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This document discusses pure tone audiometry, which is a test used to evaluate hearing levels. It describes the equipment used including audiometers and bone conduction vibrators. It outlines the roles of the patient, which involves responding to tones, and the clinician, which involves administering the test and interpreting results. Test procedures like air and bone conduction audiometry are explained. Audiogram interpretations for different types of hearing loss and degree of loss are also provided. Masking, which limits unwanted sound interference, is briefly mentioned.
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This document provides information on pure tone audiometry testing procedures including: the roles of both the patient and clinician in testing; how to conduct air and bone conduction tests; how to interpret audiograms including different types and configurations of hearing loss; definitions of terms like frequency, intensity, and masking; and descriptions of common equipment used like audiometers and inserts.
Assessment of hearing (with self assessment questions).
Assessment of hearing. with self assessment questions.
Guide for the tests of hearing physiology practical.
Pure tone audiometry new
Pure tone audiometry is used to determine the hearing thresholds of a patient across different frequencies. It involves presenting pure tones through air conduction and bone conduction headphones to measure the softest sounds a patient can detect. The results are plotted on a graph called an audiogram. Interpreting the audiogram can provide information about the type, degree and configuration of any hearing loss. It is an important diagnostic tool but does not assess all aspects of hearing. Masking noise is sometimes used to isolate testing of one ear. Proper technique and interpretation are required to obtain accurate results.
Pure Tone Audiometry
PTA is used to test hearing levels between 250-8000 Hz, which represents most of the speech spectrum. It can detect sensorineural (SN) hearing loss if bone conduction is more than 25 dB and conductive hearing loss if the air-bone gap is more than 20 dB. Specific patterns on the PTA curve can indicate different types of hearing loss, such as a sloping high frequency loss in presbycusis, a rising low frequency loss in Meniere's disease, or a sharp dip at 4000 Hz in noise-induced hearing loss. The degree of hearing loss is classified based on pure tone average.
Pure tone audiometry
Pure tone audiometry involves testing a subject's hearing sensitivity using pure tone sounds of fixed frequencies. It aims to determine if hearing loss is present, its type and degree. A pure tone audiometer generates pure tones and delivers them via headphones or bone conduction vibrator. Threshold testing finds the lowest sound level at which a subject responds correctly to 50% of tones. Interpretation of the audiogram provides qualitative information about the hearing loss.
Pure tone audiometry
Pure tone audiometry is used to measure hearing thresholds using an audiometer. It generates pure tones of varying frequencies and intensities that are delivered to the patient's ears through headphones or bone conduction to determine the softest level they can hear at different frequencies. The results are plotted on an audiogram to identify the type and degree of any hearing loss. It is an important subjective test that provides frequency-specific information but relies on the patient's responses.
2 audiological evaluation
The document provides an overview of audiological evaluation techniques, including:
1. Behavioral tests like play audiometry and pure tone audiometry that measure hearing sensitivity. Objective tests like ABR, OAEs, and electrocochleography are used for infants and difficult to test patients.
2. Middle ear assessment tools like tympanometry and acoustic reflex testing evaluate the function of the middle ear.
3. Evoked potential tests like ABR, ECochG and OAEs assess cochlear and neural hearing function without depending on behavioral responses. ABR in particular provides threshold information and can detect neurological abnormalities.
Audiometry Ashly
Pure tone audiometry is a test used to evaluate hearing thresholds across different frequencies. It involves presenting pure tones to a patient through headphones and determining the lowest volume they can detect at each frequency. Key information obtained includes the type, degree, and configuration of any hearing loss. PTA requires patient cooperation and provides an objective measure of hearing sensitivity. Proper testing conditions and techniques are important for accurate results.
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Audio03 audiometry
This document provides information on pure tone audiometry testing procedures including: the roles of both the patient and clinician in testing; how to conduct air and bone conduction tests; how to interpret audiograms including different types and configurations of hearing loss; definitions of terms like frequency, intensity, and masking; and descriptions of common equipment used like audiometers and inserts.
Assessment of hearing (with self assessment questions).
Assessment of hearing. with self assessment questions.
Guide for the tests of hearing physiology practical.
Pure tone audiometry new
Pure tone audiometry is used to determine the hearing thresholds of a patient across different frequencies. It involves presenting pure tones through air conduction and bone conduction headphones to measure the softest sounds a patient can detect. The results are plotted on a graph called an audiogram. Interpreting the audiogram can provide information about the type, degree and configuration of any hearing loss. It is an important diagnostic tool but does not assess all aspects of hearing. Masking noise is sometimes used to isolate testing of one ear. Proper technique and interpretation are required to obtain accurate results.
Pure Tone Audiometry
PTA is used to test hearing levels between 250-8000 Hz, which represents most of the speech spectrum. It can detect sensorineural (SN) hearing loss if bone conduction is more than 25 dB and conductive hearing loss if the air-bone gap is more than 20 dB. Specific patterns on the PTA curve can indicate different types of hearing loss, such as a sloping high frequency loss in presbycusis, a rising low frequency loss in Meniere's disease, or a sharp dip at 4000 Hz in noise-induced hearing loss. The degree of hearing loss is classified based on pure tone average.
Pure tone audiometry
Pure tone audiometry involves testing a subject's hearing sensitivity using pure tone sounds of fixed frequencies. It aims to determine if hearing loss is present, its type and degree. A pure tone audiometer generates pure tones and delivers them via headphones or bone conduction vibrator. Threshold testing finds the lowest sound level at which a subject responds correctly to 50% of tones. Interpretation of the audiogram provides qualitative information about the hearing loss.
Pure tone audiometry
Pure tone audiometry is used to measure hearing thresholds using an audiometer. It generates pure tones of varying frequencies and intensities that are delivered to the patient's ears through headphones or bone conduction to determine the softest level they can hear at different frequencies. The results are plotted on an audiogram to identify the type and degree of any hearing loss. It is an important subjective test that provides frequency-specific information but relies on the patient's responses.
2 audiological evaluation
The document provides an overview of audiological evaluation techniques, including:
1. Behavioral tests like play audiometry and pure tone audiometry that measure hearing sensitivity. Objective tests like ABR, OAEs, and electrocochleography are used for infants and difficult to test patients.
2. Middle ear assessment tools like tympanometry and acoustic reflex testing evaluate the function of the middle ear.
3. Evoked potential tests like ABR, ECochG and OAEs assess cochlear and neural hearing function without depending on behavioral responses. ABR in particular provides threshold information and can detect neurological abnormalities.
Audiometry Ashly
Pure tone audiometry is a test used to evaluate hearing thresholds across different frequencies. It involves presenting pure tones to a patient through headphones and determining the lowest volume they can detect at each frequency. Key information obtained includes the type, degree, and configuration of any hearing loss. PTA requires patient cooperation and provides an objective measure of hearing sensitivity. Proper testing conditions and techniques are important for accurate results.
Pure Tone Audiometry
Pure tone audiometry is used to test hearing sensitivity to pure tones. It can determine if a subject has a hearing loss and what type by comparing air and bone conduction thresholds. The audiometer generates pure tones of different frequencies that are presented through headphones or a bone vibrator. Threshold is the lowest sound level at which a subject responds correctly 50% of the time. Interpreting the pure tone audiogram can indicate if a hearing loss is conductive, sensorineural, or mixed based on the air-bone gap and differences in thresholds.
Pure tone audiometry
Pure tone audiometry uses pure tones of single frequencies to test a patient's hearing thresholds through air and bone conduction testing. Air conduction testing evaluates the function of the outer, middle and inner ear by presenting tones from 250Hz to 8kHz through headphones. Bone conduction testing from 250Hz to 4kHz assesses inner ear function by presenting tones to the mastoid bone. The lowest intensity level at which the patient hears 50% of the tones is considered their threshold, which is plotted on a graph with frequency on the x-axis and decibels on the y-axis to evaluate the type, degree and configuration of any hearing loss.
Assessment of hearing
This document summarizes key aspects of the auditory system and hearing assessment. It describes the organ of Corti and its components that transfer sound energy into electrical signals. Clinical tests for hearing assessment include tuning fork tests, pure tone audiometry to measure air and bone conduction thresholds, and speech audiometry. Special tests include impedance audiometry, short increment sensitivity index test, and evoked response audiometry like electrocochleography and auditory brainstem response. The document provides details on the procedures and clinical significance of these various hearing assessment methods.
Acoustics and basic audiometry
This document provides an overview of acoustics and basic audiometry concepts. It defines key terms like frequency, intensity, pitch and loudness. It explains that frequency is a physical property of sound measured in Hertz, while pitch is the human perception of how high or low a sound is. Intensity is the physical measurement of sound pressure in decibels, while loudness is the human perception of sound intensity. The document also reviews concepts like pure tones, complex sounds, fundamental frequency, harmonics, and resonant frequency. It describes how to perform a basic audiologic assessment, including taking a case history, performing puretone audiometry to test air and bone conduction thresholds, and assessing speech recognition.
Introduction to Basic Audiology
Introduction to Basic Audiology posted at Cairo University Audiology Unit, Cairo University, the leading educational resource for Audiology in Egypt
Tests of hearing
This document summarizes various tests used to evaluate hearing. It discusses tests of hearing thresholds like pure tone audiometry to determine the type and degree of hearing loss. Other tests discussed include tympanometry to assess middle ear function, otoacoustic emissions to evaluate cochlear outer hair cell function, and electrocochleography and BERA to objectively measure electrical responses in the cochlea and auditory nerve. The document provides details on the principles, procedures, and interpretations of these common audiological tests used to evaluate hearing.
PTA.
A pure tone audiometry test is used to find out actual hearing levels as well as type and degree of hearing loss by means of two pathways the Air conduction and Bone conduction.
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This PowerPoint is about about two audiometric tests namely bekesy audiometry and impedance audiometry and also about the special hearing tests.
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This document describes the Bekesy audiometry procedure and its diagnostic value. It involves a patient listening to a pure tone that slowly increases in frequency and loudness, and pushing a button when they hear it. Their threshold is traced on an audiogram. Two tracings are made - one with an interrupted tone and one with a continuous tone. The relationship between the tracings indicates four possible types of results that can diagnose disorders in the middle ear, cochlea, or eighth nerve.
TESTS FOR AUDITORY ASSESSMENT
a presentation briefing up the audiological battery of tests commonly used by ENT surgeons for assessing their patients in different circumstances.
ASSESSMENT OF HEARING
Here are the comments on the hearing in the following cases:
1. Positive Rinne in each ear & Weber test referred equally to each ear:
- This indicates symmetrical hearing in both ears with normal hearing or bilateral equally reduced sensorineural hearing loss.
2. Negative Rinne on right & Weber referred to right:
- This suggests conductive hearing loss in the right ear.
3. Negative Rinne on left & Weber referred to left:
- This suggests conductive hearing loss in the left ear.
4. Negative Rinne bilaterally & Weber referred to left:
- This indicates conductive hearing loss in both ears, but worse in the left ear.
5.
Audiometry
Audiometry is a procedure used to measure hearing acuity through the use of an audiometer. It is more precise than tuning fork tests and provides quantitative measurements of a person's lowest level of intensity at which they can hear particular tones or frequencies. The procedure involves placing headphones on a subject seated in a soundproof room and checking their response to sounds of varying intensities at different frequencies presented to each ear separately. The results are recorded on an audiogram to graphically represent the subject's hearing abilities.
Assessment of hearing
This document discusses assessment of hearing through various tests and examinations. It provides information on:
1) Key facts about prevalence of hearing loss globally and projections for 2050 from WHO data.
2) Components of patient history taking and examinations for hearing assessment, including audiometric tests like pure tone audiometry and impedance audiometry.
3) Interpretation of audiometry results and how to identify types of hearing loss like conductive, sensorineural, and mixed based on air and bone conduction thresholds.
Assessment of hearing
This document discusses various techniques used to assess hearing, including pure tone audiometry using an audiometer, air conduction versus bone conduction testing, and the types and causes of different hearing losses. It also covers tympanometry to evaluate middle ear function and auditory brainstem response testing to evaluate hearing at the brainstem level.
Different types of hearing aids
PURE TONE AUDIOMENTRY - 1. Pure-tone audiometry could be described as a behavioral test used to measure hearing sensitivity. The essence of PTA is to determine the threshold level for hearing in a patient. In addition it helps the audiologist at #DENOC to identify the degree (mild, moderate, severe, profound) of hearing loss.
IMPEDANCE AUDIOMETRY - Impedance audiometry is done to determine the status of the #tympanic membrane and middle ear via tympanometry.
Auditory Brain Stem Response - The Auditory Brain Stem Response (ABR) is a test to measure the brain wave activity in response to certain tones and is recorded using electrodes placed on the scalp.
Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT) - Is there any sound in your ear or head? #Tinnitus retraining therapy will help you to go out of from this problem.
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1. Pure tone audiometry is an objective test that measures air and bone conduction thresholds to evaluate the type and severity of hearing loss. It is helpful for documentation and diagnosis.
2. Impedance audiometry objectively measures middle ear function through tympanometry and acoustic reflex testing. It can detect middle ear pathologies and is a fast screening test.
3. Otoacoustic emissions are sounds originating from the cochlea that can help diagnose cochlear hearing loss through an objective, noninvasive test done in both children and adults.
Hearing test
The document summarizes how hearing tests are conducted. It discusses the anatomy of the ear and how sound is transmitted through the ear. It also outlines the procedures for conducting a hearing test, including preparing the patient, placing the earphones correctly, and conducting tests by air and bone conduction. The results are displayed on an audiogram which charts hearing levels at different frequencies and classifies degrees of hearing loss.
Acoustic, audiology
BRIEF KNOWLEDGE OF ACOUSTIC & AUDIOLOGY
EASY TO UNDERSTAND. WELL EXPALAINED. GOOD PICTORIAL PRESENTATION
Assessment of hearing
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hearing evaluation is important to assess type of deafnes so that proper treatment can be suggested to the patients.This helps to predict the efficacy of hearing aid also to judge which ear needs to be fitted with the hearng aid
PURE TONE AUDIOMETRY for assesment of hearing
Pure tone audiometry is used to evaluate hearing thresholds and detect hearing loss. It involves presenting pure tones of varying frequency and intensity to determine the softest level a person can hear at each frequency. The results are plotted on an audiogram. Key components of pure tone audiometry include calibrated equipment to generate tones, different transducers for air and bone conduction testing, and masking noise to isolate each ear. Interpretation of the audiogram can identify normal hearing, conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, or mixed hearing loss based on the air and bone conduction thresholds and air-bone gap. Different audiogram patterns provide clues to the possible cause of any detected hearing loss.
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Pure tone audiometry is used to test hearing sensitivity to pure tones. It can determine if a subject has a hearing loss and what type by comparing air and bone conduction thresholds. The audiometer generates pure tones of different frequencies that are presented through headphones or a bone vibrator. Threshold is the lowest sound level at which a subject responds correctly 50% of the time. Interpreting the pure tone audiogram can indicate if a hearing loss is conductive, sensorineural, or mixed based on the air-bone gap and differences in thresholds.
Pure tone audiometry
Pure tone audiometry uses pure tones of single frequencies to test a patient's hearing thresholds through air and bone conduction testing. Air conduction testing evaluates the function of the outer, middle and inner ear by presenting tones from 250Hz to 8kHz through headphones. Bone conduction testing from 250Hz to 4kHz assesses inner ear function by presenting tones to the mastoid bone. The lowest intensity level at which the patient hears 50% of the tones is considered their threshold, which is plotted on a graph with frequency on the x-axis and decibels on the y-axis to evaluate the type, degree and configuration of any hearing loss.
Assessment of hearing
This document summarizes key aspects of the auditory system and hearing assessment. It describes the organ of Corti and its components that transfer sound energy into electrical signals. Clinical tests for hearing assessment include tuning fork tests, pure tone audiometry to measure air and bone conduction thresholds, and speech audiometry. Special tests include impedance audiometry, short increment sensitivity index test, and evoked response audiometry like electrocochleography and auditory brainstem response. The document provides details on the procedures and clinical significance of these various hearing assessment methods.
Acoustics and basic audiometry
This document provides an overview of acoustics and basic audiometry concepts. It defines key terms like frequency, intensity, pitch and loudness. It explains that frequency is a physical property of sound measured in Hertz, while pitch is the human perception of how high or low a sound is. Intensity is the physical measurement of sound pressure in decibels, while loudness is the human perception of sound intensity. The document also reviews concepts like pure tones, complex sounds, fundamental frequency, harmonics, and resonant frequency. It describes how to perform a basic audiologic assessment, including taking a case history, performing puretone audiometry to test air and bone conduction thresholds, and assessing speech recognition.
Introduction to Basic Audiology
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This document summarizes various tests used to evaluate hearing. It discusses tests of hearing thresholds like pure tone audiometry to determine the type and degree of hearing loss. Other tests discussed include tympanometry to assess middle ear function, otoacoustic emissions to evaluate cochlear outer hair cell function, and electrocochleography and BERA to objectively measure electrical responses in the cochlea and auditory nerve. The document provides details on the principles, procedures, and interpretations of these common audiological tests used to evaluate hearing.
PTA.
A pure tone audiometry test is used to find out actual hearing levels as well as type and degree of hearing loss by means of two pathways the Air conduction and Bone conduction.
Assessment of Hearing
This PowerPoint is about about two audiometric tests namely bekesy audiometry and impedance audiometry and also about the special hearing tests.
Assessment of hearing
ways to assess whether a person hears normally or not right from very basic upto advanced by Dr zeeshan ahmad presented in ENT NMCH patna on 10-02-11
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This document describes the Bekesy audiometry procedure and its diagnostic value. It involves a patient listening to a pure tone that slowly increases in frequency and loudness, and pushing a button when they hear it. Their threshold is traced on an audiogram. Two tracings are made - one with an interrupted tone and one with a continuous tone. The relationship between the tracings indicates four possible types of results that can diagnose disorders in the middle ear, cochlea, or eighth nerve.
TESTS FOR AUDITORY ASSESSMENT
a presentation briefing up the audiological battery of tests commonly used by ENT surgeons for assessing their patients in different circumstances.
ASSESSMENT OF HEARING
Here are the comments on the hearing in the following cases:
1. Positive Rinne in each ear & Weber test referred equally to each ear:
- This indicates symmetrical hearing in both ears with normal hearing or bilateral equally reduced sensorineural hearing loss.
2. Negative Rinne on right & Weber referred to right:
- This suggests conductive hearing loss in the right ear.
3. Negative Rinne on left & Weber referred to left:
- This suggests conductive hearing loss in the left ear.
4. Negative Rinne bilaterally & Weber referred to left:
- This indicates conductive hearing loss in both ears, but worse in the left ear.
5.
Audiometry
Audiometry is a procedure used to measure hearing acuity through the use of an audiometer. It is more precise than tuning fork tests and provides quantitative measurements of a person's lowest level of intensity at which they can hear particular tones or frequencies. The procedure involves placing headphones on a subject seated in a soundproof room and checking their response to sounds of varying intensities at different frequencies presented to each ear separately. The results are recorded on an audiogram to graphically represent the subject's hearing abilities.
Assessment of hearing
This document discusses assessment of hearing through various tests and examinations. It provides information on:
1) Key facts about prevalence of hearing loss globally and projections for 2050 from WHO data.
2) Components of patient history taking and examinations for hearing assessment, including audiometric tests like pure tone audiometry and impedance audiometry.
3) Interpretation of audiometry results and how to identify types of hearing loss like conductive, sensorineural, and mixed based on air and bone conduction thresholds.
Assessment of hearing
This document discusses various techniques used to assess hearing, including pure tone audiometry using an audiometer, air conduction versus bone conduction testing, and the types and causes of different hearing losses. It also covers tympanometry to evaluate middle ear function and auditory brainstem response testing to evaluate hearing at the brainstem level.
Different types of hearing aids
PURE TONE AUDIOMENTRY - 1. Pure-tone audiometry could be described as a behavioral test used to measure hearing sensitivity. The essence of PTA is to determine the threshold level for hearing in a patient. In addition it helps the audiologist at #DENOC to identify the degree (mild, moderate, severe, profound) of hearing loss.
IMPEDANCE AUDIOMETRY - Impedance audiometry is done to determine the status of the #tympanic membrane and middle ear via tympanometry.
Auditory Brain Stem Response - The Auditory Brain Stem Response (ABR) is a test to measure the brain wave activity in response to certain tones and is recorded using electrodes placed on the scalp.
Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT) - Is there any sound in your ear or head? #Tinnitus retraining therapy will help you to go out of from this problem.
Speech Audiometry - training to help people with #speech and #language problems to speak more clearly.
Audiometry class by Dr. Kavitha Ashok Kumar MSU Malaysia
1. Pure tone audiometry is an objective test that measures air and bone conduction thresholds to evaluate the type and severity of hearing loss. It is helpful for documentation and diagnosis.
2. Impedance audiometry objectively measures middle ear function through tympanometry and acoustic reflex testing. It can detect middle ear pathologies and is a fast screening test.
3. Otoacoustic emissions are sounds originating from the cochlea that can help diagnose cochlear hearing loss through an objective, noninvasive test done in both children and adults.
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The document summarizes how hearing tests are conducted. It discusses the anatomy of the ear and how sound is transmitted through the ear. It also outlines the procedures for conducting a hearing test, including preparing the patient, placing the earphones correctly, and conducting tests by air and bone conduction. The results are displayed on an audiogram which charts hearing levels at different frequencies and classifies degrees of hearing loss.
Acoustic, audiology
BRIEF KNOWLEDGE OF ACOUSTIC & AUDIOLOGY
EASY TO UNDERSTAND. WELL EXPALAINED. GOOD PICTORIAL PRESENTATION
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undergraduate level
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ENT ward
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Occupational noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a major compensable industrial disease in Australia, which has severe impact – sufferers have trouble communicating, can become socially isolated and experience a substantial reduction in their quality of life. As well as the negative affects directly associated with the individual affected, NIHL also has substantial economic costs. Exposure to excessive noise causes increased employee turnover and absenteeism as well as lowered performance.
Although NIHL is irreversible, it can prevented. In this slide deck, Kerri-Ann Jessep, Client Support Consultant and Occupational Hygienist at Medgate, teaches you how you can better protect your employees from noise induced hearing loss.
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Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
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Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
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Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
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Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
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Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
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Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
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Audiometery soft copy
- 1. Audiometry
- 2. Pure Tone Audiometry • The Audiometer • Test Environment • Patient’s Role • Clinician’s Role • Air Conduction Audiometry • Bone Conduction Audiometry • Audiogram Interpretation • Masking
- 4. Audiometer • Clinical and Portable Audiometer
- 6. Audiometer • Bone Conduction Vibrator
- 7. Test Environment • Sound Treated Booth
- 8. Test Environment • Quiet Room
- 9. Patient’s Role • Hand Raising • Signal Button • Verbal Response
- 10. Clinician’s Role • Instructions • Patient’s Position • Placement of Earphones • Test Procedures for Pure Tone Thresholds
- 11. Clinician’s Role • Degree of Hearing Loss based on PTA • Mild (16 to 40dB) • Moderate (41 to 70dB) • Severe (71 to 90dB) • Profound (91 to onward)
- 14. Audiograms • Type of Loss – Conductive • Difference between A/C and B/C More than 15 dB. • Bone Conduction Normal
- 15. Audiograms • Type of Loss – Sensorineural • Difference between A/C and B/C less than 15 dB. • Bone Conduction will be abnormal
- 16. Audiograms • Type of Loss – Mixed • Difference between A/C and B/C is more the 15 dB. • Bone conduction will be abnormal
- 17. Masking