David Ausubel proposed using advance organizers to improve expository teaching. Advance organizers strengthen students' cognitive structures by providing a broad overview of a topic before details are presented. This allows new information to be incorporated through meaningful learning processes like subsumption, where new concepts are related to existing knowledge. Ausubel emphasized that advance organizers differ from summaries by acting as a bridge between new and prior knowledge at different levels of abstraction.
This was for EDUC 203 (Facilitating Learning).
This was the topic after Constructivism.
Includes Types of Transfer, Reasons Why Transfer Doesn't Work and Conditions and Principles for Transfer.
This was for EDUC 203 (Facilitating Learning).
This was the topic after Constructivism.
Includes Types of Transfer, Reasons Why Transfer Doesn't Work and Conditions and Principles for Transfer.
Cognitivism is an internal process of learning, understanding, motivation and retention.
The mind is broad and complex into which event-responses are absorbed.
The brain and mind are the center of an organism.
Cognitive theorists stress the importance of unobservable processes or mental events that are involved in learning, such as thinking, memory, perceptions, intentions and emotions.
how human beings organize, store and use information. Bruner's work focuses on learning through discovery. His position is that students learn best when they themselves discover the structure of a subject by inductive meftns. Ausubel believes that learning should be primarily deductive. Bruner identifies four significant aspects of effective teaching and learning: (1) attitude towards learning, (2) knowledge presented in a way that accommodates the student's learning ability, (3) material presented in effective sequences, and (4) carefully considered and paced rewards and punishments. Jerome Bruner identified three stages of cognitive representation. Enactive, which is the representation of knowledge through actions. Iconic, which is the visual summarization of images. Symbolic representation, which is the use of words and other symbols to describe experiences. According to Ausubel's Subsumption Theory, a learner absorbs new information by tying it to existing concepts and ideas that they have already acquired. Rather than building an entirely new cognitive structure, they are able to relate it to information that is already present within their minds. American psychologist David Ausubel introduced his “meaningful learning theory” in Educational Psychology: A Cognitive View (1968). He argued that there is a hierarchical organization of knowledge and that new information can be incorporated into the already existing hierarchy. What is the conclusion of Bruner's theory?
Conclusion of Theory • A major theme in the theoretical framework of Bruner is that learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon their current/past knowledge. What is Jerome Bruner best known for?
Jerome Bruner | Department of Psychology
Jerome Bruner was a leader of the Cognitive Revolution (pdf) that ended the reign of behaviorism in American psychological research and put cognition at the center of the field. He received his Ph. D. from Harvard in 1941, and returned to lecture at Harvard in 1945, after serving in the U.S. Army's Intelligence Corps. What are the three stages of Jerome Bruner's cognitive theory?
His research on children's cognitive development proposed three 'modes of representation': Enactive representation (based on action) Iconic representation (based on images) Symbolic representation (based on language) Bruner's studies helped to introduce Jean Piaget's concept of developmental stages of cognition into the classroom. His much-translated book The Process of Education (1960) was a powerful stimulus to the curriculum-reform.
It contains information about education 8 that you will be able to use for your reporting. And also will increase your knowledge about this report report that are related to your report.nfjdjsnskkdid if ndbdjeisnsns sjaiwjamaoisbd f fjdidksnwieubrf fbdjsksmsoid f fhdisnsksiehd. Fbdjskakwidbf f djskjsnshfufhd d sjskwkosishfbfbd d jdksnsbsjsjsbdisnsnd. D skamakaushd d d skma.smaoanans s.s.s skkss. Djsiwmslxhxufbbdkskamskxifndksosmsbxuc. Fbdid dud d jsnw dkc aka kOahejw wmwlsown dndid djd. Dneiwmwowms s ebiebdid dbwiwowm d dbdjsbdjdnwkwow e d jdndndksiw e. F f f d d djsnsks s akak sbsia a ak absia a d sjjw dic soandjskns wjoqns d djskbsis djosoand cjdisnsksnd .
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2.
Many educational psychology theories often
criticize the expository or presentational
manner of teaching. They say that teachers
assume such a major role in learning as
providers of information, while students
remain passive receivers of information.
3.
David Ausubel, instead of criticizing this
manner of teaching, proposed ways of
improving it. He suggested the use of
advance organizers. His ideas are contained
in his theory of Meaningful Verbal Learning.
4. Meaningful Reception
of Information
Learner’s Cognitive
Structure
Use of Advance
Graphic Organizer
Subsumption
Four Process for
Meaningful Learning
Advance Organizers
Derivative
Subsumption
Expository
Correlative
Subsumption
Narrative
Super ordinate
Learning
Skimming
Combinatorial
Learning
Graphic Organizers
5.
The figure above is an advance organizer.
Study it. Read the words found in each box.
Examine how the lines connect the boxes.
Describe the advance organizer, specifically
on how the words are related to each other.
6. 1.
The most important factor influencing
learning is the quantity, clarity and
organization of the learner’s present
knowledge.
This present knowledge consists of facts,
concepts, propositions, theories and raw
perceptual data that learner has available to
him/her at any point in time this comprises
his/her cognitive structure.
7. 2. Meaningful learning takes place when an idea to
be learned is related in some sensible way to
ideas that the learner already possesses .
Ausubel believed that before new material can
be presented effectively, the student’s cognitive
structure should be strengthened.
When this is done, acquisition and retention of
new information is facilitated.
8. Ausubel believed that before new material can
be presented effectively, the student’s cognitive
structure should be strengthened.
The way to strengthen the student’s cognitive
structure is by using advance organizers that
allow students to already have a bird’s eye view
or to see the “big picture” of the topic to be
learned even before going to the details.
9.
Ausubel’s belief of the use of advance
organizers is anchored on the principle of
subsumption. He thought that the primary
way of learning was subsumption: a process
by which new material is related to relevant
ideas in the existing cognitive structure.
Likewise, Asusubel pointed out, that what is
learned is based on what is already known.
10.
This signifies that one’s own prior knowledge
and biases limit and affect what is learned.
Also, retention of new knowledge is greater
because it is based on prior concrete
concepts.
Meaningful learning can take place through
four process:
11. Examine this example:
Now let’s say you see a new kind of bird that
has really big body and long strong legs. It
doesn’t fly but it can run fast. In order to
accommodate this new information, you
have to change or expand your concept of
bird to include the possibility of being and
having long legs. You now include your
concept of an Ostrich to your previous
concept of what bird is.
12. You have learned about this new kind of bird
through the process of correlative
subsumption. In a sense, you might say this is
more “valuable” learning than that of
derivative subsumption, since is enriches the
higher-level concept.
13.
Imagine that a child was well acquainted with
banana, mango, dalandan, guava etc., but
the child did not know, until she was taught,
that these ware all examples of fruits. In this
case, the child already knew a lot of examples
of the concept, did not know the concept
itself until it was taught to her. This is super
ordinate learning.
14.
This is when newly acquired knowledge
combines with prior knowledge to enrich the
understanding of both concepts. The first
three learning process all included new
information that relates to hierarchy at a level
that is either below or above previously
acquired knowledge.
15.
Combinatorial learning is different; it describes a
process by which the new idea is derived from
another idea that is neither higher or lower in
the hierarchy, but at the same level ( in a
different, but related, “branch”).
It is a lot like as learning by analogy. For
example, to teach someone about how plants
“breathe” you might relate it to previously
acquired knowledge of human respiratory where
man inhales oxygen and exhales carbon dioxide.
16.
The advance organizer is a major
instructional tool proposed by ausubel. The
advance organizer, gives you two benefits:
(1.) You will find it easier to connect new
information with what you already know
about the topic.
(2.) you can readily see how the concepts in a
certain topic are related to each other.
17.
As you go about learning about the topic and
go through the four learning process, the
advance organizer helps you link the new
learning to your existing scheme. As such,
advance organizers facilitate learning by
helping you organize and strengthen your
cognitive structure.
18.
Ausubel stressed that advance organizers are
not the same with overviews and summaries
which simply emphasize key ideas presented
at the same level of abstraction and
generality as the rest of the material.
Organizers act as a subsuming bridge
between new learning material and existing
related ideas.
19.
Expository – describes the new content.
Narrative – presents the new information in
form of a story to students.
Skimming – is done by looking over the new
material to gain a basic overview.
Graphic organizer – visual to set up or outline
the new information. This may include
pictographs, descriptive patterns, concept
patterns, concept maps.
20. 1. The most general ideas of the subject should
be presented first and then progressively
differentiated in terms of detail and
specificity. He called this progressive
differentiation. According to Ausubel, the
purpose of progressive differentiation is to
increase the stability and clarity of anchoring
ideas.
21.
The basic idea here is that, if you’re teaching
three related topics A, B and C, rather than
teaching all topic A, then B, etc., you would
take a spiral approach. That is, in your first
pass through the material, you would teach
the “big” ideas (i.e., those highest in the
hierarchy ) in all three topics, then on
successive passes you would begin to
elaborate the details.
22. 2. Instructional materials should attempt to
integrate new material with previously
presented information through comparisons
and cross-referencing of new and old ideas.