Smallholder Farmers’ Market Participation: Concepts and Methodological Approa...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
This paper reviews the empirical evidence on smallholder farmers’ market participation focusing on cash/food crops and livestock in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) with special attention on the methodological approaches employed in this region in an attempt to x-ray these methods, identifying their advantages and limitations and possible means smallholder farmers would be able to transit from subsistence to commercialised agriculture capable of lifting them out of poverty trap that seems to have engulfed many rural SSA. This paper recommends interventions geared towards improving smallholder farmers’ organisation, producers’ association and ensuring appreciable reduction in transaction costs and also improving farmers’ access to productive assets and improved technologies capable of stimulating profitable smallholders’ market participation.
On The Origin of Electromagnetic Waves from Lightning DischargesIOSR Journals
Interaction of up going ion beam forming current flow in the pre-ionized stepped leader plasma and
the way, how the kinetic energy of the beam particles is converted into electromagnetic energy have been
discussed. The ion beam interaction with the plasma wave modes in the stepped leader channel produces
perturbations in the return stroke current flow and changes its uniformity and becomes non-uniform. In the
present study, the return current is taken to be deeply modulated at a given modulation frequency, and
considered that it behaves like an antenna for electromagnetic radiation. In this paper the total amount of
energy associated with return stroke is given to electromagnetic waves is estimated.
Mouth dissolving tablets- A unique dosage form curtailed for special purpose:...IOSR Journals
The concept of mouth dissolving tablets known as MDTs has emerged with an objective to improve patient’s compliance. Methods to improve patient’s compliance have always attracted scientists towards the development of fancy oral drug delivery systems. Among them, mouth dissolving drug delivery systems (MDDDS) have obtained an important position in the market by overcoming previously encountered administration problems and contributing to extension of patent life. These dosage forms rapidly disintegrate in contact with saliva even within <60 seconds, an attribute that makes them highly attractive for paediatric, geriatric, bedridden patients and for active patients who are busy and in travelling may not have access to water. This special dosage form has some prerequisite criteria for formulation and this also involves the use of special techniques for large scale industrial production. The aim of this article is to review the advantages and disadvantages of MDTs, common excipients used in the formulation especially highlighting the use of superdisintegrating agents and taste masking agents in formulation and finally the popular methods used to produce large scale tablets for commercial purpose.
Fuzzy numbers, Nth - order Fuzzy Initial Value Problems, Runge-Kutta method, ...IOSR Journals
A numerical study is presented of two-dimensional laminar steady-state on megneto-hydrodynamics
(MHD) free convection for heat flow patterns within trapezoidal enclosures. A finite element analysis is
performed to investigate the effects of unifor heating and is also used for solving the Navier-Stokes and
Energybalance equations.In this study, cold bottom walls, uniformly heated left and right (side) walls and
insulated top walls with inclination angles (ф) are considered in a trapezoidal enclosure. The present numerical
procedure adopted in this investigation yields consistent performance over a wide range of parameters, Prandtl
numbers, (Pr = 0.026 - 0.7), and Rayleigh numbers (Ra = 103 – 105), Hartmann number (Ha = 50) with various
tilt angles Ф = 450, 300 and 00(square).Numerical results are presented in terms of streamlines, isotherms, heat
function (total heat flux) and nusselt numbers.for different Ra and Pr. As Ra increases conduction dominant
region changes for different Pr. Complete heat transfer analysis is performed in terms of local and average
nusselt numbers.
Smallholder Farmers’ Market Participation: Concepts and Methodological Approa...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
This paper reviews the empirical evidence on smallholder farmers’ market participation focusing on cash/food crops and livestock in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) with special attention on the methodological approaches employed in this region in an attempt to x-ray these methods, identifying their advantages and limitations and possible means smallholder farmers would be able to transit from subsistence to commercialised agriculture capable of lifting them out of poverty trap that seems to have engulfed many rural SSA. This paper recommends interventions geared towards improving smallholder farmers’ organisation, producers’ association and ensuring appreciable reduction in transaction costs and also improving farmers’ access to productive assets and improved technologies capable of stimulating profitable smallholders’ market participation.
On The Origin of Electromagnetic Waves from Lightning DischargesIOSR Journals
Interaction of up going ion beam forming current flow in the pre-ionized stepped leader plasma and
the way, how the kinetic energy of the beam particles is converted into electromagnetic energy have been
discussed. The ion beam interaction with the plasma wave modes in the stepped leader channel produces
perturbations in the return stroke current flow and changes its uniformity and becomes non-uniform. In the
present study, the return current is taken to be deeply modulated at a given modulation frequency, and
considered that it behaves like an antenna for electromagnetic radiation. In this paper the total amount of
energy associated with return stroke is given to electromagnetic waves is estimated.
Mouth dissolving tablets- A unique dosage form curtailed for special purpose:...IOSR Journals
The concept of mouth dissolving tablets known as MDTs has emerged with an objective to improve patient’s compliance. Methods to improve patient’s compliance have always attracted scientists towards the development of fancy oral drug delivery systems. Among them, mouth dissolving drug delivery systems (MDDDS) have obtained an important position in the market by overcoming previously encountered administration problems and contributing to extension of patent life. These dosage forms rapidly disintegrate in contact with saliva even within <60 seconds, an attribute that makes them highly attractive for paediatric, geriatric, bedridden patients and for active patients who are busy and in travelling may not have access to water. This special dosage form has some prerequisite criteria for formulation and this also involves the use of special techniques for large scale industrial production. The aim of this article is to review the advantages and disadvantages of MDTs, common excipients used in the formulation especially highlighting the use of superdisintegrating agents and taste masking agents in formulation and finally the popular methods used to produce large scale tablets for commercial purpose.
Fuzzy numbers, Nth - order Fuzzy Initial Value Problems, Runge-Kutta method, ...IOSR Journals
A numerical study is presented of two-dimensional laminar steady-state on megneto-hydrodynamics
(MHD) free convection for heat flow patterns within trapezoidal enclosures. A finite element analysis is
performed to investigate the effects of unifor heating and is also used for solving the Navier-Stokes and
Energybalance equations.In this study, cold bottom walls, uniformly heated left and right (side) walls and
insulated top walls with inclination angles (ф) are considered in a trapezoidal enclosure. The present numerical
procedure adopted in this investigation yields consistent performance over a wide range of parameters, Prandtl
numbers, (Pr = 0.026 - 0.7), and Rayleigh numbers (Ra = 103 – 105), Hartmann number (Ha = 50) with various
tilt angles Ф = 450, 300 and 00(square).Numerical results are presented in terms of streamlines, isotherms, heat
function (total heat flux) and nusselt numbers.for different Ra and Pr. As Ra increases conduction dominant
region changes for different Pr. Complete heat transfer analysis is performed in terms of local and average
nusselt numbers.
A Partial Backlogging Two-Warehouse Inventory Models for Decaying Items with ...IOSR Journals
An order level inventory model for decaying items with inventory level dependent demand rate. We have considered two cases: first is, model started with no shortages and second is model started from shortages. We have also taken the concept of inflation in this study. Finally, a numerical example for illustration is provided with sensitivity analysis.
Performance Evaluation for Production of 5000kgHydraulic JackIOSR Journals
The report submitted presents detailed performance evaluation analysis for production of 5tonne
hydraulic jack. The main task is to produce it using two approaches namely conversional and reverse
engineering. Conversional design team were able to design the jack with all the necessary tolerance and limits,
those involve design calculations, producing standard drawing and cost analysis on each part involve. While
reverse engineering team were able to produce the jack through reverse engineering procedures and approach,
this involve selection of materials needed to produce the parts with our machines in the workshop, test analysis
for each component, assembling and testing to ensure effective performance
Periodic Table Gets Crowded In Year 2011.IOSR Journals
Abstract: Year 2011, has been specially important for teachers and students of chemistry, as after a gap of about 14 years at least five new elements were named and included in the periodic table. All these elements are synthetic and radioactive and some were actually made in 1999, but got their name and status by IUPAC, in July 2011. The total number of elements now in periodic table is 112, and scientists are trying their best to prepare elements with atomic numbers 118, 119 and 120 as well.
In this paper, the terms chained ternary semigroup, cancellable clement , cancellative ternary
semigroup, A-regular element, π- regular element, π- invertible element, noetherian ternary semigroup are
introduced. It is proved that in a commutative chained ternary semigroup T, i) if P is a prime ideal of T and
x ∉ P then n
n 1
x PT
= P for all odd natural numbers n . ii) T is a semiprimary ternary semigroup. iii) If a ε T is
a semisimple element of T, then < a > w ≠ . iv) If < a >w = 𝜙 for all a ε T, then T has no semisimple
elements. v) T has no regular elements, then for any a ε T, < a >w = 𝜙 or < a >w is a prime ideal. vi) If T is a
commutative chained cancellative ternary semigroup then for every non π-invertible element a, < a >w is either
empty or a prime ideal of T. Further it is proved that if T is a chained ternary semigroup with T\T3= { x } for
some x ε T, then i) T\ { x } is an ideal of T. ii) T = xT1T1 = T1xT1 = T1T1x and T 3 = xTT = TxT = TTx is the
unique maximal ideal of T. iii) If a T and a < x >w then a = xn for some odd natural number n > 1.
iv) T\ < x >w = { x, x 3, x5, . . . . .} or T\< x >w ={x, x 3, . . . , xr} for some odd natural number r. v) If a T
and a < x >w then a = xr for some odd natural number r or a = xn sn tn and sn < x >w or tn < x >w
for every odd natural number n. vi) If T contains cancellable elements then x is cancellable element and < x >w
is either empty or a prime ideal of T. It is also prove that, in a commutative chained ternary semigroup T,
T is archemedian ternary semigroup without idempotent elements if and only if < a >w = for every a T.
Further it is proved that if T is a commutative chained ternary semigroup containing cancellable elements and
< a >w = for every a T , then T is a cancellative ternary semigroup. It is proved that if T is a noetherian
ternary semigroup containing proper ideals then T has a maximal ideal. Finally it is proved that if T is a
commutative ternary semigroup such that T = < x > for some x T, then the following are equivalent.
1) T = {x, x2, x3, ............} is infinite. 2) T is a noetherian cancellative ternary semigroup with x xTT.
3) T is a noetherian cancellative ternary semigroup without idempotents. 4) < a >w = for all a T.
5) < x >w = . and if T is a commutative chained ternary semigroup with T ≠ T 3 , then the following are
equivalent. (1) T={x, x 3, x5, . . . . . . .}, where x T\ T 3 (2) T is Noetherian cancellative ternary semigroup
without idempotents. (3) < a >w = for all a T. Finally, it is proved that If T is a commutative chained
noetherian cancellative ternary semigroup without regular elements, then < a >w = for all a T.
A Partial Backlogging Two-Warehouse Inventory Models for Decaying Items with ...IOSR Journals
An order level inventory model for decaying items with inventory level dependent demand rate. We have considered two cases: first is, model started with no shortages and second is model started from shortages. We have also taken the concept of inflation in this study. Finally, a numerical example for illustration is provided with sensitivity analysis.
Performance Evaluation for Production of 5000kgHydraulic JackIOSR Journals
The report submitted presents detailed performance evaluation analysis for production of 5tonne
hydraulic jack. The main task is to produce it using two approaches namely conversional and reverse
engineering. Conversional design team were able to design the jack with all the necessary tolerance and limits,
those involve design calculations, producing standard drawing and cost analysis on each part involve. While
reverse engineering team were able to produce the jack through reverse engineering procedures and approach,
this involve selection of materials needed to produce the parts with our machines in the workshop, test analysis
for each component, assembling and testing to ensure effective performance
Periodic Table Gets Crowded In Year 2011.IOSR Journals
Abstract: Year 2011, has been specially important for teachers and students of chemistry, as after a gap of about 14 years at least five new elements were named and included in the periodic table. All these elements are synthetic and radioactive and some were actually made in 1999, but got their name and status by IUPAC, in July 2011. The total number of elements now in periodic table is 112, and scientists are trying their best to prepare elements with atomic numbers 118, 119 and 120 as well.
In this paper, the terms chained ternary semigroup, cancellable clement , cancellative ternary
semigroup, A-regular element, π- regular element, π- invertible element, noetherian ternary semigroup are
introduced. It is proved that in a commutative chained ternary semigroup T, i) if P is a prime ideal of T and
x ∉ P then n
n 1
x PT
= P for all odd natural numbers n . ii) T is a semiprimary ternary semigroup. iii) If a ε T is
a semisimple element of T, then < a > w ≠ . iv) If < a >w = 𝜙 for all a ε T, then T has no semisimple
elements. v) T has no regular elements, then for any a ε T, < a >w = 𝜙 or < a >w is a prime ideal. vi) If T is a
commutative chained cancellative ternary semigroup then for every non π-invertible element a, < a >w is either
empty or a prime ideal of T. Further it is proved that if T is a chained ternary semigroup with T\T3= { x } for
some x ε T, then i) T\ { x } is an ideal of T. ii) T = xT1T1 = T1xT1 = T1T1x and T 3 = xTT = TxT = TTx is the
unique maximal ideal of T. iii) If a T and a < x >w then a = xn for some odd natural number n > 1.
iv) T\ < x >w = { x, x 3, x5, . . . . .} or T\< x >w ={x, x 3, . . . , xr} for some odd natural number r. v) If a T
and a < x >w then a = xr for some odd natural number r or a = xn sn tn and sn < x >w or tn < x >w
for every odd natural number n. vi) If T contains cancellable elements then x is cancellable element and < x >w
is either empty or a prime ideal of T. It is also prove that, in a commutative chained ternary semigroup T,
T is archemedian ternary semigroup without idempotent elements if and only if < a >w = for every a T.
Further it is proved that if T is a commutative chained ternary semigroup containing cancellable elements and
< a >w = for every a T , then T is a cancellative ternary semigroup. It is proved that if T is a noetherian
ternary semigroup containing proper ideals then T has a maximal ideal. Finally it is proved that if T is a
commutative ternary semigroup such that T = < x > for some x T, then the following are equivalent.
1) T = {x, x2, x3, ............} is infinite. 2) T is a noetherian cancellative ternary semigroup with x xTT.
3) T is a noetherian cancellative ternary semigroup without idempotents. 4) < a >w = for all a T.
5) < x >w = . and if T is a commutative chained ternary semigroup with T ≠ T 3 , then the following are
equivalent. (1) T={x, x 3, x5, . . . . . . .}, where x T\ T 3 (2) T is Noetherian cancellative ternary semigroup
without idempotents. (3) < a >w = for all a T. Finally, it is proved that If T is a commutative chained
noetherian cancellative ternary semigroup without regular elements, then < a >w = for all a T.
https://www.ijmst.com/
IJMST Volume 1 Issue 2, Manuscript 4
The main objective of this paper is to discuss Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) for Public
Distribution System (PDS) including multi-depots, dispatching quantity, routes arrangement
and time-window constraints in order to reduce the delivering cost. The developed algorithm
first employs the heuristic search for feasible solutions based on the constraints of both the
time-window and loading capacity in the routing problem keeping the concept of nearestneighbor. Then the Best Case search algorithm is developed to select the best solutions
simultaneously to gain a optimal solution in the problem domain.
Aadhar Enabled Public Distribution System (AEPDS), Beneficiary Survey and Ass...CSEIJJournal
Public Distribution System (PDS) has evolved as a system of managing scarcity through distribution of
food grains at affordable prices. In 2015, Aadhar enabled Public Distribution System (AePDS) made
linking AADHAR cards of the beneficiaries to the Ration Cards mandatory enabling the Fair Price Shops
to use biometrics to authenticate the beneficiaries improving efficiency and transparency of the system. The
study aims to access the application of AePDS at) w.r.t service provided to the beneficiaries, challenges
and benefits of the system; infrastructure adopted for efficient implementation for the process of grains
distribution in the context of Raigad District in Mumbai Metro Politian Region. A strategic framework and
scoring system were developed to assess the system based on literature studies, analysis of existing
scenario and structured stakeholder surveys conducted in the Raigad District. Hence, on the basis of the
responses scoring was done, reasons were noted and recommendations were given for the challenges.
Using participatory system dynamics approaches to evaluate the nutritional se...ILRI
Presented by Gregory Cooper (SOAS, University of London) and Karl Rich (ILRI) at the 3rd Asia Pacific System Dynamics Conference, University of Queensland, Australia, 2-4 February 2020
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 2 Ver. III (Mar - Apr. 2015), PP 09-17
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12230917 www.iosrjournals.org 9 | Page
Development of Inventory Model for Public Distribution System
by Using BPSO
G.Bhaskar Rao1
, C.Rajesh Babu2
1
(Mechanical Engineering Department, GITAM University, Hyderabad, INDIA)
2
(Mechanical Engineering Department, GITAM University, Hyderabad, INDIA)
Abstract: The proposed work is to deal with the distribution of rice to people through this distribution system.
Usually FCI procures rice from millers or organizations constituted by farmers situated at some convenient
central places. Then FCI supplies to some distribution centers referred to as MLSP’s. Each MLSP, in turn
supplies materials to some associated FPS’s. Thus in a distribution system we have (i) FCI go downs, (ii) a
small number of Mandal Level Service Poins (iii) a large number of FPS which are, in sets, associated with
each Mandal Level Service Point (MLSP). This is the structure of a multi echelon PDS. The procurement of rice
by FCI, its storage, supply to MLSP’s, ordering/reordering by MLSP’s for their respective demands, their
storage and supplies to FPS’s, all involve considérable expenditure. The multi echelon PDS system consists of:
(i) procurement, (ii) inventory, (iii) reordering at FCI, (iv) supply, (v) storage, (vi) maintenance of the safety
stock, and (vii) accounting for perishability of items. All these are to be looked into and the integrated cost of
PDS is to be minimized scientifically. Variable cost minimization in a public distribution system (PDS) allowing
for perishability of the product by implimention of BPSO (Binary Particle Swarm Optimization) using with C++
coding. BPSO technique have been successfully employed to model and simulate of lot sizing problem such as
single item multi-level, capacitated problems under consideration to minimize total cost. The total cost obtained
for the PDS problem under consideration by BPSO method it is observed that reduced cost is nearly two cores
compared to the total cost of real existing system.
Keywords: Inventory Models;Public Distribution System; Lot Sizing: BPSO.
I. Introduction
The importance of the public distribution system lies in situation where there is a shortage of
foodgrains in the market rather than real shortages, for prices are not left to be determined by the market forces
alone but are to an extent controlled by the government. The unrealistic approach of the government, while
pursuing a policy of controls and regulations often results in hoarding by traders and speculators and
consequently the prices are very high. Distribution through government agencies is precisely significant in the
context of overcoming shortages in the market and ensuring an equitable distribution of foodgrains at reasonable
price ( Shafi and Aziz, 1989, Page 269).The national objective of growth with social justice and progressive
improvements in the living standards of the population make it imperative to ensure that food grains is made
available at reasonable prices. Public Distribution of food grains has always been an integral part of India’s
overall food policy. It has been evolved to reach the urban as well as the rural population, in order to protect the
consumers from the fluctuating and escalating price syndrome. Continuous availability of food grains is ensured
through about 4.5 lakhs fair price shops spread throughout the country. A steady availability of food grains at
fixed prices is assured, which is lower than actual costs due to Govt. policy of providing subsidy that absorbs a
part of the economic cost (about 45%).Under the Targeted Public Distribution Scheme effective from June,
1997, stocks are issued in the following two categories:
1. Below Poverty Line: Determination of the families under this category in various states is based on the
recommendation of the Planning Commission. A fixed quantity of 35 Kg. food grains per family per month is
issued under this category. The stocks are issued at highly subsidized Price of Rs.4.15 per Kg. of wheat and Rs.
5.65 per Kg. of rice. During the year 2000-2001, Govt. of India decided to release food grains under Antyodaya
Anna Yojana. Under this scheme, the poorest section of population, out of earlier identified BPL population, is
covered. Food grains are being provided to 1.5 crores poorest of the poor families, out of the BPL families, at
highly subsidized rates of Rs.2/- per kg of wheat and Rs.1/- per kg of rice by FCI. This is the biggest food
security scheme in the world.
2. Above Poverty Line– Families, which are not covered under BPL, areplaced under this category. The stocks
are issued at Central Issue Price ofRs. 6.10 per kg of wheat and Rs. 8.30 per kg of rice.
2. Development of Inventory Model for Public Distribution System by Using BPSO
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II. Public Distribution System Of Warangal District
2.1 Introduction
Public Distribution System includes the procurement (from the producer i.e. farmers) and distribution
(to the customers i.e. common people) of essential commodities. As far as distribution is concerned, the whole
transportation model is divided in two stages.
Stage 1: Movement of commodities from FCI owned go downs to intermediate ware houses, also known as
Mandal Level Service Points (MLSP).
Stage 2: Transportation of material from MLSP to Fair Price Shops (FPS)
2.2 Working System Of Pds
FPS owner placed there order to Civil Supplies Department (CSD) before 20th
of every month. After
receiving the order CSD send releasing order (R/O) to respected mandal level service points (MLSP) to release
specific amount of material to particular FPS.
Fig.1 Working System Of PDS
Demand Draft for the material is directly sent to the MLSP and order is dispatched after receiving R/O.
All the MLSP have buffer of amount of 300MT -600MT depending upon the region and the number of FPS in
that mandal. There are 18 mandal level service points (MLSP) which serve the total of 51 mandals. In 51
mandals there are 2011 FPS. The monthly demand of the MLSP is served between 20th
-1st
of every month. The
rotation of material is cyclic, MLSP received material from FCI owned go downs. There are 7 FCI owned go
downs, located at different locations. These FCI owned have huge amount of buffer as procurement of the
material (i.e. rice) from the millers is cyclic and throughout the year status of total BPL cards and rice allotment
of various divisions taken from the previous exsisting data. All mandals and MLSP are divided into five
divisions due to administration.
III. Problem Statement
The objective of the research is usually to solve the inventory control problem for Public Distribution
System. The procurement quantity and incurring cost is almost always tremendously high if only when without
estimation of optimum quantity at several stages. It has been suggested that the best way to meet this problem is
to set up district MLSP’s which enable the reduction of wastage and holding cost. In this work, the present PDS
uses several FCI owned go downs MLSP’s and which are incurring cost of holding and ordering/reordering for
the shipping demands of all points, all of which are required to meet the necessary demand.
3.1 Project Objectives
The present system is fraught with many difficulties such as inefficiency, deterioration of food grains,
unsatisfactory quality of commodities, malpractices in weights and measures, mismatch of demand and supply,
long waiting times, exorbitant corruption, rude behavior of shopkeepers and poor service delivery.
Objectives of present work are given below:
a. Development of integrated mathematical model for efficient management of such PDS Supply Chain at
District level.
b. To ensure food security through better management of food stocks for PDS disasters like drought during as
well.
c. Optimization of models for optimum quantity estimation of food items at different levels of Supply Chain
for overall quantity estimation and there by estimation of variable cost.
In this chapter, the available data is taken into account in which the possibility of a portion of a
commodity being perishable before it goes from FCI to MLSP. In a way, the formulation here is more general
and the proposed model is used to determine, for each time period the optimum procurement quantity for FCI,
the total variable cost estimation.
3. Development of Inventory Model for Public Distribution System by Using BPSO
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IV. Methodology
The main objective of the work is to minimize the overall inventory carrying cost by estimating optimum
quantity estimation and the reordering time period.
The procedure consists of the following steps:
Step 1: Calculate the overall demand.
Demand of one MLSP is the summation of demands of all the mandalas under that MLSP
Demand of one Mandal is the summation of demands of all FPS in that mandal.
Demand of one FPS is the summation of demands of all the below poverty line(BPL) cards attached with
that FPS.
Step 2: Define objective function.
The objective of this research is to minimize the inventory holding costs, reordering
costs, fixed costs and setup costs.
Model parameters:
I= {1}= set of FCI go downs;
J= set of Mandal Level Service Points (MLSP);
T= set of time periods in the planning horizon;
N(v) = maximum number of trips made by transporter v during
each period;
a(t) = procurement cost at FCI during time t;
h(t)= inventory holding cost at FCI during time t;
hj(t)= inventory holding cost at MLSPj during time t;
Cc
i,j= shipping rate (per unit load) for chartered transporters to go from location i to location j;
Cv= maximum loading capacity for transporter v;
Dj(t) = demand of MLSPj in time period tthat must be satisfied by either the inventory at MLSPj, or bythe
shipment that arrives duringt, or by both(allowing for no backlogs);
Pmax
= maximum procurement capacity of FCI;
Smax
,Smin
= maximum ending inventory capacity and safety stock (i.e., the minimum inventory) requirement,
respectively, at FCI in a time period.
Zi
max
,Zi
min
= maximum ending inventory capacity and safety stock (i.e., the minimum inventory) requirement,
respectively, at MLSPi in a time period.
Variables
P(t) = procurement quantity by FCI during timet ;
S(t)= ending inventory of FCI at time t.
Zi(t)= ending inventory of MLSPj at time t.
qv,n
j (t)= quantity delivered by transporter v, v ∈V(i),to MLSPj from FCI during its nth trip in period t;
Q,j (t)= quantity shipped from FCI to MLSPj by chartered transporters in period t.
4.1 Problem Formulation and Constraints
:min ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (1 ) ( ) ( ) (1)c
j j j j
t T j J t T t T t T j J
R C Q t a t P t h t P t S t h Z t
Subject to
FCI inventory balance constraints:
,
( ) ( 1) ( ) ( ) , (2)v n
j
t T n N j J
S t S t P t q t i I t T
Customer inventory balance constraints:
,
( ) ( 1) ( ) ( ) , (3)v n
j j j j
t T n N j J
Z t Z t q t D t j J t T
Storage capacity and safety stock requirement constraints:
min max
( ) , (5)j j jZ Z t Z j J t T
Production capacity constraints:
max
0 ( ) , (6)P t P i I t T
Non-negatively constraint: and
( ) 0 (7)jQ t j J
4. Development of Inventory Model for Public Distribution System by Using BPSO
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The first term of Equation (4.1) represents the shipping cost due to hiring chartered transporters, where
( )c
j jC Q t defines the resulting cost if quantity ( )jQ t is delivered by a chartered transporter from FCI to
MLSPj. The second term denotes the total procurement cost by the FCI over T periods. The last two terms
denote the FCI inventory cost charged against average inventory level and the distributor inventory cost charged
against ending inventory, in each time period. While here the inventory cost structures are different, they could
be the same in a model, depending on the assumptions.
Fig. 4.1: Procurement levels at different months.
Figure.4.2: Procurement levels at different months
V. Results Of Parametric Studies
As mentioned in the previous chapter, a full-fledged computer code in C++ is written for obtaining the
solution to the present problem. The present chapter gives details of parametric studies executed making use of
the above code.
AxisTitle
Oct-
08
Nov-
08
Dec-
08
Jan-
09
Feb-
09
Mar-
09
Apr-
09
May-
09
Jun-
09
Jul-
09
Aug-
09
Sep-
09
Procurement 3642 3506766524510633552616020 9624 14374 7822 5941 2828 620
Used 142701345914628116721385516393104981725714591157491457411496
2008-09
AxisTitle
Oct-
09
Nov-
09
Dec-
09
Jan-
10
Feb-
10
Mar-
10
Apr-
10
May-
10
Jun-
10
Jul-10
Aug-
10
Sep-
10
Procurement 0 30493481703803317432 8540 133691564014520101001022512130
Used 147811166519028123421162216312122521076513988121021341316913
2009-10
5. Development of Inventory Model for Public Distribution System by Using BPSO
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5.1 Results and Discussion
5.1.1 Study of Variation of Total Variable Cost and Inventory Levels
It would be interesting to investigate the nature of total variable cost at different perishability rates and at
different demands, at different months, while working in various independent parametric configurations.
5 .1.1.1 Variation with Time (in months) and supply
The table 5.1 shows the variable cost profiles for different inventory levels at different months. It also reveals
the study of variable cost on supply variations over time period during the planned year. The variable costs are
generated after giving input cost parameters like, SC, HC on left over stocks in each month in the period of
planned year.
Table 5.1: Variable costs (holding, setup) at various supplies
Fig. 5.1: Variable cost at different months.
Table 5.2: Optimized Variable costs at various supplies
Fig. 5.2: Variable cost at different months.
for a given variable costs, there are increasing and decreasing values noticed with the increase and
decrease of holding inventory i’e, depending on their supplies with respect to corresponding months. The
6. Development of Inventory Model for Public Distribution System by Using BPSO
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increasing values are noticed where ever holding inventory is high for satisfying the next month’s demand and
the decreasing values are noticed where ever the holding inventory is less compare to the higher inventory
months. It is to be further noted that the cost values are depends on the holding inventory at that particular
month.
The below figures5.3-5.10, shows the inventory level profiles plotted for different procurements at different
months. The value of input parameter is levels at different months.
Table 5.3: Various inventory levels at different supplies in a year (08-09)
Fig.5.3: Various inventory levels at different months.
The below table 5.3, shows the inventory level profiles plotted for different procurements at different months.
The value of input parameter is procurement levels at different months.
Table 5.4: Various inventory levels at different supplies in a year (09-10)
Fig. 5.4: Various inventory levels at different months.
7. Development of Inventory Model for Public Distribution System by Using BPSO
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12230917 www.iosrjournals.org 15 | Page
The table 5.4, shows the optimized inventory level profiles plotted for different procurements at
different months. The value of input parameter is procurement levels at different months taken as per the past
two years data and demand taken as per the previous two years usage.
Table 5.5: Optimized inventory levels based on (08-09) & (09-10) data.
Fig.5.5: Optimized inventory levels at different months.
From the figure 5.5 observed that maximum inventory and minimum optimum inventory levels for the
reduction of wastage and total variable cost.
The table 5.6, shows Comparison between optimized inventory levels based on past years data and
presently used inventory levels. The value of input parameter is procurement levels at different months taken as
per the past two year data and the demand taken as usage in the previous years.
Table 5.6: Comparison between optimized inventory levels based on (08-09) & (09-10) data and presently
used inventory levels.
Months
optimized
inventory
levels
based on
(08-09) &
(09-10)
data
Presently
used
inventory
levels
1 28080 54000
2 32155 82565
3 59625 112000
4 44325 125635
5 39542 137310
6 35261 122420
7 20886 105320
8 22533 101235
9 21658 97253
10 14040 102652
11 16854 95634
12 17895 102562
8. Development of Inventory Model for Public Distribution System by Using BPSO
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12230917 www.iosrjournals.org 16 | Page
Fig. 5.6: Comparison between optimized inventory levels based on (08-09) & (09-10) and presently used
inventory levels.
Table 5.7.Comparison between optimized inventory levels for exact requirement and presently used
inventory levels.
Months
optimized
inventory levels
for Exact
requirement
Presently used
inventory levels
1 27527.09 54000
2 31539.1 82565
3 52706.91 112000
4 43514.86 125635
5 38820.96 137310
6 34592.5 122420
7 16383.1 105320
8 22082.92 101235
9 21214.596 97253
10 13614.69 102652
11 16414.05 95634
12 17457.97 102562
Fig.5.8: Comparison between optimized inventory levels for exact requirement and presently used inventory
levels.
9. Development of Inventory Model for Public Distribution System by Using BPSO
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12230917 www.iosrjournals.org 17 | Page
VI. Conclusion
The total expenditure has been minimized through determination of optimum holding inventory at FCI
taking into account the inventory holding cost, setup costs and perishability effects. The proposed model has
determined at FCI, the optimum ending inventory at the end of each time period, total variable cost estimate for
FCI by taking into account realistic available data by implementation of BPSO technique with using C++
coding.
1.BPSO technique have been successfully employed to model and simulate of lot sizing problem such as single
item multi-level, capacitated problems under consideration to minimize total cost.
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