This study assessed externalizing behaviors in children prenatally exposed to methamphetamine (PME), compared to children with ADHD. Parents completed behavior ratings of 113 PME children and 113 children with ADHD. PME children showed significantly higher ratings of hyperactivity, aggression, conduct problems, and overall behavioral difficulties than children with ADHD. These differences remained even after controlling for prenatal alcohol exposure. The findings suggest prenatal methamphetamine exposure negatively impacts emotional regulation and behavioral control, independent of other substance exposures.
Childhood Maltreatment and PTSD Literature Review and Proposed StudyAlexandraPerkins5
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This literature and proposed study explores several research articles relating to childhood maltreatment and PTSD. The second section proposes a hypothetical study to further explore a gap identified in the literature review.
Childhood Maltreatment and PTSD Literature Review and Proposed StudyAlexandraPerkins5
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This literature and proposed study explores several research articles relating to childhood maltreatment and PTSD. The second section proposes a hypothetical study to further explore a gap identified in the literature review.
Two studies published yesterday point to predictors of teens using drugs. Researchers in one study found that teens who used opioids when they were not prescribed for medical reasons were more likely to later use heroin. Of the nearly 3,300 high schoolers who were included in the study, those who previously used opioids were about 11% more likely to use heroin, while those who currently used opioids were about 13% more likely to use heroin.
Another study found that there was no increase in teenagers using marijuana if they lived in a state that had laws legalizing the drug. In fact, in states with recreational marijuana laws, the odds of teen marijuana use were about 10% less following legalization.
Parent-infant interactions in families with women diagnosed with postnatal depression: a longitudinal study on the effects of a psychodynamic treatment
This article applies a critical flaw analysis to psychiatric drugs for children and concludes the evidence does not support drugs as a first line choice.
Intrauterine alcohol exposure and offspring mental health: A systematic reviewBARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
Â
2
Abstract
Background: High levels of alcohol use in pregnancy have been shown to be associated with negative physical health consequences in offspring. However, the literature is less clear
on the association of alcohol use in pregnancy and offspring mental health disorders. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate studies examining this association.
Methods: Studies were identified by searching PsycINFO, PubMed and Web of Science, and were included if they examined alcohol use during pregnancy as an exposure and
offspring mental health at age 3 or older as an outcome. We excluded non-English language publications, and studies of foetal alcohol syndrome.
Results: Thirty-three studies were included and were categorised by mental health outcomes: anxiety/depression, emotional problems, total internalising problems, total
problem score, and conduct disorder. Over half of the analyses reported a positive association of intrauterine alcohol exposure and negative offspring mental health outcomes.
Conclusions: Our review suggests that maternal alcohol use during pregnancy is associated with negative offspring mental health outcomes, even at low to moderate levels of alcohol use. Future investigation using methods that allow stronger causal inference are needed to further investigate if these associations shown are causal.
Two studies published yesterday point to predictors of teens using drugs. Researchers in one study found that teens who used opioids when they were not prescribed for medical reasons were more likely to later use heroin. Of the nearly 3,300 high schoolers who were included in the study, those who previously used opioids were about 11% more likely to use heroin, while those who currently used opioids were about 13% more likely to use heroin.
Another study found that there was no increase in teenagers using marijuana if they lived in a state that had laws legalizing the drug. In fact, in states with recreational marijuana laws, the odds of teen marijuana use were about 10% less following legalization.
Parent-infant interactions in families with women diagnosed with postnatal depression: a longitudinal study on the effects of a psychodynamic treatment
This article applies a critical flaw analysis to psychiatric drugs for children and concludes the evidence does not support drugs as a first line choice.
Intrauterine alcohol exposure and offspring mental health: A systematic reviewBARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
Â
2
Abstract
Background: High levels of alcohol use in pregnancy have been shown to be associated with negative physical health consequences in offspring. However, the literature is less clear
on the association of alcohol use in pregnancy and offspring mental health disorders. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate studies examining this association.
Methods: Studies were identified by searching PsycINFO, PubMed and Web of Science, and were included if they examined alcohol use during pregnancy as an exposure and
offspring mental health at age 3 or older as an outcome. We excluded non-English language publications, and studies of foetal alcohol syndrome.
Results: Thirty-three studies were included and were categorised by mental health outcomes: anxiety/depression, emotional problems, total internalising problems, total
problem score, and conduct disorder. Over half of the analyses reported a positive association of intrauterine alcohol exposure and negative offspring mental health outcomes.
Conclusions: Our review suggests that maternal alcohol use during pregnancy is associated with negative offspring mental health outcomes, even at low to moderate levels of alcohol use. Future investigation using methods that allow stronger causal inference are needed to further investigate if these associations shown are causal.
Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd)Joy Maria Mitchell
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder. ADHD is the commonly studied and
diagnosed as psychiatric disorder. Here we shall see the relation between extraversion and ADHD, neuroticism,
biological relation, Environmental factors and with diagnosis of ADHD. It is known that Genetics is one of the factors
that may contribute to, or exacerbate ADHD. Recent research probing towards the environmental and Genetic factors
causing ADHD differences is the main source for investigation
Application of Applied Behavior Analysis to Mental Health Issu.docxarmitageclaire49
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Application of Applied Behavior Analysis to Mental Health Issues
Mark T. Harvey
Florida Institute of Technology
James K. Luiselli
The May Institute, Inc.
Stephen E. Wong
Florida International University
The theoretical and conceptual basis for behavior analysis emerged from the fields of
experimental psychology, physiology, and philosophy, effectively melding theory with
scientific rigor. Behavior analysis has since expanded from controlled laboratories into
applied settings, including hospitals, clinics, schools, family homes, and communities.
Much of the early research in applied behavior analysis (ABA) included participants
with mental health disorders and developmental disabilities. ABA research for persons
with developmental disabilities is vibrant and expansive; however, there is a paucity of
recent research in behavior analytic assessment and treatment for persons with mental
health diagnoses. This article describes how ABA technology can advance mental
health services for children and adults utilizing a multidisciplinary approach to link
professionals from psychology, psychiatry, and other associated disciplines to optimize
patient outcomes. Discussion focuses on historic applications of behavior analysis,
opportunities, and barriers in the mental health field, and ways in which ABA can
contribute to a multidisciplinary treatment approach.
Keywords: applied behavior analysis, functional behavior assessment, functional analysis, con-
tingency management, acceptance and commitment therapy
The etiology of mental illness is believed to
be a complex interaction between genetics,
physiology, neurobiology, and environmental
factors that lead to psychological, physiologi-
cal, and/or behavioral changes. When these de-
viations differ significantly from societal norms
and interfere with oneâs ability to function in
daily life, the person may be diagnosed with a
mental disorder (American Psychiatric Associ-
ation, 2000). Often a licensed physician, psy-
chiatrist, or psychologist assesses an individual,
diagnoses a mental disorder, and then desig-
nates a treatment plan for that individual. Al-
though an interdisciplinary approach, wherein
representatives from various disciplines such as
medicine, psychiatry, clinical psychology, neu-
roscience, education, social work, and behavior
analysis convene to devise a treatment plan
would be preferable, the logistics and resources
required limit this practice to select clinical
facilities. We posit that behavior analysis,
which includes refined techniques for teaching
and motivating adaptive behavior, should be an
integral part of a multidisciplinary approach to
mental health services. Combining technologies
derived from behavior analysis and other disci-
plines could broaden our understanding of men-
tal disorders, expand the range of available in-
terventions, and improve therapeutic outcomes
and client satisfaction.
This article briefly examines early applied be-
havior analysis (ABA) resear.
Capstone ProjectPSYC 6393Components of CapstoneI.docxjasoninnes20
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Capstone Project
PSYC 6393
Components of CapstoneIntroduction Problem StatementIntegrated Literature ReviewCritical AnalysisProblem ResolutionConclusionReferences
IntroductionThe purpose of the introduction is the introduce the identified problem/issue and why you chose this specific topic. In 1-2 paragraph provide specific details about the nature of the problem and your rationale (why this problem is important to you).
Problem Statement
The problem statement describes the identified problem/issue in more detail. Please see the Problem Statement Template for more discussion and examples of a problem statement. The problem statement should be 1-2 pages in length.
Integrated LiteratureThe literature will involve a detailed summary and critique of at least 4 relevant sources related to the problem/issue. The literature review should be between 3-5 pages. Please review the readings for guidance on completing an integrated literature review.
Critical Analysis NarrativeIn this section you will critically analyze the problem/issue using the sources collected in week 4. Please review the Critical Analysis Template for step-by-step instructions on completing this section. The critical analysis narrative should be 3-5 pages in length.
Problem ResolutionUsing the steps outlined in the Problem Solving Template, develop one solution to the problem/issue. Describe the solution in detail including the costs and benefits, and the challenges and barriers to implementing this solution. The problem resolution should be 2-3 pages in length.
ConclusionsEnd the Capstone with a 1 page narrative of your final thoughts about the problem and generated solution. Also include your reaction to the project and what you have learned about yourself in completing the project.
References and Form and StyleBe sure that your references are in APA format.Make sure that your capstone is double spaced in 12 pt font.Be sure the do spell check and grammar check.
Running head: Critical Analysis II 1
Critical Analysis II 8Critical Analysis II: Comorbidity an Its Connection to Substance Abuse, Treatment, and Relapse
Paula King
Walden University
Capstone
Dr. Jane Lyons
July 14, 2019
Critical Analysis II:
Environmental influences are among the causes of drug abuse and mental illnesses identified in my week six assignment. The external environment surrounding a person plays a critical role in shaping a person's behavior. Also, the impact of the environmental influences is far reaching as it may also dictate the mental health of a person. Early childhood exposure to stress and trauma may lead the child to experience mental illnesses in the future. According to the social learning theory which suggests that people learn from each other, a person adopts behaviors from the people around him or her through imitation, observation, and modeling (Rotter, Chance & Phares, 2012). With most of the human behavior being learned from observing others, an ide ...
Comparison of Executive Functions in Addicted Young People who Referred to Ad...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
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Background and aim of the study: The present study compares the executive functions between pre-university male students and young addicted people who referred to addiction treatment camps.Method: The study is a causal-comparative study. The sample of study consisted of two groups of 25 male students and young addicted people who referred to addiction treatment camps of Ardebill city in 2014-2015, with coordination of sex, education and public health factors. Data was collected through researcher general health questionnaire for primary screening, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Stroop Color Word Test and the Wechsler Digit Span subscale. Data were analyzed by multivariate variance analysis. Findings of the study: data analysis indicated that there is a significant difference between the executive functions of young addicted people who are in addiction treatment camps and healthy students.Conclusion: According to the gathered results, itâs likely that in addicts young, existence of neuropsychological anomalies such as weakness in executive function of response inhibition, Set shifting and updating of working memory, resulting in their weak performance compared to normal peers in the executive functions.
Running Head Critique 1Critique2CritiqueAma.docxjoellemurphey
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Running Head: Critique 1
Critique 2
Critique
Amanda Kroeger
PSY 326
Prof. Luker
June 30, 2014
Critique
The purpose regarding this paper is to discuss the health and social challenges as a result of drug addiction globally. Particularly it brings to the attention of the reader the complexities that arise with the combined forces by diverse organizations, families, governments, and individuals in striving to counteract the abuse of drugs within traditional families whereby jeopardizing significant social virtues and values creating room for deviant behavior such as crime. The study at hand, âFamilial Risk Factors Favoring Drug Addiction Onsetâ by Zimi & Jukic aim at the identification of the familial factors that favor the onset of drug addiction in the community. The paper further evaluates and critiques the various scholarly articles on drug addiction and their effects socially, economically, and culturally.
From this studyâs 146 addicts and around 134 fundamental subjects, the authors discovered that âthe families the addicts were born into, familial risk factors capable of inďŹuencing their psychosocial progress and favoring drug addiction onset had been statistically more encountered during childhood and youth as compared to the controlsâ (Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2012). In addition, the outcomes from the study indicate the need to research further into three sections namely the structure of the drug addict families, familial interrelations of the families from which the drug addicts come from and the importance of implementing family-based approaches to address prevention and therapy for drug addiction. The hypothesis of the study is the effect of poor inter-parental relations on the psychological development of children. This showed that conflicts in marriages have were linked to the childâs social adjustment, incapacity, and harsh upbringing regiment which in turn results in risky behavior patterns including substance abuse (Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2012)]. It is from this understanding that Zimi ´ and Jukicâs study tries to investigate the familial factors in favor of drug addiction onset by putting into consideration social, developmental, and interaction elements as the determinants of family relations and familial features associated with drug addicts thus, causing children to turn to drug abuse.
In analyzing both the study at hand, that is, âFamilial Risk Factors Favoring Drug Addiction Onsetâ and various articles from the bibliography such as Development: Which Way Now?, Personal Savings and Anticipated Inflation, Assessment and management of pain in infants, The capability of psychodynamic treatment and cognitive behavior therapy in the nursing of personality disorders: A meta-analysis, Macro dynamics, Regime Switching and Financial Stress: Hypothesis and Empirics for the US, the EU and Non-EU Countries, and Hunger, Human Development, and Health in Canada: Research, Practice, and ...
O R I G I N A L P A P E RSelf-Reported Depressive Symptoms.docxhopeaustin33688
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O R I G I N A L P A P E R
Self-Reported Depressive Symptoms Have Minimal Effect
on Executive Functioning Performance in Children
and Adolescents
Benjamin D. Hill ⢠Danielle M. Ploetz â˘
Judith R. OâJile ⢠Mary Bodzy ⢠Karen A. Holler â˘
Martin L. Rohling
Published online: 9 May 2012
ďż˝ Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
Abstract The relation between mood and executive
functioning in children and adolescents has not been previ-
ously reported. This study examined the association between
self-reported depressive symptoms in both clinical outpa-
tient and psychiatric inpatient samples to the following
measures of executive functioning: the Controlled Oral
Word Association Test, Animal Naming, Trail Making Test,
and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Records from children and
adolescents aged 7â17 years old with an IQ [ 70 were
examined. Data were gathered at either an outpatient neu-
ropsychology clinic (n = 89) or an inpatient psychiatric
hospital setting (n = 81). Mood was measured with the
Childrenâs Depression Inventory. Generally, statistical
associations between self-reported depressive symptoms and
executive functioning were small and non-significant. The
variance predicted by mood on measures of executive
functioning was minimal (generally less than 2 %) for the
total sample, the outpatient group, inpatient group, and a
subgroup who endorsed elevated mood symptoms. These
results suggest that impaired performance on measures of
executive functioning in children and adolescents is mini-
mally related to self-reported depressive symptoms.
Keywords Executive functioning ďż˝ Mood ďż˝ Depression ďż˝
Cognitive ability ďż˝ Neuropsychological assessment
Introduction
There is a long standing debate that has generated a con-
siderable amount of research in adults concerning the
relationship between levels of emotional disturbance and
their effects on performance on standard neuropsycholog-
ical tests. It appears that when the literature is taken as a
whole, adults diagnosed with psychiatric disorders tend to
perform worse than individuals without diagnoses (Basso
and Bornstein 1999; Cassens et al. 1990; Kindermann and
Brown 1997; Sackeim et al. 1992; Sherman et al. 2000;
Sweet et al. 1992; Tancer et al. 1990; Veiel 1997).
Depression, the most common mood disorder, is generally
associated with dysfunctional memory performance in the
adult literature (Burt et al. 1995; Christensen et al. 1997).
However, adult studies have shown conflicting patterns of
results across other neuropsychological domains. Some
researchers have reported depression to also be associated
with executive dysfunction (McDermott and Ebmeier
2009; Reppermund et al. 2007; Merriam et al. 1999; Martin
et al. 1991). However, others studies have reported no
effect of depression on executive functioning (Castaneda
et al. 2008; Miller et al. 1991; Rohling et al. 2002, Markela-
Lerenc et al. 2006).
While many different adult populations have been
.
Running head UNTREATED ADHD CAN INCREASE CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR 1.docxtodd521
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Running head: UNTREATED ADHD CAN INCREASE CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR 1
UNTREATED ADHD CAN INCREASE CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR 9
Untreated ADHD can increase Criminal Behavior
Jailya Wooden
Walden University
April 4, 2020
Introduction
The treatment of ADHD and the approaches to be employed are reliant on several factors including the age of the individuals suffering the disease, whether to be employed with other approaches and the comorbidities present. ADHD is a major issue in public health and can have negative effects on the families of the patient and society as a whole. As such, understanding the underlying factors of ADHD, its diagnosis and treatment approaches is crucial to how well the condition will be dealt with in the future. This paper looks into six research articles as part of the Capstone project and their studies of ADHD related subjects.
Articles Synthesis
According to LĂźcke et al., 2017, CBT or cognitive behavioral therapy is characterized as the standard type of psychotherapy administered in adults suffering ADHD. The article recognizes that biological factors including chronic negative feedback during childhood can play a role in the characterization of ADHD as a developmental disorder and these cannot be addressed substantially using CBT. The article looks into schema therapy which has recently become popular for use as a therapy approach when it comes to chronic psychiatric disorders due to its effectiveness. The therapy is centered on the targeting and identification of beliefs and dysfunctional patterns that are formed from experiences during childhood and encapsulated as early maladaptive schemas. The article also looks into studies that were used to demonstrate the increased prevalence of these schemas in ADHD suffering adults. As such, it analyzes the effectiveness and utilization of schema therapy and its potential in utilizing maladaptive schemas to treat ADHD. The effectiveness of the approach is bolstered when there are the influence and existence of secondary problems including impaired self-perception and poor coping mechanisms (LĂźcke et al., 2017). The article also cites the importance of conducting controlled randomized clinical studies to support the adoption of the approach and the analysis of its effectiveness in treating attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD.
According to Pan et al., 2019, the article looks into a study that compares CBT alone to its combination with medication in terms of cognitive and social functions, self-esteem, emotional symptoms and core symptoms in patients suffering ADHD. The study provides proof that CBT is an effective approach when it comes to treating ADHD regardless of whether it is employed with medication or not. There were, however, broader improvements when CBT was employed with medication in executive function but not in clinical symptoms, as compared to the use of CBT alone. This would, therefore, provide a scientific basis for the clinical selection of tr.
CHAPTER NINEMedicating ChildrenThis chapter is divided into se.docxDinahShipman862
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CHAPTER NINE
Medicating Children
This chapter is divided into seven sections. Section One is an overview that discusses current trends in medicating children, problems the trends cause, and directions for the future. It also discusses developmental issues. Section Two focuses on stimulant medication and the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Section Three focuses on research on combined interventions and particularly the Multimodal Treatment Study (MTA study) of Children with ADHD. Section Four focuses on children taking mood stabilizers. Section Five focuses on antipsychotics and children. Sections Six and Seven focus on anxiolytics and antidepressants in children, respectively.
SECTION ONE: PERSPECTIVES, DILEMMAS, AND FUTURE PARADIGMS
Learning Objectives
â˘Â Understand the problematic increase in psychotropic medications for children despite a dearth of evidence of the effectiveness of these drugs.
â˘Â Have a general understanding of the impact of the FDA Modernization Act and the Best Pharmaceuticals Act for Children.
â˘Â Be able to state the âdevelopmental unknownsâ associated with giving kids psychotropic medications.
Thus far, we have explored the medical model and psychological, cultural, and social perspectives as they relate to psychopharmacology. In this chapter, we demonstrate that using psychotropic medications with children and adolescents raises particular problems and concerns from several perspectives. As discussed in Chapter Three, we frequently see explanations and justifications from the medical model perspective used to reduce childhood disorders to chemical and genetic problems, excluding crucial consideration of environmental traumas, developmental foreclosures, or life stressors.
We explore child and adolescent psychopharmacology primarily from the medical model perspective but complement this approach with information from the other perspectives (psychological, cultural, and social). We set the stage by exploring the current status of the treatment of children and adolescents with mental and emotional disorders. This chapter is structured differently from the others in this book. We begin by discussing the context from the social and cultural perspectives and the problems with prescribing psychotropic medications to children. Then we cover an introduction to stimulants used to treat symptoms of ADHD. Finally, we give the status of their current use since the last edition of the book if that is possible.
THE COMPLEX STATE OF THERAPY
Dr. Frank O'Dell, Professor Emeritus of Counseling in the College of Education and Human Services at Cleveland State University, has argued in all his lectures on counseling children and adolescents that the United States is an âanti-kidâ society (Personal Communication, 2001). By that he means fewer and fewer therapists and psychiatrists choose to treat or continue to work with children in counseling. To support his argument, O'Dell points out that resources for childre.
1Proposal Effectiveness of non-pharmacological in Compari.docxdurantheseldine
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1
Proposal: Effectiveness of non-pharmacological in Comparison to
Methylphenidate Stimulant Therapy
Barbara Maclure
9/18/2022
2
Effectiveness of non-pharmacological in Comparison to
Methylphenidate Stimulant Therapy
Introduction
Attentiveâdeficit hyperactivity is a psychological disorder that is well known, affecting
both children and adults. Some of the associated symptoms that are associated with ADHD include
inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and difficulty in focusing. It is reported that in the United
States, about 8.5% of children are affected by ADHD. In the treatment process, several ways have
been put into place. Despite the treatment, many studies reported that some treatment methods
have side effects. Therefore, knowing the method that least has the side effects is crucial. This
research proposal will play an essential role as it will identify whether non-pharmacological
intervention, behavioral therapy, and stimulant therapy have the same results in children aged 4 to
8.
Background of the study
Dr. George first identified ADHD when he was a pediatrician. He noted that his patients
had uncontrollable impulsive behavior. There was an introduction of the drug Benzedrine, which
was approved as it showed to improve ADHD symptoms in children. In 1950 there was the
introduction of Ritalin drugs which were used in ADHD treatment in both children and
adolescents. (Holland & Higuera (2017). The drug that is used in the treatment of ADHD to date is
Ritalin. Despite the doctors treating patients with ADHD symptoms from the 1930s, there was no
actual definition of ADHD. Still, it was given much attention in 1987 when the American
Psychiatric Association (APA) redefinition of the disorder.
3
By 2020, approximately 7.1 million young children aging between 2-17 years with ADHD
had been diagnosed. (Garbe (2018). Despite the prevalence of the disorder among children and
adolescents, ADHD is also present in adulthood. In most cases, this disorder is noted when the
child gets into the class and starts issues of failing to focus on the classroom. There are different
forms of ADHD which entails hyperactive/impulsive type, inattentive type, or a combination of the
two. There is a criterion that is customarily utilized in the treatment of ADHD. The parents and the
teacher are required to document the children's symptoms for a period of six months. Research
shows that ADHD is more common in males than women. One of the interventions utilized is
stimulant therapy, considered standard treatment for children after reaching an appropriate age.
The stimulus, for example, the medication, is said to have side effects which can be either mild or
severe. Some noticeable side effects include upset stomach, appetite change, heart abnormalities,
tics, and weight loss. Although the treated symbols are 70-80% treated, there can be the utilization
of.
Austin Public Health is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Public Health.
The journal aims to promote research communications and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances & happenings in all areas of Public Health. Austin Public Health accepts original research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of public health.
Austin Public Health strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
The effects of dysregulated dopamine levels on cognitive performance in young...Nikolaos Ziakas
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Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterised by different kinds of problems, such aspoor concentration, anti-social behaviour and drug abuse. The first symptoms start appearing in childhood. The majority of ADHD patients suffer from different types of disorders, such as anti-social personality, anxiety and mood disorders (Wilens& Spencer, 2010). ADHD is associated with the development of abnormal structures in the prefrontal cortex (Arnsten& Li, 2005).Moreover, there are differences instructures of brain between patients with ADHD and normal people.Neuroimaging studies have shown reduced white matter volumes and cortical thickness in patients with ADHD (Castellanos et al., 2002). In addition, another neurobiological factor, which contributes to the development of ADHD, is the levels of dopamine (Curatolo, D'Agati, &Moavero, 2010) and the levels of norepinephrine. The dysregulation of norepinephrine and dopamine levels can affect the function of prefrontal cortex.Furthermore, the size of corpus callosum (CC) is smaller in ADHD children (Luders et al., 2009).
PSY 211 Example Research Design WorksheetComplete each section o.docxpotmanandrea
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PSY 211 Example Research Design Worksheet
Complete each section of this worksheet. You will use this worksheet to inform the Research Design section of your final project submission.
Citation of Literature
Bechtold, J., Simpson, T., White, H. R., & Pardini, D. (2015). Chronic adolescent marijuana use as a risk factor for physical and mental health problems in young adult men. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 29(3), 552â563.
Gap Identification
Many studies look at the effects of marijuana use on prenatal development and possible physical and psychological effects throughout the life span, particularly in teenagers and young adults. Researchers have also studied the factors that influence marijuana use across different age groups and in various environments. Some states are legalizing recreational marijuana use, but there has not been much time to study how that influences marijuana use among people in different age groups from varying environmental and racial, ethnic, and cultural backgrounds (gap).
Research Question
Are adults who smoked marijuana recreationally during their teenage years more likely to continue recreational marijuana use in states where that use is legal?
Research Design
I would use a qualitative design for this study because I am looking at hard data (chosen design type and reason for choosing it. Note that this is an experimental design; however, your design may lend itself to descriptive or correlational). My independent variable is the legal status of marijuana. Marijuana use in adulthood is the dependent variable (independent and dependent variables). I would recruit participants from four statesâtwo where recreational marijuana use is legal and two where it is not legal at all for recreational or medicinal use. I would use Colorado and Washington as the two legal states and Idaho and Wyoming as the two illegal states. The studies in my chosen track focused on certain cities, so I chose the latter two states to ensure that all four choices are within roughly the same geographical region. I chose Idaho and Wyoming specifically because personal use possession is not decriminalized in those states and is a misdemeanor rather than a felony (choosing study population).
Previous and current marijuana use would be self-reported via questionnaires. I would use both male and female participants for this study, as the studies in my research track focused on males, which I see as a potential bias (identification and addressing of potential bias). I would like to see if there are gender-related differences. I would administer an initial screening assessment asking about frequency of marijuana use prior to age 20 and the way in which participants viewed their use (sporadically/experimentally vs. regularly/recreationally). I would select those who use marijuana recreationally on a regular basis for the actual study. (Additional study details, which can be added as necessary. Your study may span a longer time period, for e ...
1. Introduction
Methamphetamine abuse is the fastest growing illicit drug problem
worldwide, and is reaching epidemic proportions (United Nations
Office on Drugs, and Crime 2013). In the United States,
approximately 5% of women ages 15-44 reported being exposed to
methamphetamine while pregnant (U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services, 2013). Although research on the
neurodevelopmental impact of prenatal methamphetamine exposure
(PME) is relatively limited, studies suggests that PME can impact
fetal growth and may potentially lead to a variety of developmental,
behavioral, and neurological differences (Nguyen et. al. 2010),
including elevated levels of neurobehavioral disinhibition (Abar et al.
2013), deficits in attention and concentration (Kiblawi et al., 2013),
reduced cognitive inhibition (Derauf et al., 2012), and externalizing
behaviors (LaGasse et al., 2012). Further, PME children have been
characterized as fitting a profile of neurobehavioral disinhibition
(ND), which is a set of co-occurring problems including deficits in
executive and cognitive functioning, emotional regulation, and
behavior control (Himes et al., 2014). Elaborating on the functional
impact of PME, as well as attempting to differentiate the
neurodevelopmental impact of PME from polysubstance exposure
may help guide practitioners and care-providers in developing
effective treatment strategies.
The purpose of the current study was to assess externalizing
behaviors in PME children while controlling for the potential impact
of polysubstance exposure to alcohol, a substance which is known
to impact neurodevelopment and behavioral regulation (Behnke &
Smith; 2013). Specifically, when compared to a control-sample of
ADHD children, we hypothesize that PME children will be rated as
experiencing elevated levels of externalizing behaviors as measured
by the BASC-2 parent-report measure. Further, these externalizing
behaviors are believed to remain consistent when controlling for
alcohol exposure in PME.
Method
Participants. Archival neuropsychological test data for 113 children
with caregiver-reported PME and 113 children of similar ages with
ADHD were used as a clinical and comparison sample, respectively.
Of the 113 PME children 67 were reported to have been exposed to
both methamphetamine and alcohol, while 46 were not reported to
have been exposed to methamphetamine but not alcohol during
gestation. The PME and ADHD samples did not significantly differ in
age, although there were a significantly higher number of males
within the ADHD sample. All subjects within the sample were
administered the BASC-2, a parent-report measure assessing social
and emotional functioning. Considering the aim of the study, the
primary variables analyzed were the BASC-2 externalizing problems
index and subsequent variables (including hyperactivity, aggression,
and conduct problems), and the overall Behavioral Symptom Index.
Measures.
Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2)
Statistical Procedures. Independent sample T-tests were runs
to analyze the differences between PME and ADHD samples, while a
one-way Anova was run to assess significant differences between
the ADHD, PME-only, and PME+alcohol exposure groups.
A Comparison of Externalizing Behaviors Between Children Prenatally
Exposed to Methamphetamine and Children with ADHD
Miranda Boote, Shane Donnell, Ryan Hick,
Kristin Hill, and Michael J. Brinker
Northwest Neurobehavioral Health, University of Idaho, & Boise State University
a
a
Conclusions
â˘Consistent with pervious research, results indicate that PME children
exhibit significantly elevated levels externalizing difficulties when
compared to ADHD peers, including elevated levels of aggression,
conduct behaviors, hyperactivity, and overall behavioral problems. The
elevated levels of hyperactivity found within this sample is especially
notable given that the normative base for this study is children who are
already predisposed towards potential difficulties within this area.
â˘Differences with conduct problems, externalizing behaviors, and overall
behavioral problems remained statistically significant when controlling for
prenatal alcohol exposure in PME children, suggesting that prenatal
exposure to methamphetamine may impact emotional regulation skills and
behavioral control independent of alcohol exposure.
â˘Non-alcohol exposed PME children also exhibited higher levels of
depressed affect (p < .01) when compared to ADHD peers, which may be
a secondary impact of the social and behavioral difficulties that their
disruptive behaviors are likely to produce.
â˘While PME children typically meet behavioral criteria for a diagnosis of
ADHD (approximately 70% of PME children within this sample received a
diagnosis of ADHD following a comprehensive neuropsychological
evaluation), they exhibit notably more externalized behavioral challenges
compared to ADHD peers. As such, the overall functional profile of PME
children may not be adequately by a diagnosis of ADHD.
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Results
Figure 1 illustrates the difference in BASC-2 variables between PME and
ADHD subjects; and Figure 2 illustrates differences in BASC-2 variables
between ADHD, PME+alcohol subjects, and PME-only subjects.
According to parent-report, PME children exhibited statistically
significantly elevated levels of Hyperactivity (effect size = .15, p=.03),
Aggression (effect size =.20, p<.01), Conduct Problems (effect size = .23,
p<.01), and Externalizing Problems (effect size = .52, p<.01), and had
significantly elevated Behavioral Symptom Index scores (effect size = .
245, p<.01) when compared to ADHD peers. When controlling for alcohol
exposure, one-way ANOVA indicated that differences between the PME-
no alcohol exposure and ADHD samples remained statistically significant
Conduct Problems (p < .01), Externalizing Problems (p = .03), and
Behavioral Symptom Index (p = .01), while Aggression (p = .063) was
approaching significance.
Figure 2: BASC-2 Externalizing Symptoms
PME no Alcohol v. PME+Alcohol v. ADHD
Figure 1: BASC-2 Externalizing Symptoms
PME v. ADHD