The document summarizes research from multiple studies on the relationship between cannabis use and psychological disorders. It finds that while cannabis use is linked to increased risks of substance abuse and depression, the causal relationship is unclear. Heavy cannabis use is associated with higher rates of psychotic symptoms and suicide ideation/attempts in young adults. However, more research is still needed to determine whether cannabis use causes mental health issues or vice versa.
Lokesh Agrawal's document discusses cannabis-related disorders. It covers the introduction to cannabis, its preparations from the Cannabis sativa plant including methods of use. Problems from cannabis use are discussed such as intoxication, anxiety, cognitive impairment, and effects on respiratory, cardiovascular and muscular systems. Signs and symptoms, causes, and psychosocial factors associated with cannabis use disorders are described. The document concludes with sections on diagnosis and clinical features for treating cannabis-related disorders.
This document provides a case study on cannabis substance dependence disorder. It includes an acknowledgement, index, introduction on cannabis preparations and their source/chemical nature. The case study describes a 21-year-old male college student who uses cannabis. Signs and symptoms observed in the patient include intoxication delirium, cannabis-induced anxiety, increased heart rate, and impaired attention, memory and learning. Psychosocial risks of cannabis use include other drug use, crime, depression and suicidal behaviors. The document concludes cannabis is harmful to health and brain functioning.
This document discusses cannabis (marijuana) and its effects. It notes that cannabis is a tropical plant containing psychoactive chemicals like THC. Short term effects of cannabis use include euphoria, anxiety, hunger and paranoia. Long term, cannabis can lead to cannabis use disorders like dependence and abuse, as well as cannabis intoxication and induced disorders like cannabis induced psychotic disorder and anxiety disorder. The document provides statistics on cannabis use and outlines various treatment options for cannabis use disorders, including individual and group therapy, inpatient/outpatient treatment, and halfway houses/therapeutic communities. It concludes with a case study of a 15-year-old girl who developed psychological problems and delusions from regular weekend marijuana use
Cannabis, also known as marijuana, can lead to abuse and addiction. Cannabis intoxication occurs after ingestion and causes impaired judgment and cognitive issues. Abuse results in problems functioning and legal issues. Dependence is a pattern of use despite harm and inability to limit use. Regular cannabis use increases risks of mental health issues like psychosis and physical health risks like cancer. Treatment focuses on detoxification and managing withdrawal symptoms. Medical use of cannabis may help conditions like nausea, pain, and seizures.
Cannabis is a drug produced from the Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica plant. It contains over 400 chemicals including THC, which is the main psychoactive ingredient. Cannabis is most commonly used recreationally by smoking but may also be consumed through food, tea, or other methods. It produces effects like relaxation, altered perception, increased appetite, and in some cases anxiety or paranoia. There is some evidence it may help medical conditions like nausea, MS symptoms, and pain, but more research is still needed on safety and efficacy. Heavy or long term cannabis use can increase risks of mental health issues like psychosis.
This document provides information on the psychiatric aspects of cannabis use. It begins with definitions of cannabis, THC, and other cannabis derivatives. It then discusses the endocannabinoid system and its role in various physiological and neurological processes. The document compares THC and cannabidiol, describing their different binding properties, psychiatric effects, and approved medical uses. It discusses the effects of chronic heavy cannabis use on the endocannabinoid system and considers evidence regarding whether cannabis use can affect the developing brain, cognitive capacity, and motivation.
This presentation will review the current research around medical marijuana and discuss the issues around the recent legalization of recreational use. We will explore common clinical questions regarding marijuana use including testing and concurrent controlled substance use.
This document summarizes the effects of cannabis and amphetamine abuse. It discusses how cannabis affects the brain through cannabinoid receptors, particularly CB1 receptors which are abundant in areas involved in reward and movement. Prolonged cannabis use can cause impaired coordination, difficulty thinking, and increased risk of lung cancer. Amphetamines are stimulants that cause the release of dopamine and norepinephrine. They are prescribed medically for conditions like ADHD and obesity but recreational use can lead to increased heart rate, euphoria, and risks of overdose with effects on heart, breathing and mental state. Both drugs are addictive and long term abuse can damage physical and mental health.
Lokesh Agrawal's document discusses cannabis-related disorders. It covers the introduction to cannabis, its preparations from the Cannabis sativa plant including methods of use. Problems from cannabis use are discussed such as intoxication, anxiety, cognitive impairment, and effects on respiratory, cardiovascular and muscular systems. Signs and symptoms, causes, and psychosocial factors associated with cannabis use disorders are described. The document concludes with sections on diagnosis and clinical features for treating cannabis-related disorders.
This document provides a case study on cannabis substance dependence disorder. It includes an acknowledgement, index, introduction on cannabis preparations and their source/chemical nature. The case study describes a 21-year-old male college student who uses cannabis. Signs and symptoms observed in the patient include intoxication delirium, cannabis-induced anxiety, increased heart rate, and impaired attention, memory and learning. Psychosocial risks of cannabis use include other drug use, crime, depression and suicidal behaviors. The document concludes cannabis is harmful to health and brain functioning.
This document discusses cannabis (marijuana) and its effects. It notes that cannabis is a tropical plant containing psychoactive chemicals like THC. Short term effects of cannabis use include euphoria, anxiety, hunger and paranoia. Long term, cannabis can lead to cannabis use disorders like dependence and abuse, as well as cannabis intoxication and induced disorders like cannabis induced psychotic disorder and anxiety disorder. The document provides statistics on cannabis use and outlines various treatment options for cannabis use disorders, including individual and group therapy, inpatient/outpatient treatment, and halfway houses/therapeutic communities. It concludes with a case study of a 15-year-old girl who developed psychological problems and delusions from regular weekend marijuana use
Cannabis, also known as marijuana, can lead to abuse and addiction. Cannabis intoxication occurs after ingestion and causes impaired judgment and cognitive issues. Abuse results in problems functioning and legal issues. Dependence is a pattern of use despite harm and inability to limit use. Regular cannabis use increases risks of mental health issues like psychosis and physical health risks like cancer. Treatment focuses on detoxification and managing withdrawal symptoms. Medical use of cannabis may help conditions like nausea, pain, and seizures.
Cannabis is a drug produced from the Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica plant. It contains over 400 chemicals including THC, which is the main psychoactive ingredient. Cannabis is most commonly used recreationally by smoking but may also be consumed through food, tea, or other methods. It produces effects like relaxation, altered perception, increased appetite, and in some cases anxiety or paranoia. There is some evidence it may help medical conditions like nausea, MS symptoms, and pain, but more research is still needed on safety and efficacy. Heavy or long term cannabis use can increase risks of mental health issues like psychosis.
This document provides information on the psychiatric aspects of cannabis use. It begins with definitions of cannabis, THC, and other cannabis derivatives. It then discusses the endocannabinoid system and its role in various physiological and neurological processes. The document compares THC and cannabidiol, describing their different binding properties, psychiatric effects, and approved medical uses. It discusses the effects of chronic heavy cannabis use on the endocannabinoid system and considers evidence regarding whether cannabis use can affect the developing brain, cognitive capacity, and motivation.
This presentation will review the current research around medical marijuana and discuss the issues around the recent legalization of recreational use. We will explore common clinical questions regarding marijuana use including testing and concurrent controlled substance use.
This document summarizes the effects of cannabis and amphetamine abuse. It discusses how cannabis affects the brain through cannabinoid receptors, particularly CB1 receptors which are abundant in areas involved in reward and movement. Prolonged cannabis use can cause impaired coordination, difficulty thinking, and increased risk of lung cancer. Amphetamines are stimulants that cause the release of dopamine and norepinephrine. They are prescribed medically for conditions like ADHD and obesity but recreational use can lead to increased heart rate, euphoria, and risks of overdose with effects on heart, breathing and mental state. Both drugs are addictive and long term abuse can damage physical and mental health.
Cannabis, also known as marijuana, is a Schedule I controlled substance that has various street names. It is most commonly smoked or ingested but can also be vaporized. Short term effects include euphoria and impaired coordination while long term effects include increased risks of respiratory illnesses and cognitive decline. Though addictive for some, it has medical uses such as relieving nausea and stimulating appetite. Nearly 40% of Americans have tried cannabis at least once with over 7 million using daily or almost daily as of 2012.
The video for this presentation is available on our Youtube channel:
https://youtube.com/allceuseducation A continuing education course for this presentation can be found at https://www.allceus.com/member/cart/index/index?c=
Objectives
Identify the symptoms of marijuana intoxication
Review the research related to the short and long term effects of marijuana on the brain and body
Explore the medical uses of marijuana
Discuss marijuana as a gateway drug
What is It
Marijuana refers to the dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds from the hemp plant, Cannabis sativa.
The plant contains the mind-altering chemical delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
Extracts with high amounts of THC can also be made from the cannabis plant
How is it Used
Smoked
Joints
Pipes or water pipes (bongs)
Blunts—emptied cigars that have been partly or completely refilled with marijuana.
Vaporized
Pull the active ingredients from the marijuana and collect their vapor in a storage unit which is inhaled instead of smoke.
Eaten: Brownies, cookies, or candy, or brew it as a tea.
How is it Used
Resins: A newly popular method of use is smoking or eating different forms of THC-rich resins
Smoking THC-rich resins extracted from the marijuana plant is on the rise. Users call this practice dabbing. People are using various forms of these extracts, such as:
hash oil or honey oil—a gooey liquid
wax or budder—a soft solid with a texture like lip balm
shatter—a hard, amber-colored solid
Oral Ingestion
Orally consumed cannabinoids tends to be stronger and last longer (4-6 hours) than inhaled cannabis.
This is because of the way bodies metabolize THC.
When cannabis is inhaled, THC passes rapidly from the lungs to the blood stream and to the brain.
When cannabis is consumed orally, a significant portion of THC is converted into the metabolite 11-hydroxy-THC before reaching the brain.
This metabolite is believed to be slightly more potent than THC and possesses a greater blood-brain penetrability
Short Term Effects
THC effects are felt more slowly when the person eats or drinks it. (30 minutes to 1 hour)
Effects
Altered senses (for example, seeing brighter colors)
Temporary hallucinations
Altered sense of time
Changes in mood
Impaired body movement
Difficulty with thinking and problem-solving
Impaired memory
Breathing problems. Marijuana smoke irritates the lungs
Increased heart rate for up to 3 hours after smoking
Cannabis use is common among those with bipolar disorder. Rates of cannabis abuse are higher among those with bipolar disorder compared to the general population. Cannabis use is associated with increased risk of manic symptoms and can worsen the course of bipolar disorder through increased relapses and hospitalizations. Effective management of comorbid cannabis use and bipolar disorder requires screening, assessment, psychoeducation, and integrated treatment targeting both conditions.
Lokesh Agrawal prepared a document on cannabis-related disorders for his 6th semester topic. The document discusses cannabis preparations from the Cannabis sativa plant, including marijuana, hashish, and hash oil. It covers problems that can occur from cannabis use such as intoxication, anxiety, cognitive impairment, and effects on the cardiovascular, respiratory, and musculoskeletal systems. Signs and symptoms of cannabis use and the etiology of cannabis-related disorders are explained. The document also discusses the psychosocial reasons for cannabis use, diagnostic features, and treatment options which include inpatient and outpatient programs.
This document discusses cannabis and related disorders. It begins by noting that cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug globally, with about 147 million users. It then defines cannabis and its various types, describing the main psychoactive component THC. The document outlines the mechanism of action of THC, which involves binding to cannabinoid receptors in the brain and elsewhere. Finally, it discusses cannabis use disorder, intoxication, withdrawal and other cannabis-induced disorders based on DSM-V and ICD-10 criteria.
The document provides an overview of marijuana (Cannabis sativa), including its historical use, methods of use, active ingredients, effects, and medical uses. It discusses how marijuana was used medicinally in ancient times and spread throughout the world. It describes the plant's active compound (THC) and increasing potency over time. The document also summarizes marijuana's absorption in the body, mechanisms of action in the brain, tolerance, dependence, and medical uses such as reducing nausea from chemotherapy and stimulating appetite.
This document discusses medical marijuana. It provides background on marijuana and its classification. It assesses the efficacy and safety of medical marijuana for conditions like nausea, pain, appetite stimulation, and others. It also explains the legal implications of medical marijuana in the US and in states like Colorado and Illinois that have legalized it. Remaining challenges include a lack of standardized dosing and quality control. The pharmacist's role could include counseling patients, assessing drug interactions, and producing customized dosage forms.
Medical cannabis is prescribed to cancer and AIDS patients but also for other conditions like glaucoma, Crohn's disease, and epilepsy. When smoked, cannabis releases cannabinoids that act as neurotransmitters in the brain affecting memory, pleasure, pain, coordination and movement. While some risks are presumed from smoking, studies have not proven long term effects. Medical cannabis is legal in 16 US states and opinions vary among doctors on its medical potential and risks from smoking.
OCD and Substance Use Disorder IOCDF Conference 2020StaceyConroy3
The document discusses obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and substance use disorders (SUD). Around 25% of people with OCD also have a co-occurring SUD. Effective treatment of OCD and SUD requires concurrent, integrated treatment that addresses both disorders. Cognitive behavioral therapy, twelve step programs, and medication can all be part of an effective treatment plan for individuals with OCD-SUD. Assessment for SUD should be included when treating OCD patients to identify potential co-occurrence and need for integrated treatment.
Marijuana comes from the Cannabis sativa plant. The primary psychoactive ingredient in marijuana is THC, which has mild-to-moderate pain-killing effects and can be used to treat conditions like chronic pain, nausea, and muscle spasticity. However, long-term or heavy marijuana use, especially starting at a young age, can lead to dependency and addiction in some users and may increase health risks like psychosis, immune system suppression, and certain cancers. Withdrawal from marijuana can cause temporary discomforting symptoms like anxiety, irritability, and insomnia.
This document discusses cannabis-related disorders. It begins with an introduction to cannabis and its various names. It then defines cannabis-related disorder and discusses its history of use dating back 8000 years. It describes how cannabis is prepared and consumed, as well as its epidemiology. The document outlines diagnostic criteria for cannabis use disorder and intoxication based on the DSM-5. It discusses various health problems associated with cannabis use including withdrawal symptoms, psychosis, anxiety, cognitive impairment, and effects on respiratory and pregnancy outcomes. Treatment involves both pharmacological approaches like benzodiazepines for withdrawal and psychosocial therapies such as CBT, MET, and family intervention.
This document discusses cannabis poisoning and provides key information about cannabis. It describes how cannabis is prepared in forms like bhang, ganja, and charas. Signs of acute cannabis poisoning include euphoria, confusion, and psychosis. Chronic use can cause apathy, dependence, and conditions like "hashish insanity." The minimum lethal doses are 2 grams per kg for charas and 8 grams per kg for ganja. Diagnosis involves clinical symptoms and urine tests. Treatment focuses on decontamination, controlling psychosis, and gradual withdrawal. Postmortem findings may show asphyxia but no distinctive signs. Medicolegal aspects note its use in robbery and potential for addiction.
This document discusses cannabis use disorders and substance use disorders involving cannabis. It defines key terms like dependence, abuse, intoxication, and withdrawal. It describes the major diagnostic categories from the DSM-5 involving substance use disorders. It then discusses cannabis specifically, how it is prepared from the plant, its effects, and diagnostic criteria for cannabis intoxication, dependence, and withdrawal from the DSM-5.
Cannabis has historically been known to bear medicinal benefits and researchers continue to find more reasons why patients require cannabis prescriptions. The 5 uses featured here are by no means the only uses for medical marijuana though they are some of the most common uses.
This document summarizes information about marijuana, including its composition, common names, methods of consumption, both potential health benefits and risks. It describes marijuana's main psychoactive compound (THC) and its effects on the brain and body. Both short and long term effects are outlined. The document also discusses marijuana's mechanism of action in the brain and highlights several potential therapeutic uses while acknowledging some health risks with frequent use.
Throughout 2015 the Canadian Cancer Survivor Network (CCSN) will offer a series of webinars designed to provide you with information to help build your knowledge and understanding of medical marijuana use in Canada.
The first webinar in this series features a presentation and Q&A session with Dr. Paul Daeninck , MD, MSc, FRCPC.
Marijuana comes from the Cannabis sativa plant. It is most commonly smoked but can also be eaten or drank. While some states have legalized it for medical use, it remains illegal under federal law. Marijuana has both short term and long term health risks for mental and physical health. It can also be addictive for some users. Debate continues around legalizing it for medical or recreational use due to its risks and potential benefits.
Cannabis, also known as marijuana, is the most widely used illicit drug in the world with approximately 4% of the world's adults using it annually. It comes from the Cannabis sativa plant and contains the active chemical THC. Common forms of cannabis include herbal cannabis, marijuana, bhang, ganja, charas, and hashish oil. Cannabis acts on receptors in the brain to produce effects like relaxation and impaired coordination. Long term effects can include impaired cognitive skills and increased risk of respiratory and cardiovascular issues. Short term effects include anxiety, paranoia, and hallucinations. Cannabis is identified through microscopic examination and color tests.
1) Cannabis is obtained from the Cannabis sativa plant, with the female plant containing over 60 unique cannabinoids including delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) which is responsible for psychoactive effects.
2) Cannabis can be administered through smoking, vaporizers, orally, and teas. It binds to CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors in the brain and immune system.
3) Common cannabis-related disorders include cannabis use disorder, intoxication, withdrawal, and cannabis-induced disorders like anxiety and psychosis. Laboratory tests can detect cannabis use through urine, blood, hair and other samples. Treatment involves abstinence, counseling,
708There is a wealth of literature highlighting the ne.docxevonnehoggarth79783
708
T
here is a wealth of literature highlighting the
negative physical (eg, type II diabetes, car-
diovascular problems) and psychosocial (eg,
depression, low self-worth) consequences of ado-
lescent obesity.1-3 However, less attention has been
given to the role adolescent weight status plays in
future health-risk behaviors, such as problematic
substance use. With adolescent overweight and
obesity rates remaining high (33.6% overweight,
18.4% obese 12-19 years),4 and substance use
more prevalent in young adulthood than any other
developmental period,5 identification of adolescent
weight status as a predictor of future problematic
substance use behavior is likely to have a signifi-
cant impact on research and clinical work aimed to
reduce multiple health risks in the transition from
adolescence to adulthood.
Adolescence is a crucial period for prevention ef-
forts aimed to reduce problematic substance use in
young adulthood. According to the National Survey
of Drug Use and Health,5 young adults have the
highest rates of current tobacco use (39.5% overall
including 33.5% cigarette use) and illicit drug use
(21.4%), with 19.0% using marijuana in the past
month. Binge drinking has been reported for 39.8%
and heavy alcohol use for 12.1% of 18- to 25-year-
olds. In the past 30 years, many epidemiological
longitudinal studies have identified several key
risk factors for problematic substance use, includ-
ing regular cigarette smoking, binge drinking, and
marijuana use, in adolescence and young adult-
hood. Temperament,6 behavioral disinhibition,7 ex-
ternalizing behaviors,8 poor parental monitoring,9
lack of parental support,10 negative peer interac-
tions,11 and affiliation with deviant peers12 have
been well-established as critical factors involved in
the development of problematic substance use.13-15
Considering the array of risk factors in adolescence
contributing to future problematic substance use,
it is likely that other health-risk conditions, such
as overweight or obesity status, are linked to prob-
lematic substance use behavior.
Little is currently known about the relationship
between adolescent weight status and future prob-
lematic substance use; however, use of an adoles-
cent developmental framework is likely to increase
our understanding of why this relationship may be
a significant one to address. One explanation may
be that a shared underlying factor like impulsivity
may explain co-occurring obesity and problematic
substance use. As children learn to self-regulate
behaviors, those who have difficulties with self-
control are more likely to over-consume energy-
dense food contributing to obesity risk16,17 and en-
gage in antisocial behaviors leading to substance
abuse and dependence.18,19 Although a shared
underlying factor explanation is plausible, under-
standing adolescent behavior without considering
the social context is incomplete.
H. Isabella Lanza, Research Associate and Chri.
1. The document discusses substance use and abuse among adolescents, noting that millions experiment with drugs or alcohol each year. It explores factors that influence adolescent substance use like peer pressure and parental modeling, as well as physiological differences in the adolescent brain that increase risk-taking.
2. Animal studies have provided insights into how drugs affect the developing adolescent brain. Surveys find that alcohol and marijuana are most commonly abused, though e-cigarette use is rising. The document outlines stages of addiction and barriers to preventing and treating adolescent substance abuse.
3. Effective treatment requires addressing adolescents' motivations for use and incorporating parents, while maintaining adolescent engagement. Studies find parent-focused and intensive family involvement interventions show higher retention rates
Cannabis, also known as marijuana, is a Schedule I controlled substance that has various street names. It is most commonly smoked or ingested but can also be vaporized. Short term effects include euphoria and impaired coordination while long term effects include increased risks of respiratory illnesses and cognitive decline. Though addictive for some, it has medical uses such as relieving nausea and stimulating appetite. Nearly 40% of Americans have tried cannabis at least once with over 7 million using daily or almost daily as of 2012.
The video for this presentation is available on our Youtube channel:
https://youtube.com/allceuseducation A continuing education course for this presentation can be found at https://www.allceus.com/member/cart/index/index?c=
Objectives
Identify the symptoms of marijuana intoxication
Review the research related to the short and long term effects of marijuana on the brain and body
Explore the medical uses of marijuana
Discuss marijuana as a gateway drug
What is It
Marijuana refers to the dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds from the hemp plant, Cannabis sativa.
The plant contains the mind-altering chemical delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
Extracts with high amounts of THC can also be made from the cannabis plant
How is it Used
Smoked
Joints
Pipes or water pipes (bongs)
Blunts—emptied cigars that have been partly or completely refilled with marijuana.
Vaporized
Pull the active ingredients from the marijuana and collect their vapor in a storage unit which is inhaled instead of smoke.
Eaten: Brownies, cookies, or candy, or brew it as a tea.
How is it Used
Resins: A newly popular method of use is smoking or eating different forms of THC-rich resins
Smoking THC-rich resins extracted from the marijuana plant is on the rise. Users call this practice dabbing. People are using various forms of these extracts, such as:
hash oil or honey oil—a gooey liquid
wax or budder—a soft solid with a texture like lip balm
shatter—a hard, amber-colored solid
Oral Ingestion
Orally consumed cannabinoids tends to be stronger and last longer (4-6 hours) than inhaled cannabis.
This is because of the way bodies metabolize THC.
When cannabis is inhaled, THC passes rapidly from the lungs to the blood stream and to the brain.
When cannabis is consumed orally, a significant portion of THC is converted into the metabolite 11-hydroxy-THC before reaching the brain.
This metabolite is believed to be slightly more potent than THC and possesses a greater blood-brain penetrability
Short Term Effects
THC effects are felt more slowly when the person eats or drinks it. (30 minutes to 1 hour)
Effects
Altered senses (for example, seeing brighter colors)
Temporary hallucinations
Altered sense of time
Changes in mood
Impaired body movement
Difficulty with thinking and problem-solving
Impaired memory
Breathing problems. Marijuana smoke irritates the lungs
Increased heart rate for up to 3 hours after smoking
Cannabis use is common among those with bipolar disorder. Rates of cannabis abuse are higher among those with bipolar disorder compared to the general population. Cannabis use is associated with increased risk of manic symptoms and can worsen the course of bipolar disorder through increased relapses and hospitalizations. Effective management of comorbid cannabis use and bipolar disorder requires screening, assessment, psychoeducation, and integrated treatment targeting both conditions.
Lokesh Agrawal prepared a document on cannabis-related disorders for his 6th semester topic. The document discusses cannabis preparations from the Cannabis sativa plant, including marijuana, hashish, and hash oil. It covers problems that can occur from cannabis use such as intoxication, anxiety, cognitive impairment, and effects on the cardiovascular, respiratory, and musculoskeletal systems. Signs and symptoms of cannabis use and the etiology of cannabis-related disorders are explained. The document also discusses the psychosocial reasons for cannabis use, diagnostic features, and treatment options which include inpatient and outpatient programs.
This document discusses cannabis and related disorders. It begins by noting that cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug globally, with about 147 million users. It then defines cannabis and its various types, describing the main psychoactive component THC. The document outlines the mechanism of action of THC, which involves binding to cannabinoid receptors in the brain and elsewhere. Finally, it discusses cannabis use disorder, intoxication, withdrawal and other cannabis-induced disorders based on DSM-V and ICD-10 criteria.
The document provides an overview of marijuana (Cannabis sativa), including its historical use, methods of use, active ingredients, effects, and medical uses. It discusses how marijuana was used medicinally in ancient times and spread throughout the world. It describes the plant's active compound (THC) and increasing potency over time. The document also summarizes marijuana's absorption in the body, mechanisms of action in the brain, tolerance, dependence, and medical uses such as reducing nausea from chemotherapy and stimulating appetite.
This document discusses medical marijuana. It provides background on marijuana and its classification. It assesses the efficacy and safety of medical marijuana for conditions like nausea, pain, appetite stimulation, and others. It also explains the legal implications of medical marijuana in the US and in states like Colorado and Illinois that have legalized it. Remaining challenges include a lack of standardized dosing and quality control. The pharmacist's role could include counseling patients, assessing drug interactions, and producing customized dosage forms.
Medical cannabis is prescribed to cancer and AIDS patients but also for other conditions like glaucoma, Crohn's disease, and epilepsy. When smoked, cannabis releases cannabinoids that act as neurotransmitters in the brain affecting memory, pleasure, pain, coordination and movement. While some risks are presumed from smoking, studies have not proven long term effects. Medical cannabis is legal in 16 US states and opinions vary among doctors on its medical potential and risks from smoking.
OCD and Substance Use Disorder IOCDF Conference 2020StaceyConroy3
The document discusses obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and substance use disorders (SUD). Around 25% of people with OCD also have a co-occurring SUD. Effective treatment of OCD and SUD requires concurrent, integrated treatment that addresses both disorders. Cognitive behavioral therapy, twelve step programs, and medication can all be part of an effective treatment plan for individuals with OCD-SUD. Assessment for SUD should be included when treating OCD patients to identify potential co-occurrence and need for integrated treatment.
Marijuana comes from the Cannabis sativa plant. The primary psychoactive ingredient in marijuana is THC, which has mild-to-moderate pain-killing effects and can be used to treat conditions like chronic pain, nausea, and muscle spasticity. However, long-term or heavy marijuana use, especially starting at a young age, can lead to dependency and addiction in some users and may increase health risks like psychosis, immune system suppression, and certain cancers. Withdrawal from marijuana can cause temporary discomforting symptoms like anxiety, irritability, and insomnia.
This document discusses cannabis-related disorders. It begins with an introduction to cannabis and its various names. It then defines cannabis-related disorder and discusses its history of use dating back 8000 years. It describes how cannabis is prepared and consumed, as well as its epidemiology. The document outlines diagnostic criteria for cannabis use disorder and intoxication based on the DSM-5. It discusses various health problems associated with cannabis use including withdrawal symptoms, psychosis, anxiety, cognitive impairment, and effects on respiratory and pregnancy outcomes. Treatment involves both pharmacological approaches like benzodiazepines for withdrawal and psychosocial therapies such as CBT, MET, and family intervention.
This document discusses cannabis poisoning and provides key information about cannabis. It describes how cannabis is prepared in forms like bhang, ganja, and charas. Signs of acute cannabis poisoning include euphoria, confusion, and psychosis. Chronic use can cause apathy, dependence, and conditions like "hashish insanity." The minimum lethal doses are 2 grams per kg for charas and 8 grams per kg for ganja. Diagnosis involves clinical symptoms and urine tests. Treatment focuses on decontamination, controlling psychosis, and gradual withdrawal. Postmortem findings may show asphyxia but no distinctive signs. Medicolegal aspects note its use in robbery and potential for addiction.
This document discusses cannabis use disorders and substance use disorders involving cannabis. It defines key terms like dependence, abuse, intoxication, and withdrawal. It describes the major diagnostic categories from the DSM-5 involving substance use disorders. It then discusses cannabis specifically, how it is prepared from the plant, its effects, and diagnostic criteria for cannabis intoxication, dependence, and withdrawal from the DSM-5.
Cannabis has historically been known to bear medicinal benefits and researchers continue to find more reasons why patients require cannabis prescriptions. The 5 uses featured here are by no means the only uses for medical marijuana though they are some of the most common uses.
This document summarizes information about marijuana, including its composition, common names, methods of consumption, both potential health benefits and risks. It describes marijuana's main psychoactive compound (THC) and its effects on the brain and body. Both short and long term effects are outlined. The document also discusses marijuana's mechanism of action in the brain and highlights several potential therapeutic uses while acknowledging some health risks with frequent use.
Throughout 2015 the Canadian Cancer Survivor Network (CCSN) will offer a series of webinars designed to provide you with information to help build your knowledge and understanding of medical marijuana use in Canada.
The first webinar in this series features a presentation and Q&A session with Dr. Paul Daeninck , MD, MSc, FRCPC.
Marijuana comes from the Cannabis sativa plant. It is most commonly smoked but can also be eaten or drank. While some states have legalized it for medical use, it remains illegal under federal law. Marijuana has both short term and long term health risks for mental and physical health. It can also be addictive for some users. Debate continues around legalizing it for medical or recreational use due to its risks and potential benefits.
Cannabis, also known as marijuana, is the most widely used illicit drug in the world with approximately 4% of the world's adults using it annually. It comes from the Cannabis sativa plant and contains the active chemical THC. Common forms of cannabis include herbal cannabis, marijuana, bhang, ganja, charas, and hashish oil. Cannabis acts on receptors in the brain to produce effects like relaxation and impaired coordination. Long term effects can include impaired cognitive skills and increased risk of respiratory and cardiovascular issues. Short term effects include anxiety, paranoia, and hallucinations. Cannabis is identified through microscopic examination and color tests.
1) Cannabis is obtained from the Cannabis sativa plant, with the female plant containing over 60 unique cannabinoids including delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) which is responsible for psychoactive effects.
2) Cannabis can be administered through smoking, vaporizers, orally, and teas. It binds to CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors in the brain and immune system.
3) Common cannabis-related disorders include cannabis use disorder, intoxication, withdrawal, and cannabis-induced disorders like anxiety and psychosis. Laboratory tests can detect cannabis use through urine, blood, hair and other samples. Treatment involves abstinence, counseling,
708There is a wealth of literature highlighting the ne.docxevonnehoggarth79783
708
T
here is a wealth of literature highlighting the
negative physical (eg, type II diabetes, car-
diovascular problems) and psychosocial (eg,
depression, low self-worth) consequences of ado-
lescent obesity.1-3 However, less attention has been
given to the role adolescent weight status plays in
future health-risk behaviors, such as problematic
substance use. With adolescent overweight and
obesity rates remaining high (33.6% overweight,
18.4% obese 12-19 years),4 and substance use
more prevalent in young adulthood than any other
developmental period,5 identification of adolescent
weight status as a predictor of future problematic
substance use behavior is likely to have a signifi-
cant impact on research and clinical work aimed to
reduce multiple health risks in the transition from
adolescence to adulthood.
Adolescence is a crucial period for prevention ef-
forts aimed to reduce problematic substance use in
young adulthood. According to the National Survey
of Drug Use and Health,5 young adults have the
highest rates of current tobacco use (39.5% overall
including 33.5% cigarette use) and illicit drug use
(21.4%), with 19.0% using marijuana in the past
month. Binge drinking has been reported for 39.8%
and heavy alcohol use for 12.1% of 18- to 25-year-
olds. In the past 30 years, many epidemiological
longitudinal studies have identified several key
risk factors for problematic substance use, includ-
ing regular cigarette smoking, binge drinking, and
marijuana use, in adolescence and young adult-
hood. Temperament,6 behavioral disinhibition,7 ex-
ternalizing behaviors,8 poor parental monitoring,9
lack of parental support,10 negative peer interac-
tions,11 and affiliation with deviant peers12 have
been well-established as critical factors involved in
the development of problematic substance use.13-15
Considering the array of risk factors in adolescence
contributing to future problematic substance use,
it is likely that other health-risk conditions, such
as overweight or obesity status, are linked to prob-
lematic substance use behavior.
Little is currently known about the relationship
between adolescent weight status and future prob-
lematic substance use; however, use of an adoles-
cent developmental framework is likely to increase
our understanding of why this relationship may be
a significant one to address. One explanation may
be that a shared underlying factor like impulsivity
may explain co-occurring obesity and problematic
substance use. As children learn to self-regulate
behaviors, those who have difficulties with self-
control are more likely to over-consume energy-
dense food contributing to obesity risk16,17 and en-
gage in antisocial behaviors leading to substance
abuse and dependence.18,19 Although a shared
underlying factor explanation is plausible, under-
standing adolescent behavior without considering
the social context is incomplete.
H. Isabella Lanza, Research Associate and Chri.
1. The document discusses substance use and abuse among adolescents, noting that millions experiment with drugs or alcohol each year. It explores factors that influence adolescent substance use like peer pressure and parental modeling, as well as physiological differences in the adolescent brain that increase risk-taking.
2. Animal studies have provided insights into how drugs affect the developing adolescent brain. Surveys find that alcohol and marijuana are most commonly abused, though e-cigarette use is rising. The document outlines stages of addiction and barriers to preventing and treating adolescent substance abuse.
3. Effective treatment requires addressing adolescents' motivations for use and incorporating parents, while maintaining adolescent engagement. Studies find parent-focused and intensive family involvement interventions show higher retention rates
Running head DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION1DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION.docxjeanettehully
Running head: DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION 1
DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION 6
Drug Abuse and Addiction
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Public Safety Issue: Drug Abuse and Addiction
Public safety issue refers to any problem which threatens the wellbeing of people and prosperity of communities. A solution to such challenges is crucial in order to ensure that safety of people is protected and safeguarded. The issue of drug abuse and concern among school going teenagers has become a major problem in United States. According to a survey conducted by Monitoring the Future (MTF), on average, 29 percent of the school kids between grades 8, 10, and 12 were found to be using drugs. This has raised a major concern that requires the government to work closely with relevant public safety organizations in order to contain this issue.
Research Topic: The Importance of Introducing Drug Abuse Unit in The Curriculum of the American Education System
Overview
According to findings of Monitoring the Future survey released in 2018, there is a significant increase in number of school going youths engaging in drug abuse activities. Marijuana, opioid abuse, alcohol, synthetic drugs, tobacco, and nicotine are among the top drugs and substances abused by teenagers and school going kids. These statistics are alarming since they present one of the major challenge to the wellbeing and prosperity of the future generation. Many anti-drug abuse and addiction organizations such as National Institutes on Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), and National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) have been working relentlessly to curb this rising level of drug abuse and addiction among teenagers. Despite all the efforts by these organizations, their programs have failed to achieve any substantial success as far the fight against drug abuse and addiction among teenagers is concerned. This research is aimed at exploring the relevant literature from books, peer-reviewed journals, publications, and other academic effort in the effort to present the dire need to integrate drug abuse into the curriculum of the American education system. The findings of the research will be a boost to the government and other public safety organizations in the fight against drug abuse and addiction among teenagers and school going youths.
Annotated Bibliography
Duncan, D. T., Palamar, J. J., & Williams, J. H. (2014). Perceived neighborhood illicit drug selling, peer illicit drug disapproval and illicit drug use among US high school seniors. Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy, 9(1), 35.
The paper explores the problem of marijuana use among the students in U.S. high schools. Notably, more than 45.5 percent of the respondents revealed that they have used marijuana once on their lifetime while the other 36.4 percent revealing that they have used marijuana in the last one year. Additionally, another 22.7 percent of the respondents noting that they have been consta ...
1) Children whose parents smoke or use drugs/alcohol are more likely to engage in pretend smoking play and associate dinner with smoking.
2) The quality of parental communication about smoking and agreements to not smoke are related to adolescents' smoking trajectories, with constructive communication linked to less smoking.
3) Parental smoking cessation may lower adolescent smoking risk, except if the other parent currently smokes, while antismoking parenting mediates this relationship.
4) Both parental alcohol and drug dependence increase offspring's risk for externalizing disorders like ADHD by ages 17-18.
Smoking, drinking and drug use by young people in England [2017 update]Mentor
The document summarizes trends in smoking, drinking, and drug use among young people in England. It finds that rates of alcohol and tobacco consumption are declining, while rates of e-cigarette use are rising. Drug use peaks at age 15, with cannabis being the most commonly used illicit drug. New psychoactive substances were popular before being banned, but rates of use for these and other illicit drugs are generally low. The document advocates for comprehensive education programs in schools to build resilience, promote accurate social norms, and teach life skills to reduce substance use among youth.
This study examined the association between persistent cannabis use and neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife in a birth cohort of 1,037 individuals. Participants underwent neuropsychological testing at age 13 (before cannabis use initiation for most) and again at age 38. The study found that more persistent cannabis use was associated with greater declines in IQ and other cognitive abilities between childhood and adulthood. Impairment appeared to be broad across cognitive domains rather than specific. Adolescent-onset cannabis use was linked to the greatest declines. Cessation of use did not fully restore functioning for those who began using in adolescence. The results suggest cannabis may have neurotoxic effects, especially on the developing adolescent brain.
Running Head Critique 1Critique2CritiqueAma.docxjoellemurphey
Running Head: Critique 1
Critique 2
Critique
Amanda Kroeger
PSY 326
Prof. Luker
June 30, 2014
Critique
The purpose regarding this paper is to discuss the health and social challenges as a result of drug addiction globally. Particularly it brings to the attention of the reader the complexities that arise with the combined forces by diverse organizations, families, governments, and individuals in striving to counteract the abuse of drugs within traditional families whereby jeopardizing significant social virtues and values creating room for deviant behavior such as crime. The study at hand, “Familial Risk Factors Favoring Drug Addiction Onset” by Zimi & Jukic aim at the identification of the familial factors that favor the onset of drug addiction in the community. The paper further evaluates and critiques the various scholarly articles on drug addiction and their effects socially, economically, and culturally.
From this study’s 146 addicts and around 134 fundamental subjects, the authors discovered that “the families the addicts were born into, familial risk factors capable of influencing their psychosocial progress and favoring drug addiction onset had been statistically more encountered during childhood and youth as compared to the controls” (Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2012). In addition, the outcomes from the study indicate the need to research further into three sections namely the structure of the drug addict families, familial interrelations of the families from which the drug addicts come from and the importance of implementing family-based approaches to address prevention and therapy for drug addiction. The hypothesis of the study is the effect of poor inter-parental relations on the psychological development of children. This showed that conflicts in marriages have were linked to the child’s social adjustment, incapacity, and harsh upbringing regiment which in turn results in risky behavior patterns including substance abuse (Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2012)]. It is from this understanding that Zimi ´ and Jukic’s study tries to investigate the familial factors in favor of drug addiction onset by putting into consideration social, developmental, and interaction elements as the determinants of family relations and familial features associated with drug addicts thus, causing children to turn to drug abuse.
In analyzing both the study at hand, that is, “Familial Risk Factors Favoring Drug Addiction Onset” and various articles from the bibliography such as Development: Which Way Now?, Personal Savings and Anticipated Inflation, Assessment and management of pain in infants, The capability of psychodynamic treatment and cognitive behavior therapy in the nursing of personality disorders: A meta-analysis, Macro dynamics, Regime Switching and Financial Stress: Hypothesis and Empirics for the US, the EU and Non-EU Countries, and Hunger, Human Development, and Health in Canada: Research, Practice, and ...
1) Adolescent substance abuse is common, with half of high school seniors reporting illicit drug use. Alcohol and marijuana are the most commonly abused substances.
2) Risk factors for adolescent substance abuse include early experimentation with drugs and alcohol, affiliation with deviant peers, poor family and community environments, and personality traits like novelty seeking and low harm avoidance.
3) Protective factors against substance abuse include strong family support systems, cultural values like family obligation, and positive traits like self-strength and aversion to parental substance abuse. Having these social and emotional supports can compensate for risks like substance-abusing parents.
The document summarizes a systematic review of literature on factors influencing suicide rates among Inuit youth in Canada. The review identified alcohol abuse, family issues, sexual abuse, and loss of cultural identity as key risk factors. Further research is needed to better understand how these factors interact and to evaluate effective interventions to reduce suicide rates in this population.
The Relationship Between Sexual Abuse And AddictionAndrea Presnall
This document summarizes 10 studies that examine the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and later substance abuse. Across the studies, several common findings emerged: childhood sexual abuse was associated with earlier initiation and more frequent substance use, particularly of alcohol and drugs; substance use partially mediated the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and later health issues like HIV risk behaviors; and experiences of childhood sexual abuse along with other childhood trauma were correlated with higher rates of substance abuse disorders. The studies highlighted the need for larger and more diverse sample sizes in future research.
Causal Argument Essay
Qualitative Research Summary
Social Learning Theory
Teenage Alcohol Abuse Essay
Essay On Causal Argument
Jeremy Rifkin Enemies Of Promise
Confirmation Bias Essay
Causal Essay
This document summarizes research on risk factors for substance use among adolescents. It finds that individual factors like impulsivity and difficulty regulating emotions are correlated with increased substance use. Environmental factors like associating with peers who use substances also increases risk. While adolescents develop logical reasoning by age 15, the parts of the brain involved in self-control and decision making are still maturing, making teens more susceptible to risky behaviors. The document concludes that a combination of individual and environmental characteristics influence adolescent substance use.
Substance Abuse Vs Suicidal risk report Final Draft 06_04_2015Geoffrey Kip, MPH
1. This study examines the relationship between substance abuse and suicide risk among youth ages 14-24 in Philadelphia. It analyzes whether substance abuse scores and specific drugs (alcohol, marijuana, tobacco, illicit drugs) predict suicide ideation and lifetime suicide scores.
2. The study uses a cross-sectional design and secondary data from behavioral health screens administered in emergency departments, primary care offices, schools and other locations. Logistic regression is used to calculate odds ratios for substance abuse variables predicting suicide history.
3. Preliminary results found that substance abuse scores and use of marijuana, alcohol, tobacco and other illicit drugs were all significant predictors of history of suicide in participants. Race also significantly predicted suicide history for those
JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH. 145-158, 2014RRoutledgeCopyrig.docxtawnyataylor528
JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH. 145-158, 2014
RRoutledge
Copyright The Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality
ISSN: 00224499 print/1559-8519 onlineTaydor & Franc's Group
DOI: to. 1080/00224499.2013 821442
Do Alcohol and Marijuana Use Decrease the Probability of Condom Use for College Women?
Jennifer L. Walsh
Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine. The Miriatn Hospital; Deparnnent of Psychology and Huntan Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Broil'" UniversityRobyn L. Fielder
Centers for Behavioral and Preyentive Medicine, The Miriant Hospital; Deparnnent of Psychology, Syracuse University
Kate B. Carey
CenterJör Alcohol and Addiclion Studies and Deparlynent of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brost•n University
Michael P. Carey
Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miritnn Hospital; Deparnnent of
Psychology and Hunum Behavior, Alpert Medical School. Bron-n University,' Departntent of
Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brmcn University
Alcohol and nutrijuana use are thought to increase sexual risk taking, but event-level studies conflict in their findings and often depend on reports fro,tn a Iüniled ntunber ofpeople or on a lhniled nunlber of sexual events per person. Wilh event-level data fronj 1,856 sexual intercourse events provided bv 297 college Ji•onwn (M age 18 years; 71 0/0 JVhite), used nutltilevel modeling to exaniine associations beneeen alcohol and nmrijuanu use and condoni use as "'ell as interaction,f involving sexual partner type and alcohol-sexual risk expectancies. Controlling jor alternative contraception use, partner type, regular levels of substance use. bnpulsh'ity and sensation seeking, and demographics, tronten bl•ere no n:ore or less likely 10 use condonas• during events involving drinking or heavy episodic drinking than during those "'ithout drinking. Hcns•ever- fir drinking events, there n•as• a negative association between ntunber ofdrinks consanned and condoni use: in additiom tvonren "'ith stronger alcohol-sexual risk expectancies n•ere nutrginally less likely to use condun.f U'hen drinking, Although there no ntain eff&cl of marijuana use on condoni use. these data suggest njarijuana use trith established rontanlic partners 'nay increase risk ofunprotectedsex. Intervention efforts should target expectancies and enzphasi:e the dose-response relationship of drinks to condoni use.
CAREY, AND CAREY
EVENT-LEVEL SUBSTANCE USE AND CONDOM USE
146
Young people between the ages of 15 and 24 account for 500/0 of all new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections (Wilson, Wright, Safrit, & Rudy, 2010) and are also at elevated risk for other sexually transmitted infections (STIs; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC], 2009), Condom use is an important method for reducing the risk of STIs as well as unplanned pregnancy (CDC. 2010). However, most
This research was supported by grant awarded to Michael P, Carey from the National Institutes on Alc ...
This document provides a summary of a presentation on translating the science on marijuana into effective public health messages. The presentation aimed to understand the latest science on marijuana use and how to frame prevention messages. It identifies concerns related to marijuana use and legalization such as addiction, impaired driving, and negative impacts on adolescent brain development and academic achievement. The presentation argues for using strong evidence from research to change the discussion on marijuana from complicated to simple and from negative to positive. It provides sample messages focused on how marijuana use could negatively impact things people care about like education, employment, and highway safety.
Substance abuse has significant negative impacts on mental health. It can lead to the development of mental health conditions like depression and anxiety. People who abuse substances often have co-occurring mental illnesses. Treating both substance abuse and mental health issues simultaneously is challenging and integrated treatment approaches are needed. Substance abuse disorders are also linked to poorer psychosocial functioning and problems with relationships, work, and daily life. Women may be particularly vulnerable as substance abuse can stem from attempts to self-medicate physical or mental health conditions.
This document summarizes a study examining substance use differences between Puerto Rican youth who remained in the New York City area versus those who moved out of the area. The study found significant demographic differences between the two groups, with those who moved out of the area more likely to be older, married, employed, and less reliant on welfare. However, the study found no statistically significant differences in substance use, binge drinking, substance use disorders, or number of delinquent peers between the two groups. Limitations of the study included a small sample size of those who moved out of the area.
An Epidemiological Investigation of Age-Related Determinants of Anxiety and M...Wally Wah Lap Cheung
This study used data from the CAMH Monitor survey conducted between 2001-2009 to examine the prevalence and predictors of anxiety and mood disorders (AMD) across three age groups (18-30 years old, 31-54 years old, and 55+ years old) in Ontario, Canada. The study found that the prevalence of AMD was highest in the youngest age group (10.8%) and lowest in the oldest age group (6.5%). Logistic regression analysis showed that for the youngest group, being female, never married, lower income, and poor physical/mental health increased odds of AMD. For the middle-aged and older groups, the same factors as well as cannabis and alcohol problems increased odds of AMD. The study suggests
The document discusses the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign run by the Office of National Drug Control Policy from 1998-2006. It provides the following key details:
- A 2002 study found that teenagers exposed to anti-drug ads were no less likely to use drugs and some girls reported being more likely to try drugs.
- A 2005 study found the $1.4 billion campaign aimed at discouraging marijuana use did not work and was associated with weaker anti-drug attitudes and perceptions that others used marijuana.
- Exposure to the ads was associated with increased marijuana use and decreased anti-drug attitudes and norms, showing a "boomerang effect" where the ads increased marijuana use.
Similar to Does Cannabis Use Cause Psychological Disorders (20)
1. Does Cannabis Use Cause Psychological Disorders?Ray GoodsellMarch 22, 2011Advanced General Psychology PSY492Katina ClarkeArgosy University
2. Abstract Marijuana use usually begins during adolescence. The portrayal of marijuana being a harmless recreational drug by some in society is cause for concern. It is time to share what researchers have discovered about marijuana’s effects with the general population. The question ‘Does cannabis use cause psychosis?’ is one that many researchers have pondered for some time. Nine of ten articles chosen for review relate specifically to cannabis use. The Multiple Opportunities to Reach Excellence (MORE) Project study is the exception. It was designed to better understand the impact of children’s chronic exposure to community violence on their emotional behavior, substance use, and academics.
3. Discussion The first article Predictors of Treatment Contact Among Individuals with Cannabis Dependence mentioned the fact of cannabis being the number one illicit drug used in America ( Agosti & Levin, 2004). They used information from the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) database in 2004. Data showed that 4% of the population had cannabis dependence and among those individuals they also have high rates of comorbid substance use disorders and depression. Many cannabis users also have alcohol addiction. Persons with cannabis dependence were more likely to seek professional help if they previously sought treatment having two substance dependencies (cannabis and alcohol) and having depression. Due to the small sample population it is difficult to conclude this is always the case (Agosti & Levin, 2004).
4. Community Violence and Youth: Affect, Behavior, Substance Use andAcademics, the second article reviewed, not because of cannabis use butbecause the study involved 8- to 12-year-old students who attended six urban public elementary schools located in Baltimore, Maryland who were influenced by community violence (Cooly-Strickland, et al., 2009). The Multiple Opportunities to Reach Excellence (MORE) Project study was designed to better understand the impact of children’s chronic exposure to community violence on their emotional behavioral, substance use, and academic functioning. The researchers used the Children’s Report of Exposure to Violence (CREV; Cooley et al. 1995) a widely used self-report questionnaire developed to assess children’ lifetime exposure to community violence. Almost one-quarter (22.9%) of the 11- and 12-year olds reported having smoked tobacco and 17.1% reported drinking alcohol at least sometimes to help them ‘‘cope” (Cooly-Strickland, et al., 2009).
5. The study does not mention the use of cannabis but provides a degree of evidence that stress plays a factor in contributing to substance use. The article Cannabis Use and Later Life Outcomes examined the associations between the extent of cannabis use during adolescence and young adulthood and later education, economic, employment, relationship satisfaction and life satisfaction outcomes (Ferguson & Boden, 2008). The accumulation of data over a 25-year period made this article interesting. The conclusion the authors came up with and I agree with is that cannabis use is associated with depression. The problem with this study and others like it is that questionnaires are used. We must rely on people telling the truth when answering the questions.
6. Wayne Hall’s article titled Cannabis Use and the Mental Health of Young People used data collected from leading electronic databases such as PubMed and incorporated the information from longitudinal studies of representative samples of adolescents and young adults conducted in developed societies over the past 20 years. He concluded that cannabis is a drug of dependence. Risks increase with decreasing age of initiation. Cannabis dependence in young people predicts increased risks of using other illicit drugs, under performing in school and reporting psychotic symptoms. Evidence is growing that cannabis is a contributor of psychotic symptoms. Hall and I believe we as a society face major challenges in communicating with young people about the most probable risks of cannabis use: dependence, educational underachievement and psychosis (Hall, 2006).
7. Associations Between Psychopathic Traits and Mental Disorders Among Adolescents with Substance Use Problemswas based on a study that examined the association between psychopathic traits and mental disorders and to study associations between psychopathic traits and familial problems across gender. The study used 180 adolescents seeking help at a substance abuse treatment clinic: 99 girls, 81boys and their parents, (165 mothers, 90 fathers) were studied. It suggests that different dimensions of psychopathy predisposed substance use for girls and for boys, and that oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is particularly important in the expression of psychopathic traits among girls (Hemphala & Tengstrom, 2010).
8. A Longitudinal Study of Cannabis Use and Mental Health from Adolescence to Early Adulthoodstudied the longitudinal association between cannabis use and mental health. It used data concerning cannabis use and mental health from 15 to 21 years of available information. Data was acquired from large sample of individuals as part of a longitudinal study from childhood to adulthood. Participants were enrolled in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study, a research program on the health, development and behavior of a large group of New Zealanders born between April 1972 and March 1973.
9. Cannabis use and identification of mental disorder was based upon self-reporting in a standard diagnostic interview. The findings suggested that the primary causal direction leads from mental disorder to cannabis use among adolescents and the reverse in early adulthood. Both alcohol use and cigarette smoking had independent associations with later mental health disorder (McGee, Williams, Poulton & Moffitt, 2000).
10. Trajectories of Adolescent Alcohol and Cannabis Use into Young Adulthoodbased on a study conducted in New Zealand, studied trajectories of adolescent cannabis or alcohol use and compared the respective consequences in young adulthood. The design was a 10-year eight-wave cohort study of a state- wide community sample of 1943 Victoria, New Zealand adolescents initially aged 14–15 years. Moderate- and high-risk alcohol use was defined according to total weekly alcohol consumption. Moderate- and high-risk cannabis use were defined as weekly and daily use, respectively.
11. The article mentions how both alcohol and cannabis carry health risks and that both are commonly initiated in adolescence. The study found that around 90% of young adults used either alcohol or cannabis. There was a tendency for heavy users to use one substance predominantly at any one time. Selective heavy cannabis use in both adolescence and young adulthood was associated with greater illicit substance use and poorer social outcomes in young adulthood than selective alcohol use. One in five young adults used either alcohol or cannabis at a high- risk level. Heavier teenage cannabis users tend to continue selectively with cannabis use. Considering their poor young adult outcomes, regular adolescent cannabis users appear to be on a problematic trajectory (Patton et al., 2007).
12. The article Does Cannabis Use Lead to Depression and Suicidal Behaviors? examined relationships between cannabis use and later depression, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in a cohort of young Norwegians. Data were gathered through the Young in Norway longitudinal study, in which a population-based sample of 2,033 Norwegians were followed up over a 13-year period, from their early teens to their late twenties. The study asked what if any relationship existed between exposure to cannabis use; and depression, suicide ideation and suicide attempts. In addition, information about possible confounding factors was included. In early adolescence, no associations with later depression or suicidal behaviors were observed. In samples of subjects in their twenties, highly significant associations with suicide ideation and suicide attempts were observed. The findings suggest that exposure to cannabis by itself does not lead to depression but that it may be associated with later suicidal thoughts and attempts (Pederson, 2008).
13. Exposure to Terrorism and Israeli Youths Cigarette, Alcohol, and Cannabis Use was an interesting article. It used anonymous self-administered questionnaires given to a random sample of 960 10th and 11th grade students (51.6% boys, 48.4% girls). Close physical exposure to acts of terrorism predicted higher levels of alcohol consumption (including binge drinking among drinkers) and cannabis use. Negative consequences of terrorism exposure among adolescents included substance abuse (Schiff, Zweig, Benbenishty & Hasin, 2007).
14. Anxiety and Mood Disorders and Cannabis Usestudied the relationship between cannabis use and Anxiety Mood Disorder (AMD). The study used data from14,531 telephone interviews between 2001 and 2006. The information came from cross-section population of adults throughout Ontario, Canada. AMD was assessed with the 12-item version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12). Researchers observed that the heaviest cannabis users, defined as users who reported using cannabis almost every day or more often, were twice as likely to report an AMD as abstainers.
15. The study found a strong relationship between AMD and light and heavy cannabis use, but not moderate use. There were significant differences in AMD by gender, age group, education, and income. Women reported higher prevalence rates of AMD than men. The prevalence of AMD was highest for the age group 30–39, and lowest for the oldest group. Respondents who had not completed high school reported the highest prevalence of AMD in comparison to those with higher levels of education. Levels of AMD were highest in those in the lowest income and declined as income increased. Alcohol problems were found to be significantly associated with AMD. Levels of AMD were highest in heavy cannabis users who used cannabis almost every day or more compared to those who reported never having used cannabis (Cheung, Mann, Ialomiteanu, Stoduto, Ala-Leppilampi & Rehm, 2010).
16. Conclusion There is strong evidence of cannabis use being a gateway drug and that it also has a relationship to psychotic disorders and depression. More questions arise than answered though. Evidence indicates a link between cannabis use and other substances. It is not certain whether cannabis is the cause of psychosis or if the disorder is a determining factor for using cannabis or other substances. More research is necessary. Isolating studies on individuals in specific demographic populations could provide information based on the relationship of cannabis and psychosis. Alcoholism and other addictions combined with depression are common with cannabis use. People experiencing comorbidity are more willing to seek treatment but not for cannabis addiction alone.
17. Is cannabis more addicting, is it a more psychotic drug to one gender than the other? These are questions for future research to discover. We as a society face major challenges in communicating with young people about the most probable risks of cannabis use: dependence, educational underachievement and psychosis. If we can prove cannabis is a factor in developing psychosis then it may be possible to sway public opinion against its use.
18. References Agosti, V., & Levin, F. R. (2004). Predictors of Treatment Contact Among Individuals with Cannabis Dependence. American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, 30(1), 121-127. doi:10.1081/ADA-120029869 Cheung, J. W., Mann, R. E., Ialomiteanu, A., Stoduto, G., Chan, V., Ala-Leppilampi, K., & Rehm, J. (2010). Anxiety and Mood Disorders and Cannabis Use. American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, 36(2), 118-122. doi:10.3109/00952991003713784 Cooley-Strickland, M., Quille, T. J., Griffin, R. S., Stuart, E. A., Bradshaw, C. P., & Furr-Holden, D. (2009). Community Violence and Youth: Affect, Behavior, Substance Use, and Academics. Clinical Child & Family Psychology Review, 12(2), 127-156. doi:10.1007/s10567-009-0051-6
19. Fergusson, D. M., & Boden, J. M. (2008). Cannabis use and later life outcomes. Addiction, 103(6), 969-976. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02221.x Hall, W. D. (2006). Cannabis use and the mental health of young people. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40(2), 105-113. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1614.2006.01756.x Hemphälä, M., & Tengström, A. (2010). Associations between psychopathic traits and mental disorders among adolescents with substance use problems. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49(1), 109-122. Retrieved March 1, 2011 from EBSCOhost.
20. McGee, R., Williams, S., Poulton, R., & Moffitt, T. (2000). A longitudinal study of cannabis use and mental health from adolescence to early adulthood. Addiction, 95(4), 491-503. doi:10.1080/09652140031450 Patton, G. C., Coffey, C., Lynskey, M. T., Reid, S., Hemphill, S., Carlin, J. B., & Hall, W. (2007). Trajectories of adolescent alcohol and cannabis use into young adulthood. Addiction, 102(4), 607-615. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01728.x
21. Pedersen, W. W. (2008). Does cannabis use lead to depression and suicidal behaviours? A population-based longitudinal study. ActaPsychiatricaScandinavica, 118(5), 395-403. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01259.x Schiff, M., Zweig, H. H., Benbenishty, R., & Hasin, D. S. (2007). Exposure to terrorism and israeli youths' cigarette, alcohol, and cannabis use. American Journal of Public Health, 97(10), 1852. Retrieved March 1, 2011 from http://search.proquest.com/docview/215089336?accountid=34899
Editor's Notes
Does the use of cannabis cause psychological disorders? There is evidence from research that it may be a contributing factor. It is not a surprise that substance use usually begins during adolescence. Curiosity combined with peer pressure play a huge role for a young person to experiment.
Information is from The National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) database in 2004. Individuals with cannabis dependence have high rates of comorbid substance use disorders and depression.The NCS was based on a national probability sample of individuals 15 to 54 years of age in the noninstitutionalized population of The United States.Two main findings of study were persons with cannabis dependence were more likely to contact a professional if they previously sought treatment having two substance dependencies (cannabis and alcohol) and having depression increased motivation to seek professional help (Agosti & Levin, 2004).Alcohol and other substance dependence and depression are common with cannabis use and people are more willing to seek treatment for alcoholism or depression but not for cannabis addiction alone.
Cannabis use is not mentioned. The interesting aspect of this article is the evidence from self-report questionnaire.Almost one-quarter (22.9%) of the 11- and 12-year olds reported having smoked tobacco and 17.1% reported drinking alcohol at least sometimes to help them ‘‘cope” (Cooly-Strickland, et al., 2009).
The fact that data taken over a 25-year period gives this some credibility. The study indicates that heavy use of cannabis is associated with depression. This could be from using cannabis or other contributing factors are possible. The fact that low self-esteem seems to be associated with cannabis use makes the findings of this article interesting. Further studies may link cannabis use as a factor in contributing to psychosis. A major drawback of this and other questionnaires is the simple fact that not all participants tell the truth to all the questions.
This study concludes that cannabis is a drug of dependence. It is especially so when initiated at a younger age. The study associates scholastic underachievement and psychosis with the drug related dependence.
This study did not give me what I needed and looking for. It did not present any strong evidence for an association between substance use and metal disorders. It does give evidence that substances do affect boys and girls differently. This is another area of study that could be conducted. Since evidence has shown alcohol and other substances affect females differently from males, how does cannabis affect each gender? Is it more addicting to one than the other? Is cannabis a more psychotic drug to one than the other?
This study does offer some evidence that cannabis use can contribute to mental illness in early adulthood but not in adolescence. Though it does not absolutely confirm my beliefs the evidence it accumulated does support the hypothesis. The weakness is in the fact that it used data from a self-reporting questionnaire without any medical or mental health statistics to back it up.
This study shows there is a tendency for adolescent heavy cannabis users to stay with cannabis over alcohol and they were more inclined to try other illicit substances. They also showed to have poorer social outcomes. Limitations are due to accuracy of self-reporting on questionnaires. It does not support the hypothesis except for the fact that the study believed but could not confirm that heavy cannabis use may lead to future consequences. It did not specify what those consequences could be(Patton et al., 2007).
The poor outcomes of regular adolescent cannabis users provide a strong rationale for prevention and early intervention (Patton et al., 2007).
The study was conducted throughout Norway. It had the permission of the Ministry of Education. It was a performed as a self-administered survey. It found that cannabis exposure alone does not lead to depression but it may be associated with thoughts and attempts of suicide. The information from this study is rather weak. The lack of consequences of cannabis use in adolescence may be due to low statistical power, as the prevalence rates of cannabis use and suicidal behaviors were low. The cannabis exposure variable was crude, with few measurement points. Even with a large number of control variables, important confounders may have been omitted (Pederson, 2008).
Given the risks for later problems from early-onset substance abuse, the consequences of terrorism exposure among adolescents merit greater research and clinical attention. The study also compared U.S. adults who experienced trauma in early life to the young Israelis facing war and terrorism. Many types of traumatic events (e.g.. car crashes) are related to risk-taking traits that also predispose one to substance abuse. The study had limitations. First, the sample was not nationally representative. Second pre-exposure to substance use could have exacerbated reactions to terrorism exposure, or that PTSS or depression somehow caused greater reports of exposure. Longitudinal studies of terrorism- exposed participants in which substance use and psychopathology were assessed prior to the attacks would be needed to address this issue. (Schiff, Zweig, Benbenishty & Hasin, 2007).
We must keep in mind data is limited. Data used are from a self-report survey. The data cannot be assumed to reflect causal relationships. More research is needed. Research to characterize the two groups of cannabis users with AMD is necessary, as are studies to determine what causal pathways may be involved. It will also be important to determine if, among the infrequent user group, there may be a large number of former heavy users who may be reducing or restricting use because of health considerations (Cheung, Mann, Ialomiteanu, Stoduto, Ala-Leppilampi & Rehm, 2010). The article is not in disagreement with the hypothesis, it simply cannot be fully validated either because of insignificant medical and mental health statistics to confirm the self reported information.
Based on all the information found in the articles, the evidence of chronic heavy use of cannabis points to a strong relationship between dependence and psychotic disorders. Depression seems to be more prevalent. There is also a link to alcohol and other drugs. It is not certain whether cannabis is the cause of psychosis or if the disorder is a determining factor for using cannabis or other substances. More research is necessary. Isolating studies on individuals in specific demographic populations could provide information based on the relationship of cannabis and psychosis.