the peak received power, which means that the surface
of drywall can still be consider to be smooth even at 142 GHz
and the specular reflection is the main mechanism for indoor
propagation at 142 GHz.
Comparisons between measurements and predictions made
by a dual-lobe directive scattering (DS) model (as introduced
in [16], [25]) with TX incident angle θi= 10°, 30°, 60°, and
80° are shown in Fig. 2(b), 2(d), and 2(f). Permittivity ǫr =
4.7, 5.2, and 6.4 estimated from the reflection measurements
using (1), are used in the dual-lobe DS model at 28, 73,
and 142 GHz, respectively. It can be seen that simulations
of peak received power (the sum of reflection and scattering)
at the specular reflection angle agrees well with measured
data (within 3 dB), confirming that scattering can be modeled
approximately by a smooth reflector with some loss (see (3)-
(5) and (23) in [16]) when material properties are known,
while scattering at other scattering angles falls off rapidly.
III. PARTITION LOSS AT 28, 73, AND 142 GHZ
In addition to reflection and scattering, transmis-
sion/penetration is another important mechanism for wireless
communication systems at mmWave and THz frequencies.
Partition loss is defined as the difference between signal
power right before the partition and the signal power right
after the partition [26], which includes reflection/scattering
loss and the material absorption loss. The partition loss
describes the how the signal power changes after a partition
in the radio link. Wideband mmWave and Terahertz networks,
as well as precise ray-tracer algorithms, will require accurate
channel models that predict the partition loss induced by
common building objects [19], [27], [28]. Therefore, partition
loss of common building materials needs to be extensively
investigated for 5G mmWave wireless systems and future
Terahertz wireless communications in and around buildings.
A. Antenna XPD Measurements
In order to measure the partition loss of a material for
different polarizations, the antenna cross polarization dis-
crimination (XPD) at different frequencies was measured to
analyze the electrical properties of the antennas [19], [20].
4. Fig. 3: Measured antenna XPD at 28, 73, and 142 GHz. The solid
lines and the dash lines represent the path loss measured with
co-polarized and cross-polarized antennas, respectively. The XPD
values calculated across five distances are within 1 dB at each
frequency, which validate the XPD measurements.
XPD values also are required to analyze the polarization
effects of partitions at different frequencies.
The XPD measurements were conducted at 28, 73, and 142
GHz in LOS free space first with T-R separation distances
in the far-field (e.g., 3-5 m were chosen in this paper) while
ensuring the TX and RX antennas are perfectly boresight
aligned. There were no nearby reflectors or obstructions
present in the propagation path that might cause multipath
reflections or induce fading during the measurements, and
the heights of the antennas and the T-R separation distances
between the antennas were selected to ensure ground bounces
and ceiling bounces do not induce reflection, scattering, or
diffraction within or just outside the HPBW of the main lobe
of the TX/RX antenna [19]. After free space power mea-
surements with co-polarized antennas, measurements were
then conducted at the same distances but with cross-polarized
antennas (e.g., V-H and H-V). Cross-polarization was realized
by using a waveguide twist which rotates the antenna by
90°. The insertion loss caused by the twist was measured
and calibrated out. The detailed measurement guidelines and
procedures were presented in [19].
The path losses using co-polarized and cross-polarized
antennas at different frequencies are shown in Fig. 3. The
XPD was calculated by taking the difference between the path
losses between the co-polarized and cross-polarized antenna
configurations at a given distance, as shown in Table I. Note
that, at a fixed TR separation distance, the free space received
powers for the H-H and H-V configurations were within 1 dB
of the V-V and V-H received powers, respectively, showing
reciprocity with cross-polarization measurements.
B. Partition Loss Measurements
Partition loss measurements at 28, 73, and 142 GHz were
conducted at T-R separation distances of 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, and
5 m, and the TX/RX antenna heights 1.6 m were chosen
(refer to Fig. 3 in [19]). The separation distances ensure the
measured material is in the far-field of the TX and a plane
wave is incident upon the material under test (MUT). The
dimensions of the MUT were large enough to guarantee that
the radiating wavefront from the TX antenna is illuminated on
TABLE III: Partition Loss at 28, 73, and 142 GHz for Clear Glass
Pol.
28 GHz 73 GHz 142 GHz
Mean STD Mean STD Mean STD
(dB) (dB) (dB) (dB) (dB) (dB)
V-V 1.53 0.60 7.17 0.17 10.22 0.22
V-H 20.63 1.32 37.65 0.53 46.92 2.05
H-V 22.25 0.88 36.92 1.11 37.37 1.79
H-H 1.48 0.54 7.15 0.44 10.43 0.55
TABLE IV: Partition Loss at 28, 73, and 142 GHz for Drywall
Pol.
28 GHz 73 GHz 142 GHz
Mean STD Mean STD Mean STD
(dB) (dB) (dB) (dB) (dB) (dB)
V-V 4.15 0.59 2.57 0.61 8.46 1.22
V-H 25.59 2.85 24.97 0.58 27.28 1.77
H-V 25.81 0.65 23.38 0.65 26.00 1.42
H-H 3.31 1.13 3.17 0.68 9.31 0.61
the material without exceeding the physical dimensions of the
MUT [19]. At each distance, 5 measurements were recorded
with slightly movement in the order of half a wavelength,
taking the average of the power in the first arriving multipath
component of the recorded PDPs, to exclude the multipath
constructive or destructive effects.
The power that gets transmitted through the material and
reaches the RX on the other side of the MUT was measured
for four types of TX-RX antenna orientation pairs: the V-
V orientation, the V-H orientation, the H-V orientation (the
TX antenna is horizontally polarized while the RX antenna
is vertically polarized), and the H-H orientation.
Common building construction materials, drywall (with a
thickness of 14.5 cm) and clear glass (with a thickness of 0.6
cm), were selected to be the MUT, with measurement results
listed in Table III and Table IV, respectively. The partition
losses were measured and calculated as:
LXY [dB] = PtX[dBm] − PrY (d)[dBm] − FSPL(d)[dB], (2)
where LXY [dB] is the material partition loss, X, and Y can
be either V or H, corresponding to vertically polarized or
horizontally polarized antenna configuration at the link ends,
PrY (d) is the RX received power in dBm at distance d in
meters with the MUT between the TX and RX, PtX[dBm]
is the transmitted power from the TX , and FSPL(d)[dB] is
the free space path loss at distance d [19], [22].
The measured mean partition loss of clear glass at 28 GHz
for co-polarized situation, see Table III, is 1.50 dB with a
standard deviation (STD) of 0.50 dB. The mean partition loss
for co-polarized situation is 7.16 dB with a STD of 0.15 dB at
73 GHz, and 10.33 dB with a STD of 0.24 dB at 142 GHz.
According to the measurements, the partition loss of clear
glass increases with the frequencies moderately, as expected,
rising from 1.50 dB at 28 GHz to 10.33 dB at 142 GHz.
At 28 and 73 GHz, the difference of clear glass partition
losses in cross-polarization situation (V-H and H-V) are
negligible. However, at 142 GHz, the mean partition loss of
5. Fig. 4: Partition loss measurement results of clear glass with a
thickness of 0.6 cm (red lines) and drywall with a thickness of
14.5 cm (blue lines) at 28, 73, and 142 GHz.
clear glass with V-H configuration is 9.55 dB higher than
that with H-V configuration, which means the material has
different polarization effects at higher frequencies. It is worth
noting that the XPD is not subtracted from the cross-polarized
partition loss measurements shown in Table III and Table IV.
Subtracting the XPD results in a negative value of partition
loss due to the polarization coupling effects (depolarization)
of the building materials. Fig. 4 illustrates that the partition
loss of clear glass tends to increase with frequencies for both
co- and cross-polarized antenna configurations.
As shown in Fig. 4 and Table IV, the mean partition loss
of drywall for co-polarization configuration is 3.73 dB at 28
GHz and 2.87 dB at 73 GHz, respectively. However, the mean
partition loss increases to 8.89 dB at 142 GHz.
For cross-polarization configuration, the mean partition
losses of drywall at 28, 73 , and 142 GHz are 25.70 dB, 24.18
dB, and 26.64 dB, respectively. There is negligible difference
between the partition loss of V-H and H-V configurations.
After subtracting the measured XPD values (as shown in
Fig. 3), we get 6.40 dB, -4.76 dB, and -17.54 dB, where
the negative value means the drywall induce polarization
coupling effects (depolarization) at 73 and 142 GHz.
Work in [18] showed that absorption imposed a ∼8dB
penalty to the reflection power (nearly 16% of the signal
power imping on the reflection surface is reflected and about
84% of the power is absorbed) from an indoor painted
cinderblock wall at 100 GHz and the effect of scattering from
the painted cinderblock wall is significantly smaller than the
effect of absorption. It is worth noting that the absorption
mentioned in [18] includes the power penetrating through
the wall and the power absorbed by the wall.
Using the ǫr = 6.4 of drywall at 140 GHz from Section
II-B, a reflection loss of 7.25 dB is predicted (∼18.8% of
the power is reflected), which is comparable to the reflected
power (∼8 dB) measured in [18] at 100 GHz. In addition,
as seen in Section III, 14.3% of the incident power is
transmitted through drywall at 142 GHz (8.46 dB partition
loss was measured). Thus, there is about 66.9% (100%-
18.8%-14.3%) of the power impinging on the surface (∼4.8
dB real absorption loss) was absorbed by drywall at 142 GHz.
IV. INDOOR PROPAGATION MEASUREMENTS AND PATH
LOSS MODEL AT 142 GHZ
Wideband indoor propagation measurements at 142 GHz
(see the specification of the 142 GHz channel sounder system
Fig. 5: 142 GHz directional path loss scatter plot and indoor
directional CI (d0= 1 m) path loss model for both LOS and NLOS
scenarios. Each green circle represents LOS path loss values, red
crosses represent NLOS path loss values measured at arbitrary
antenna pointing angles between the TX and RX, and blue diamonds
represent angles with the lowest path loss measured for each NLOS
TX-RX location combination [29].
in Table I) were conducted in a multipath-rich indoor environ-
ment at the 9th floor of 2 MetroTech Center using the exact
same locations as used at previous 28 and 73 GHz [29], [30],
which is a typical indoor environment including hallway,
meeting rooms, cubical office, laboratory and open area [20].
The TX antenna were set at 2.5 m near the ceiling (2.7
m) to emulate current indoor wireless access points and the
RX antennas were set at heights of 1.5 m which are typical
heights of mobile devices. The measurements were conducted
with both co-polarized and cross-polarized antennas, and for
each TX-RX combination, 3 elevation angles at both TX
and RX were chosen (boresight, up tilted by 8°, and down
tilted by 8°, which cover 95% of the total power [31]) and
both TX and RX rotated 360° in azimuth by 8°/step to cover
the entire azimuth plane [29]. In the meantime, indoor ray
tracing techniques will be used to assist the measurements
and will produce simulations together with the measurements
to provide an accurate stochastic indoor channel model across
different frequencies and various bandwidth [27], [28].
Fig. 5 presents the directional path loss scatter plot and
best-fit CI path loss model [1], [29] at 142 GHz for both LOS
and NLOS environment. The LOS path loss exponents (PLE)
are 1.7 at 28 GHz, 1.6 at 73 GHz, and 2.0 at 142 GHz, as
shown in Table V, showing that there is a bit more loss at 142
GHz likely due to atmospheric attenuation [2]. The NLOS-
Best PLEs and the NLOS PLEs are similar over all three
frequencies, respectively, with NLOS at 142 GHz having
slightly less loss than lower frequencies, likely due to greater
reflected power as frequency increases (see Fig. 2). Overall,
we surmise the 142 GHz indoor path loss models are similar
as models at frequencies below 100 GHz. More data will
be collected to provide statistical channel impulse response
models, as well as outdoor measurements and models above
100 GHz, in the future.
V. CONCLUSION
This paper investigates reflection and scattering effects
with real-world measurements at mmWave and THz frequen-
cies. The reflection loss of indoor drywall is observed to be
lower (e.g., reflection are stronger) at higher frequencies and
range from 0.4 dB to 9.8 dB at 140 GHz with impinging
6. TABLE V: Indoor Directional CI path loss model at 28, 73, and
142 GHz for both LOS and NLOS environment [29], [30]
Env.
28 GHz [29] 73 GHz [29] 142 GHz
n σ n σ n σ
(dB) (dB) (dB) (dB) (dB) (dB)
LOS 1.70 2.50 1.60 3.20 1.99 2.71
NLOSBest 3.00 10.80 3.40 11.80 3.03 6.91
NLOS 4.40 11.60 5.30 15.70 4.70 14.10
direction from grazing (e.g., 80°) to nearly perpendicular
to the reflection surface (e.g., 10°), respectively. The dual-
lobe DS model is shown to provide a good estimation of
the scattering power with known electrical parameters of the
scattering surface. Backscatter is both modeled and measured
to be more than 20 dB down from the peak received power
(scattered plus reflected) and to a first order approximation,
smooth surfaces like drywall can be modeled as reflective
surfaces, especially close to grazing.
Antenna XPD, measured at 28, 73, and 140 GHz, is shown
to not change with distance and has a trend to increase with
frequencies. The partition loss of clear glass and drywall
has been measured at 28, 73, and 140 GHz with four
polarization configurations (V-V, V-H, H-V, and H-H), using
horn antennas having similar aperture. Measuring the antenna
XPD enables the analysis of depolarization effects of clear
glass and drywall. Due to signal depolarization, the partition
loss for cross-polarized antenna orientations is less than the
expected value based on the XPD measurements and the co-
polarized partition measurements. The partition loss is highly
dependent on antenna polarization for both materials, since
both clear glass and drywall induce a depolarizing effect,
which becomes more prominent as frequency increases. On-
going propagation measurements and initial large-scale path
loss results show that there is not much difference in the
path loss over 28, 73, and 140 GHz, with slight more large-
scale LOS path loss at 140 GHz likely due to absorption
and slightly less loss over distance in NLOS due to stronger
reflections.
REFERENCES
[1] T. S. Rappaport et al., “Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for
5G Cellular: It Will Work!” IEEE Access, vol. 1, pp. 335–349, May
2013.
[2] ——, “Wireless Communications and Applications Above 100 GHz:
Opportunities and Challenges for 6G and Beyond (Invited),” IEEE
Access, vol. 7, pp. 78 729–78 757, Feb. 2019.
[3] B5GS 2019, “The Brooklyn 5G Summit,” Apr. 2019. [Online].
Available: https://brooklyn5gsummit.com/
[4] FCC, “Spectrum horizons,” First Report and Order ET Docket 18-21,
Washington D. C., March 21, 2019.
[5] T. Nagatsuma, “Breakthroughs in photonics 2013: Thz communications
based on photonics,” IEEE Photonics Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1–5,
April 2014.
[6] Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, “Frequency As-
signment Plan (as of March 2019),” March 2019. [Online]. Available:
https://www.tele.soumu.go.jp/e/adm/freq/search/share/plan.htm
[7] “IEEE Standard for High Data Rate Wireless Multi-Media Networks–
Amendment 2: 100 Gb/s Wireless Switched Point-to-Point Physical
Layer,” IEEE Std 802.15.3d-2017 (Amendment to IEEE Std 802.15.3-
2016 as amended by IEEE Std 802.15.3e-2017), pp. 1–55, Oct. 2017.
[8] V. Petrov et al., “Applicability assessment of terahertz information
showers for next-generation wireless networks,” in 2016 IEEE Inter-
national Conference on Communications (ICC), May 2016, pp. 1–7.
[9] ——, “Terahertz band communications: Applications, research chal-
lenges, and standardization activities,” in 2016 8th International
Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems
and Workshops (ICUMT), Oct. 2016, pp. 183–190.
[10] mmWave Coalition, “mmWave Coalition’s NTIA
comments,” Jan. 2019. [Online]. Available:
http://mmwavecoalition.org/mmwave-coalition-millimeter-waves/mmwave-coalitions-n
[11] K. Sengupta, T. Nagatsuma, and D. M. Mittleman, “Terahertz in-
tegrated electronic and hybrid electronic–photonic systems,” Nature
Electronics, vol. 1, no. 12, p. 622, 2018.
[12] Federal Comm. Commission, “Use of Spectrum Bands Above 24 GHz
For Mobile Radio Services: GN Docket No. 14-177,” Dec 2018.
[13] G. R. MacCartney and T. S. Rappaport, “Rural macrocell path loss
models for millimeter wave wireless communications,” IEEE Journal
on Selected Areas in Comm., vol. 35, no. 7, pp. 1663–1677, July 2017.
[14] T. S. Rappaport et al., “State of the art in 60-GHz integrated circuits
and systems for wireless communications,” Proceedings of the IEEE,
vol. 99, no. 8, pp. 1390–1436, Aug. 2011.
[15] S. Sun, T. S. Rappaport, and M. Shafi, “Hybrid beamforming for 5g
millimeter-wave multi-cell networks,” IEEE Conference on Computer
Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS), Apr. 2018.
[16] S. Ju et al., “Scattering Mechanisms and Modeling for Terahertz
Wireless Communications,” in Proc. IEEE International Conference
on Communications, May 2019, pp. 1–7.
[17] T. Kleine-Ostmann et al., “Measurement of channel and propagation
properties at 300 GHz,” in 2012 Conference on Precision electromag-
netic Measurements, July 2012, pp. 258–259.
[18] J. Ma, R. Shrestha, L. Moeller, and D. M. Mittleman, “Channel
performance for indoor and outdoor terahertz wireless links,” APL
Photonics, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 1–13, Feb. 2018.
[19] Y. Xing et al., “Verification and calibration of antenna cross-
polarization discrimination and penetration loss for millimeter wave
communications,” in 2018 IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference
(VTC-Fall), Aug. 2018, pp. 1–6.
[20] Y. Xing and T. S. Rappaport, “Propagation Measurement System and
Approach at 140 GHzMoving to 6G and Above 100 GHz,” in IEEE
2018 Global Communications Conference, Dec. 2018, pp. 1–6.
[21] G. R. MacCartney and T. S. Rappaport, “A flexible millimeter-wave
channel sounder with absolute timing,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas
in Communications, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 1402–1418, June 2017.
[22] H. T. Friis, “A note on a simple transmission formula,” Proceedings
of the IRE, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 254–256, May 1946.
[23] R. Davies, M. Bensebti, M. A. Beach, and J. P. McGeehan, “Wireless
propagation measurements in indoor multipath environments at 1.7
GHz and 60 GHz for small cell systems,” in 1991 41st IEEE Vehicular
Technology Conference, May 1991, pp. 589–593.
[24] T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice,
2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002.
[25] V. Degli-Esposti, F. Fuschini, E. M. Vitucci, and G. Falciasecca,
“Measurement and modelling of scattering from buildings,” IEEE
Trans. on Ant. and Prop., vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 143–153, Jan 2007.
[26] C. R. Anderson and T. S. Rappaport, “In-building wideband partition
loss measurements at 2.5 and 60 GHz,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless
Communications, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 922–928, May 2004.
[27] O. Kanhere and T. S. Rappaport, “Position locationing for millimeter
wave systems,” in IEEE 2018 Global Communications Conference
(GLOBECOM), Dec. 2018, pp. 1–6.
[28] O. Kanhere, S. Ju, Y. Xing, and T. S. Rappaport, “Map-Assisted
Millimeter Wave Localization for Accurate Position Location,” in IEEE
2019 Global Communications Conference, pp. 1–6, Dec. 2019.
[29] G. R. MacCartney, Jr. et al., “Indoor office wideband millimeter-wave
propagation measurements and models at 28 GHz and 73 GHz for ultra-
dense 5G wireless networks (Invited Paper),” IEEE Access, vol. 3, pp.
2388–2424, Oct. 2015.
[30] S. Deng, M. K. Samimi, and T. S. Rappaport, “28 GHz and 73 GHz
millimeter-wave indoor propagation measurements and path loss mod-
els,” in IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops
(ICCW), June 2015, pp. 1244–1250.
[31] S. Sun et al., “Synthesizing omnidirectional antenna patterns, received
power and path loss from directional antennas for 5G millimeter-wave
communications,” in 2015 IEEE Global Communications Conference
(GLOBECOM), Dec. 2015, pp. 3948–3953.