Authentication (Distributed computing)
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The document discusses various authentication protocols including: - Reusable passwords which store hashed passwords but are vulnerable to theft - One-time passwords which generate new passwords each time to prevent reuse of stolen passwords - Challenge-response authentication which uses cryptographic functions to verify identity without transmitting passwords - Public key authentication which uses digital signatures to authenticate users based on their private/public key pairs - Kerberos which uses tickets and session keys issued by a trusted server to allow authentication between users and services on an network
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This document provides an introduction to cryptography. It defines key terms like cryptography, cryptanalysis, and cryptology. It describes the goals of encryption and authentication. It explains symmetric key cryptography where a shared secret key is used for both encryption and decryption. It also covers public key cryptography using key pairs, digital signatures to provide authentication, and how public key encryption and signatures can be combined. It discusses cryptographic attacks and the importance of Kerckhoffs' principle. It provides an overview of common cryptographic algorithms like block ciphers, stream ciphers, hash functions, and key exchange methods. It also discusses concepts like encryption modes, password hashing, random number generation, and the security of algorithms like RSA and Diffie-
introduction to cryptography (basics of it)
This document provides an introduction to cryptography. It defines key terms like cryptography, cryptanalysis, and cryptology. It describes the goals of encryption and authentication. It explains symmetric key cryptography where a shared secret key is used for both encryption and decryption. It also covers public key cryptography using key pairs, digital signatures to provide authentication, and how public key encryption and signatures can be combined. It discusses cryptographic attacks and the importance of Kerckhoffs' principle. It provides an overview of common cryptographic algorithms like block ciphers, stream ciphers, hash functions, and key exchange methods. It also discusses concepts like encryption modes, password hashing, random number generation, and the security of algorithms like RSA and Diffie-
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Authentication (Distributed computing)
- 1. Authentication Protocols Paul Krzyzanowski [email_address] [email_address] Distributed Systems Except as otherwise noted, the content of this presentation is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License.
- 14. Challenge-Response authentication “ alice” Alice network host look up alice’s key, K generate random challenge number C R ’ = f( K , C ) R = f( K , C ) R = R ’ ? “ alice” C R ’ “ welcome” an eavesdropper does not see K
- 19. SKID2/SKID3 authentication Alice chooses a random number (nonce) R A and sends it to Bob R A Bob
- 20. SKID2/SKID3 authentication R A Bob R B , H K (R A , R B ,”bob”) Alice Bob chooses a random number (nonce): R B. He computes H K (R A , R B ,”bob”) and sends it to Alice with R B Bob shows that he can encrypt Alice’s nonce
- 21. SKID2/SKID3 authentication R A Bob R B , H K (R A , R B ,”bob”) Alice Alice receives R B and has R A . Computes: H K (R A , R B ,”bob”) compares result to verify that Bob was able to encrypt data with key K . Authentication is complete as far as Alice is concerned (Bob knows the key).
- 22. SKID2/SKID3 authentication R A Bob R B , H K (R A , R B ,”bob”) Alice Now Alice has to convince Bob ( mutual authentication ) H K (R B , “alice”) Bob Alice demonstrates that she can encrypt Bob’s nonce
- 23. SKID2/SKID3 authentication R A Bob R B , H K (R A , R B ,”bob”) Alice Bob computes H K (R B , “alice”) and compares Alice’s message. If they match, he trusts Alice’s identity Key point : Each party permutes data generated by the other. Challenge the other party with data that will be different each time. H K (R B , “alice”) Bob
- 24. Combined authentication and key exchange
- 54. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) client server 3. Establish session key (for symmetric cryptography) encrypt with server’s public key server decrypts with server’s public key pick a session key E(session key) set cipher mode [optional]
- 55. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) client server E S (data) 4. Exchange data (symmetric encryption) encrypt and decrypt with session key and symmetric algorithm (e.g. RC4)
- 56. The end.