This document discusses biodiesel use, handling, and fuel quality. It begins with an introduction to biodiesel, noting its advantages over petroleum diesel such as being renewable, non-toxic, and reducing emissions. It then discusses the differences between biodiesel, ethanol, and straight vegetable oil. The rest of the document addresses blending biodiesel, storage considerations, potential issues like filter clogging and cold weather performance, fuel quality standards, and concludes with a case study.
This document discusses biodiesel use, handling, and fuel quality. It addresses questions farmers may have about using biodiesel in diesel engines. The key points are:
1) Biodiesel can be substituted for petroleum diesel in standard diesel engines, but has different chemical properties requiring different use and handling.
2) Issues that may arise include filter clogging from biodiesel's solvent properties, reduced power from lower energy content, and cold weather performance issues.
3) Proper blending, storage, and maintenance can help avoid potential problems and allow farmers to benefit from biodiesel's advantages like being renewable and reducing emissions.
This document provides an overview of a training course on biodiesel vehicle maintenance presented by the National Biodiesel Board. The learning objectives are to provide technical instruction on biodiesel's impact on vehicle maintenance, troubleshooting, and fuel filtration. Topics covered include the fuel system, lubrication oil, cold weather performance, and lower emissions with biodiesel. Biodiesel is noted to have similar properties to diesel, with benefits such as natural lubricity and lower sulfur levels.
This document provides an overview of a training course on biodiesel engine and fleet performance presented by the National Biodiesel Board. The objectives are to provide expert answers on biodiesel use, introduce diesel technician training resources, and discuss fleet experiences with biodiesel. Key topics covered include biodiesel properties, engine manufacturer positions on biodiesel blends, and technical guidance from a biodiesel evaluation team on ensuring proper fuel quality and maintenance practices when adopting biodiesel.
This document provides information on a training course titled "Biodiesel Fuel Quality & BQ-9000" presented by the National Biodiesel Board. The objectives of the course are to instruct attendees on diesel and biodiesel fuel properties, how these properties affect fuel quality and filtration, and details on the BQ-9000 biodiesel quality program. Key topics that will be covered include ASTM biodiesel specifications, critical fuel quality parameters and their importance, biodiesel's enhanced lubricity, and its performance in low temperature operation.
The document provides an overview of the National Biodiesel Board and biodiesel. It discusses that the NBB lobbies for and markets biodiesel in the US, funded by soybean farmers, grants, and biodiesel producers. The presentation aims to educate technicians about biodiesel production, quality standards, benefits including environmental and performance, and OEM support of biodiesel blends. It emphasizes that biodiesel must meet ASTM D6751 specifications and come from BQ-9000 certified suppliers to function properly in diesel engines.
Biodiesel is heavier than diesel fuel so it should be blended on top of petroleum diesel in the tank. Biodiesel also has a higher pour point so it may need to be heated before blending, especially in cold climates. Blends will not separate in the presence of water but water in tanks can cause other problems. Only use fuels meeting Canadian specifications and blend to ensure even distribution throughout storage tanks. Commercial additives can improve the cold weather properties of distillate fuels in biodiesel blends.
This document provides an overview of a technical training course on exhaust after-treatment and biodiesel. The course will cover changes in diesel engine emissions regulations, basics of diesel engine emissions and required hardware changes, methods of exhaust after-treatment, interactions between fuels and fuel systems, and resources. It will aim to provide industry experts to answer questions and introduce the National Biodiesel Board's diesel technician training program.
This document discusses the benefits of biodiesel fuel. It provides 10 key reasons why customers are using biodiesel, including that it is categorized as an advanced biofuel under the Renewable Fuel Standard, has significantly lower carbon emissions than petroleum diesel, has a high energy balance returning over 5 units of energy for every 1 unit used to produce it, and supports sustainability and energy security by providing a domestic fuel source. The document is intended to educate technicians and customers on the technical and environmental benefits of biodiesel.
This document discusses biodiesel use, handling, and fuel quality. It addresses questions farmers may have about using biodiesel in diesel engines. The key points are:
1) Biodiesel can be substituted for petroleum diesel in standard diesel engines, but has different chemical properties requiring different use and handling.
2) Issues that may arise include filter clogging from biodiesel's solvent properties, reduced power from lower energy content, and cold weather performance issues.
3) Proper blending, storage, and maintenance can help avoid potential problems and allow farmers to benefit from biodiesel's advantages like being renewable and reducing emissions.
This document provides an overview of a training course on biodiesel vehicle maintenance presented by the National Biodiesel Board. The learning objectives are to provide technical instruction on biodiesel's impact on vehicle maintenance, troubleshooting, and fuel filtration. Topics covered include the fuel system, lubrication oil, cold weather performance, and lower emissions with biodiesel. Biodiesel is noted to have similar properties to diesel, with benefits such as natural lubricity and lower sulfur levels.
This document provides an overview of a training course on biodiesel engine and fleet performance presented by the National Biodiesel Board. The objectives are to provide expert answers on biodiesel use, introduce diesel technician training resources, and discuss fleet experiences with biodiesel. Key topics covered include biodiesel properties, engine manufacturer positions on biodiesel blends, and technical guidance from a biodiesel evaluation team on ensuring proper fuel quality and maintenance practices when adopting biodiesel.
This document provides information on a training course titled "Biodiesel Fuel Quality & BQ-9000" presented by the National Biodiesel Board. The objectives of the course are to instruct attendees on diesel and biodiesel fuel properties, how these properties affect fuel quality and filtration, and details on the BQ-9000 biodiesel quality program. Key topics that will be covered include ASTM biodiesel specifications, critical fuel quality parameters and their importance, biodiesel's enhanced lubricity, and its performance in low temperature operation.
The document provides an overview of the National Biodiesel Board and biodiesel. It discusses that the NBB lobbies for and markets biodiesel in the US, funded by soybean farmers, grants, and biodiesel producers. The presentation aims to educate technicians about biodiesel production, quality standards, benefits including environmental and performance, and OEM support of biodiesel blends. It emphasizes that biodiesel must meet ASTM D6751 specifications and come from BQ-9000 certified suppliers to function properly in diesel engines.
Biodiesel is heavier than diesel fuel so it should be blended on top of petroleum diesel in the tank. Biodiesel also has a higher pour point so it may need to be heated before blending, especially in cold climates. Blends will not separate in the presence of water but water in tanks can cause other problems. Only use fuels meeting Canadian specifications and blend to ensure even distribution throughout storage tanks. Commercial additives can improve the cold weather properties of distillate fuels in biodiesel blends.
This document provides an overview of a technical training course on exhaust after-treatment and biodiesel. The course will cover changes in diesel engine emissions regulations, basics of diesel engine emissions and required hardware changes, methods of exhaust after-treatment, interactions between fuels and fuel systems, and resources. It will aim to provide industry experts to answer questions and introduce the National Biodiesel Board's diesel technician training program.
This document discusses the benefits of biodiesel fuel. It provides 10 key reasons why customers are using biodiesel, including that it is categorized as an advanced biofuel under the Renewable Fuel Standard, has significantly lower carbon emissions than petroleum diesel, has a high energy balance returning over 5 units of energy for every 1 unit used to produce it, and supports sustainability and energy security by providing a domestic fuel source. The document is intended to educate technicians and customers on the technical and environmental benefits of biodiesel.
SaaS on the rise - Why carriers have to make our lives miserableAndré Cedik
The document discusses cloud services and software-as-a-service (SaaS). It defines cloud services as outsourcing IT resources to run applications remotely via the internet. It describes three main types of cloud services: infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS), platform-as-a-service (PaaS), and software-as-a-service (SaaS). SaaS is defined as software that is entirely managed remotely with no configuration required by the user. The document also lists some pros and cons of cloud services.
This document provides information on how to stay safe online and avoid cyberbullying. It discusses taking precautions like using privacy settings and strong passwords to protect personal information from hackers, scammers, and cyberbullies. It also recommends verifying people's identities by checking mutual friends or using video chat before sharing private details or meeting in person. The forms of cyberbullying include impersonation, outing/trickery, cyberstalking, and carrying out traditional bullying through technology.
Organic Pumpkin and Winter Squash Marketing and ProductionGardening
The National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service (ATTRA) provides information on organic production and marketing of pumpkins and winter squash. ATTRA was developed by the National Center for Appropriate Technology and is funded by the USDA. The document discusses the taxonomy and varieties of pumpkins and winter squash, and provides information on production practices like planting, weed control, and pest management. It also covers harvesting, storage, and marketing considerations for both culinary varieties and ornamental types.
2005- Current LS2/LS3 Drive by Cable | Electronic Fuel Injection | Wiring Har...PSI Conversion
2005- Current LS2/LS3 Drive by Cable Manual
Electronic Fuel Injection | Wiring Harness
Automotive Wire Harnesses Manual and Instructions
www.psiconversion.com
#EFI #conversion #swap #LS2 #LS3
This harness is designed to be a complete wiring harness for the fuel injection system on General Motors 2005 and newer LS2/LS3 Gen IV fuel injected engines with Drive By Cable Throttle Body and 4L60E or 4L80E transmission. If using a 58x Engine (LS3, etc) then a Lingenfelter Crank Signal Converter box (available through PSI) is required so the 411 PCM (Red/Blue Connectors) can be utilized. The factory E38 or E67 controller does not have the ability to operate a cable throttle body. If using a 24x LS2 no converter box is required, however a 411 PCM (Red/Blue Connectors) is required.
This harness is constructed with GM Delphi Connectors and Terminals with GXL/TXL (600 volt polyethylene cross-linked) wire which is professionally assembled and 100% quality inspected prior to shipping. This harness includes all wiring that is needed by the PCM to run and control the fuel injection system and transmission.
This document provides a summary of the final health impact assessment (HIA) for E&B Oil's proposed oil drilling and production project in Hermosa Beach, California. The HIA evaluated potential health impacts across six categories - air quality, water and soil, upset scenarios, noise and light, traffic, and community livability. It found some potential negative health impacts from odor, noise, and stress over property values and aesthetics during certain project phases. It also identified potential positive impacts on education funding and community involvement. Overall, the HIA concluded that with required mitigation measures, the project would not have substantial negative effects on community health, though it cautioned that impacts would affect different community members in different ways. It
This document provides an overview of considerations for selecting, cultivating, and marketing alternative agronomic crops. It discusses inventorying farm resources to determine suitable alternative crops. Several categories of alternative crops are listed, including cereals, legumes, and oilseeds. Developing new crops requires research into cultivar collection, breeding, production practices, and markets. Resources for information on alternative crop research and production include various state universities and USDA groups. Marketing alternative crops requires exploring demand, competition, and potential markets.
I made this powerpoint to help anyone who studies I/O psychology. I included references of my powerpoint. :) I hope you clearly understand it. Thank you! If it is useful, please give some heart. :)
Defi6 is a portable automatic external defibrillator (AED) that is lightweight, easy to use, and guides the user through the defibrillation process. It analyzes the patient's heart rhythm and will either prompt the user to deliver a shock if needed or begin CPR instructions. The AED is designed to be used in situations where emergency responders may be several minutes away. It uses adhesive pads to deliver the shock and has features like voice prompts, ECG analysis, and event recording for reporting.
Building Sustainable Farms, Ranches and CommunitiesGardening
This document provides an introduction and overview of the Building Sustainable Farms, Ranches and Communities guide published by the USDA. It was created through collaboration between multiple USDA agencies, the Michael Fields Agricultural Institute, and the National Center for Appropriate Technology. The guide provides information on over 100 USDA programs that support sustainable agriculture, forestry, conservation, renewable energy and rural development initiatives. It is intended to help farmers, entrepreneurs and community organizations learn about and access federal resources for building more sustainable agricultural systems and rural communities.
This document summarizes the chemical product and company information, hazard identification, composition, first aid measures, fire-fighting measures, accidental release measures, handling and storage, exposure controls and personal protection, physical and chemical properties, stability and reactivity, toxicological information, ecological information, disposal information, transport information, and regulatory information for an industrial cleaning solution called CHLOR*RID. The solution is a light blue liquid with a mildly burnt sugar odor that can cause mild skin and eye irritation upon contact. It contains a proprietary chemical mixture at 10% and other non-hazardous materials at 90%. Personal protective equipment including eye protection and gloves is recommended when handling.
The game is targeted at children ages 2-6, and includes mini-games that teach color matching, sorting, number ordering, shape recognition and much more.
To know more Visit this website:
http://indigo-kids.ru/
To minimize the impact of drought, a soil needs to capture rainfall, store water for plant use, and allow for deep plant root growth. These conditions can be achieved by managing organic matter, aggregation, and ground cover. Organic matter increases water storage capacity by 16,000 gallons per acre-foot for each 1% increase in organic matter. It also improves aggregation and water infiltration. Maintaining ground cover increases infiltration while lowering evaporation. Together, these factors can greatly reduce the need for irrigation during drought by enhancing the soil's ability to store water and make it available to plants.
FOI reply from MoJ regarding meetings between Grayling and BFG representativesbjknight
This letter responds to a Freedom of Information request about meetings between Chris Grayling MP and the Big Firms Group since 2009. Some of the requested information is exempt as it is published quarterly and accessible online. The letter provides details of two relevant meetings since September 2013. It also confirms that no agreements have been made to deal favourably with Big Firms Group firms over smaller firms. The letter concludes by explaining the requester's right to an internal review or appeal to the Information Commissioner's Office.
This document summarizes options for commercial-scale food dehydration. It discusses various dehydration methods including spray drying, freeze drying, and solar drying. Regulations can make small-scale solar or outdoor drying difficult to do legally. Overall, the document provides an overview of dehydration equipment, processes, and challenges for commercial food dehydration operations.
This document provides an overview of nutrient cycling in pastures, with a focus on the water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles. It discusses how these nutrient cycles are interrelated and impact pasture productivity. The document is intended to help pasture managers understand nutrient cycling processes, monitor their pastures for issues, and identify management practices that can optimize nutrient cycling efficiency. These include maintaining plant diversity and coverage, minimizing soil compaction, and implementing grazing practices that encourage uniform grazing and nutrient redistribution across pastures. The goal is to promote soil health, maximize forage and livestock growth, and minimize nutrient losses from the system.
Indigo kids is a symphony of phenomenal programs where lots of educational apps are present for making your kid's an indigo kid's.
Get More Information:
http://indigo-kids.ru/
This document discusses the types and importance of foreign trade. It notes that due to differences in geographical conditions and resources, countries rely on trade to access goods they cannot produce themselves. Foreign trade provides benefits like increased wealth and utilization of resources, but also comes with challenges such as dependence on other countries, risks from price fluctuations, and potential harm to domestic industries. The document separates foreign trade into import trade, where a country purchases goods from another, and export trade, where a country sells goods abroad, and outlines some of the key participants and documents involved in each.
This document discusses biodiesel, including its definition, global interest and importance, production process, feedstocks, properties, challenges, and concerns from original equipment manufacturers. Biodiesel is defined as the mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids from vegetable oils or animal fats that meet ASTM specifications. It can be produced from various plant oils and animal fats around the world as a renewable alternative fuel. While biodiesel provides benefits, challenges include its impact on engine lubrication which will be explored further in part two of the document series.
Biodiesel: Do-it-yourself Production BasicsGardening
This document provides an introduction to home biodiesel production, including lists of necessary equipment and materials. It describes the basic process of making biodiesel through transesterification, in which vegetable or animal oils are chemically reacted with alcohol and a catalyst to produce biodiesel and glycerin. Key steps outlined include heating the oils, mixing the reactants, separating the biodiesel from glycerin, and washing the biodiesel. Hazards involved with the chemicals like lye and methanol are emphasized.
SaaS on the rise - Why carriers have to make our lives miserableAndré Cedik
The document discusses cloud services and software-as-a-service (SaaS). It defines cloud services as outsourcing IT resources to run applications remotely via the internet. It describes three main types of cloud services: infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS), platform-as-a-service (PaaS), and software-as-a-service (SaaS). SaaS is defined as software that is entirely managed remotely with no configuration required by the user. The document also lists some pros and cons of cloud services.
This document provides information on how to stay safe online and avoid cyberbullying. It discusses taking precautions like using privacy settings and strong passwords to protect personal information from hackers, scammers, and cyberbullies. It also recommends verifying people's identities by checking mutual friends or using video chat before sharing private details or meeting in person. The forms of cyberbullying include impersonation, outing/trickery, cyberstalking, and carrying out traditional bullying through technology.
Organic Pumpkin and Winter Squash Marketing and ProductionGardening
The National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service (ATTRA) provides information on organic production and marketing of pumpkins and winter squash. ATTRA was developed by the National Center for Appropriate Technology and is funded by the USDA. The document discusses the taxonomy and varieties of pumpkins and winter squash, and provides information on production practices like planting, weed control, and pest management. It also covers harvesting, storage, and marketing considerations for both culinary varieties and ornamental types.
2005- Current LS2/LS3 Drive by Cable | Electronic Fuel Injection | Wiring Har...PSI Conversion
2005- Current LS2/LS3 Drive by Cable Manual
Electronic Fuel Injection | Wiring Harness
Automotive Wire Harnesses Manual and Instructions
www.psiconversion.com
#EFI #conversion #swap #LS2 #LS3
This harness is designed to be a complete wiring harness for the fuel injection system on General Motors 2005 and newer LS2/LS3 Gen IV fuel injected engines with Drive By Cable Throttle Body and 4L60E or 4L80E transmission. If using a 58x Engine (LS3, etc) then a Lingenfelter Crank Signal Converter box (available through PSI) is required so the 411 PCM (Red/Blue Connectors) can be utilized. The factory E38 or E67 controller does not have the ability to operate a cable throttle body. If using a 24x LS2 no converter box is required, however a 411 PCM (Red/Blue Connectors) is required.
This harness is constructed with GM Delphi Connectors and Terminals with GXL/TXL (600 volt polyethylene cross-linked) wire which is professionally assembled and 100% quality inspected prior to shipping. This harness includes all wiring that is needed by the PCM to run and control the fuel injection system and transmission.
This document provides a summary of the final health impact assessment (HIA) for E&B Oil's proposed oil drilling and production project in Hermosa Beach, California. The HIA evaluated potential health impacts across six categories - air quality, water and soil, upset scenarios, noise and light, traffic, and community livability. It found some potential negative health impacts from odor, noise, and stress over property values and aesthetics during certain project phases. It also identified potential positive impacts on education funding and community involvement. Overall, the HIA concluded that with required mitigation measures, the project would not have substantial negative effects on community health, though it cautioned that impacts would affect different community members in different ways. It
This document provides an overview of considerations for selecting, cultivating, and marketing alternative agronomic crops. It discusses inventorying farm resources to determine suitable alternative crops. Several categories of alternative crops are listed, including cereals, legumes, and oilseeds. Developing new crops requires research into cultivar collection, breeding, production practices, and markets. Resources for information on alternative crop research and production include various state universities and USDA groups. Marketing alternative crops requires exploring demand, competition, and potential markets.
I made this powerpoint to help anyone who studies I/O psychology. I included references of my powerpoint. :) I hope you clearly understand it. Thank you! If it is useful, please give some heart. :)
Defi6 is a portable automatic external defibrillator (AED) that is lightweight, easy to use, and guides the user through the defibrillation process. It analyzes the patient's heart rhythm and will either prompt the user to deliver a shock if needed or begin CPR instructions. The AED is designed to be used in situations where emergency responders may be several minutes away. It uses adhesive pads to deliver the shock and has features like voice prompts, ECG analysis, and event recording for reporting.
Building Sustainable Farms, Ranches and CommunitiesGardening
This document provides an introduction and overview of the Building Sustainable Farms, Ranches and Communities guide published by the USDA. It was created through collaboration between multiple USDA agencies, the Michael Fields Agricultural Institute, and the National Center for Appropriate Technology. The guide provides information on over 100 USDA programs that support sustainable agriculture, forestry, conservation, renewable energy and rural development initiatives. It is intended to help farmers, entrepreneurs and community organizations learn about and access federal resources for building more sustainable agricultural systems and rural communities.
This document summarizes the chemical product and company information, hazard identification, composition, first aid measures, fire-fighting measures, accidental release measures, handling and storage, exposure controls and personal protection, physical and chemical properties, stability and reactivity, toxicological information, ecological information, disposal information, transport information, and regulatory information for an industrial cleaning solution called CHLOR*RID. The solution is a light blue liquid with a mildly burnt sugar odor that can cause mild skin and eye irritation upon contact. It contains a proprietary chemical mixture at 10% and other non-hazardous materials at 90%. Personal protective equipment including eye protection and gloves is recommended when handling.
The game is targeted at children ages 2-6, and includes mini-games that teach color matching, sorting, number ordering, shape recognition and much more.
To know more Visit this website:
http://indigo-kids.ru/
To minimize the impact of drought, a soil needs to capture rainfall, store water for plant use, and allow for deep plant root growth. These conditions can be achieved by managing organic matter, aggregation, and ground cover. Organic matter increases water storage capacity by 16,000 gallons per acre-foot for each 1% increase in organic matter. It also improves aggregation and water infiltration. Maintaining ground cover increases infiltration while lowering evaporation. Together, these factors can greatly reduce the need for irrigation during drought by enhancing the soil's ability to store water and make it available to plants.
FOI reply from MoJ regarding meetings between Grayling and BFG representativesbjknight
This letter responds to a Freedom of Information request about meetings between Chris Grayling MP and the Big Firms Group since 2009. Some of the requested information is exempt as it is published quarterly and accessible online. The letter provides details of two relevant meetings since September 2013. It also confirms that no agreements have been made to deal favourably with Big Firms Group firms over smaller firms. The letter concludes by explaining the requester's right to an internal review or appeal to the Information Commissioner's Office.
This document summarizes options for commercial-scale food dehydration. It discusses various dehydration methods including spray drying, freeze drying, and solar drying. Regulations can make small-scale solar or outdoor drying difficult to do legally. Overall, the document provides an overview of dehydration equipment, processes, and challenges for commercial food dehydration operations.
This document provides an overview of nutrient cycling in pastures, with a focus on the water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles. It discusses how these nutrient cycles are interrelated and impact pasture productivity. The document is intended to help pasture managers understand nutrient cycling processes, monitor their pastures for issues, and identify management practices that can optimize nutrient cycling efficiency. These include maintaining plant diversity and coverage, minimizing soil compaction, and implementing grazing practices that encourage uniform grazing and nutrient redistribution across pastures. The goal is to promote soil health, maximize forage and livestock growth, and minimize nutrient losses from the system.
Indigo kids is a symphony of phenomenal programs where lots of educational apps are present for making your kid's an indigo kid's.
Get More Information:
http://indigo-kids.ru/
This document discusses the types and importance of foreign trade. It notes that due to differences in geographical conditions and resources, countries rely on trade to access goods they cannot produce themselves. Foreign trade provides benefits like increased wealth and utilization of resources, but also comes with challenges such as dependence on other countries, risks from price fluctuations, and potential harm to domestic industries. The document separates foreign trade into import trade, where a country purchases goods from another, and export trade, where a country sells goods abroad, and outlines some of the key participants and documents involved in each.
This document discusses biodiesel, including its definition, global interest and importance, production process, feedstocks, properties, challenges, and concerns from original equipment manufacturers. Biodiesel is defined as the mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids from vegetable oils or animal fats that meet ASTM specifications. It can be produced from various plant oils and animal fats around the world as a renewable alternative fuel. While biodiesel provides benefits, challenges include its impact on engine lubrication which will be explored further in part two of the document series.
Biodiesel: Do-it-yourself Production BasicsGardening
This document provides an introduction to home biodiesel production, including lists of necessary equipment and materials. It describes the basic process of making biodiesel through transesterification, in which vegetable or animal oils are chemically reacted with alcohol and a catalyst to produce biodiesel and glycerin. Key steps outlined include heating the oils, mixing the reactants, separating the biodiesel from glycerin, and washing the biodiesel. Hazards involved with the chemicals like lye and methanol are emphasized.
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that can be an alternative to petroleum-based diesel. It is made through a chemical process where vegetable oils or animal fats react with alcohol to form esters. Biodiesel has advantages like being less toxic and producing fewer emissions than conventional diesel. Potential disadvantages include potential issues with older engines and a slight increase in nitrogen oxide emissions. The document discusses how biodiesel is made from various feedstocks like vegetable oils, waste cooking grease, and how it can help increase energy security and sustainability.
This document provides an overview of biodiesel, including:
1) Biodiesel is a renewable fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats that can be used as a substitute for or blended with petroleum diesel.
2) Biodiesel offers benefits like reduced emissions, energy security, and support for domestic jobs and rural economies.
3) For best performance and engine compatibility, biodiesel should meet ASTM quality standards and be from BQ-9000 certified producers. Blends up to B20 are widely supported, with some vehicles approved for higher blends or pure biodiesel.
Innovative Technology Systems Inc. (ITS) a Kansas, USA based Company. ITS is an experienced biofuel project developer, and can provide an end-to-end solution including plantation development for the production of bio-oils on the front end through to the manufacture and construction of integrated oil extraction, and biodiesel facilities on the back end. The ITS solution includes machinery for the extraction of oil from seed or fruit, pre-treatment of the crude oils, and Biodiesel production, utilizing proprietary patented technology, and processes that are environmentally responsible, and a significant improvement from a greenhouse gas perspective compared to many current commercial technologies. ITS provides its clients the opportunity to incorporate our proprietary value-added processes that can significantly improve the overall process economics, which translates into a stronger competitive advantage in the marketplace, and lowers the overall risk.
ITS provides vertically integrated Agricultural and Biofuel Solutions, and consists of a first class team of scientists, engineers, business strategists, and agronomists who offer unrivalled technical expertise, and understanding of the dynamics and complexity of the global biofuels market.
Biodiesel is a fuel made from renewable sources like vegetable oils, plant oils, or fats through a process called transesterification. It can be blended with petroleum diesel and used in vehicles and equipment. While it has lower energy content than petroleum diesel, it has better lubricity and reduced emissions. Most engine manufacturers' warranties allow blends of up to 20% biodiesel. It is specified through standards like ASTM D6751 in the US and EN14214 in Europe.
The document provides an overview of biodiesel, including its benefits, production process, specifications, quality standards, performance, and industry support. Key points covered include biodiesel being a renewable fuel produced from vegetable oils or animal fats through a chemical process, its environmental and energy security benefits, approval for use in diesel engines up to B20, and quality programs to ensure it meets industry standards.
G.akhil vegetable oils working on ic enginesAKHIL G
The document discusses the performance of internal combustion engines using vegetable oils as fuel. It provides an overview of biodiesel production from vegetable oils and animal fats through a process called transesterification. The performance and economics of biodiesel from sources like soybean oil and waste vegetable oil are compared to petroleum diesel. While biodiesel blends perform better in some ways, production costs and limited raw material availability restrict its commercial use. The document also outlines advantages and disadvantages of using straight vegetable oils in engines.
This document provides an introduction to making biodiesel at home. It lists the materials needed, including vegetable oil, methanol, and a catalyst like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. The document describes the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel and glycerin. It notes some hazards of the process and chemicals involved. Procedures for making small test batches and larger 5-gallon batches of biodiesel are outlined. Extensive safety guidance and additional resources are also provided.
The document discusses biodiesel, including its definition, production process, properties, uses, and advantages. Biodiesel is defined as a processed fuel derived from biological sources such as vegetable oils and animal fats through a chemical process called transesterification. It can be used as a replacement for or blended with conventional diesel fuel in vehicles and equipment. Biodiesel offers environmental and economic benefits over petroleum diesel, such as producing fewer emissions and providing an alternative fuel source that can support local jobs.
The document provides information about a technical training course on biodiesel fleet studies presented by the National Biodiesel Board. The NBB receives funding from soybean check-off programs, government grants, and biodiesel producer contributions for technical, regulatory, marketing, and lobbying efforts. The course objectives are to provide access to industry experts, introduce their diesel technician training program, and provide information on fleets using biodiesel blends. Learning outcomes include identifying public and private fleets using biodiesel, explaining changes to fleet maintenance programs when switching to biodiesel, and properly diagnosing and recommending biodiesel use.
Biodiesel has several advantages over petroleum diesel. It is renewable, biodegradable, produces fewer toxic emissions, and can be produced domestically. Biodiesel can be blended with petroleum diesel in various concentrations like B20 (the most common in the US) or used on its own. It can be produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, or waste grease through a process of heating, chemical treatment, and separation. Using biodiesel improves engine lubricity and reduces greenhouse gas emissions compared to petroleum diesel. Most diesel vehicles can use biodiesel blends without modification.
The document provides an overview of maintaining diesel fleets for biodiesel use. It defines biodiesel and its key properties, including its high cetane rating, lubricity and renewable nature. It discusses considerations for fuel systems, air intake, lubrication, starting, charging, cooling and emissions control systems. It notes that biodiesel blends of B20 or lower can be used with minimal issues if the biodiesel meets standards and comes from a certified supplier. OEMs support blends of at least B5 and many support B20 or higher.
Seminar on Biodiesel from Jatropha seed.
Biodiesel, a promising substitute as an alternative fuel has gained significant attention due to the predicted shortness of conventional fuels and environmental concern.
Jatropha biodiesel is ideal solution to meet out higher diesel demand and oil imports. By mixing of 20 % biodiesel with diesel will help India to save 7.3× 106 tonnes of diesel per year.
Experimental Investigation of Performance, Emission and Combustion Characteri...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental study that tested various biodiesel-methanol-diesel blends in a single cylinder diesel engine. The biodiesel was produced from Kusum seed oil. The engine performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics were analyzed for blends with 15%, 25%, 35%, and 45% biodiesel, 5% methanol, and the remainder diesel. Overall, the blends showed higher fuel consumption but lower carbon monoxide emissions than diesel. Nitrogen oxide emissions increased with higher methanol content in the blends, while carbon monoxide decreased. A 5% methanol blend was more effective at reducing carbon monoxide than a 45% biodiesel blend. Cylinder pressure and heat
This document summarizes information about mobile biodiesel production. It discusses how biodiesel is made through a process called esterification that converts oils into fatty acid methyl esters. It then describes a company called MBT that has developed mobile biodiesel refineries to make biodiesel production easier and allow it to take place anywhere, even off-grid. The refineries come in various sizes and can be grouped together to create modular systems capable of producing thousands of gallons of biodiesel per day.
The document is a student project on biodiesel submitted for a chemistry examination. It includes an acknowledgement, certificate, table of contents, and sections on what biodiesel is, its uses, how to prepare it, the reactions involved, its fuel features, disadvantages, and bibliography. The project provides information on biodiesel such as it being made from vegetable oils through a process called transesterification, its environmental and performance benefits compared to petroleum diesel, and that it can be used in unmodified diesel engines.
The document discusses biodiesel, including what it is, how it is made through transesterification, its properties, benefits over petroleum diesel such as lower emissions and biodegradability, common blend ratios, applications in vehicles such as buses and trains as well as potential in aircraft, and examples of biodiesel use in Pakistan including plans to blend it with diesel. Historical background of biodiesel and research opportunities are also mentioned.
IRJET- Experimental Study on Performance and Emissions Characteristics of Sin...IRJET Journal
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2. Page 2 ATTRA Biodiesel Use, Handling, and Fuel Quality
Compared to petrodiesel, biodie-
sel has somewhat worse cold-flow
properties.
Biodiesel degrades rubber and cer-
tain other materials, making it incom-
patible with some fuel lines, rubber
gaskets, and other engine parts.
This article offers suggestions to help farm-
ers and other consumers get the benefits of
biodiesel while avoiding performance and
equipment problems.
Biodiesel, Ethanol, Vegetable
Oil: What’s the Difference?
Biodiesel is a very different substance from
ethanol. Ethanol (or grain alcohol), the
familiar alcohol found in alcoholic bever-
ages, is commonly blended with gasoline
(not diesel fuel) and is made by fermenting
grains or other plants that contain sugar.
Fermentation is a biological process accom-
plished by yeasts and bacteria.
Biodiesel is essentially permanently thinned
plant or animal-based oil, with a viscosity
approximating that of standard #2 diesel
fuel. Biodiesel can be made from virtually
•
•
any plant oil or animal fat. Making biodie-
sel is a chemical process. During this chem-
ical reaction, a thick gooey substance, glyc-
erin, is released from the oil molecules and
replaced with a comparatively thin and light
alcohol, usually methanol. For an expla-
nation of how to make biodiesel, see the
ATTRA publication Biodiesel: a Primer.
Biodiesel is also very different from raw or
“straight” vegetable oil (SVO). Almost any
vegetable oil will combust, to one degree or
another, in a diesel engine. So it’s possible
to run most diesel engines on SVO. But this
is a somewhat risky process, mainly since
raw vegetable oil is too thick and viscous to
run well in diesel engines.
Biodiesel will perform well in almost any
standard diesel engine without modifica-
tions. On the other hand, to use SVO you
will need to modify your engine. Conver-
sion kits are readily available for $300 to
$1,500.(1) Generally, conversion means
installing a separate fuel tank, heater, and
fuel line, along with various switches and
controls. The idea is to thin the oil by heat-
ing it, while taking precautions to keep cold,
gooey vegetable oil out of your engine. You
start and run the engine on standard diesel
fuel or biodiesel. Once the engine is warm
and you’ve pre-heated the vegetable oil—
stored in a separate tank—you can switch to
SVO. Several minutes before turning off the
engine, you switch back to standard diesel
fuel or biodiesel, clearing all the SVO out of
your engine and fuel lines.
The U.S. Department of Energy, among
many other organizations, cautions that
SVO can reduce engine life and should not
be considered a fuel for long-term use.(2)
The use of SVO has been shown to cause
piston ring sticking, injector and combus-
tion chamber deposits, fuel system deposits,
reduced power, reduced fuel economy, and
increased exhaust emissions. Any of these
conditions can reduce engine life, increase
maintenance costs, or cause engine failure.
Modern diesel engines are also equipped
with catalytic converters, or filter traps, that
are not designed to handle SVO.
Photo:www.biodieselcommunity.orgPhoto:VernGrubinger
Caution: If you are making your own fuel,
using and storing large quantities of biodiesel,
or selling fuel commercially, you will need to
take many safety, legal, and quality-related
precautions beyond the ones described here.
3. Page 3ATTRAwww.attra.ncat.org
Performance problems don’t necessarily
happen quickly. Certain engines seem to
tolerate SVO better than others, and some
vehicles run trouble-free for years. On the
other hand, many SVO users succeed ini-
tially, and are lulled into a false sense of
security, only to run into serious problems
later.(3)
Despite the very real risk of engine dam-
age, SVO has certain advantages that may
make it worth considering for some farm-
ing situations and equipment, especially in
older engines. Using SVO is in some ways
simpler than making your own biodiesel.
Making biodiesel generally requires you
to use methanol, a toxic chemical, and to
dispose of glycerin, a waste product. By
contrast, SVO is generally only filtered
before use, and there are few if any waste
products to deal with.
Biodiesel Blends and
Blending
Biodiesel in its pure (100 percent) form is
known as neat biodiesel or B100. It can be
readily blended with petroleum diesel in
any proportion. A B20 blend, for example,
is 20 percent by volume biodiesel and 80
percent petrodiesel.
Different blends serve different purposes.
Small amounts of biodiesel (B1-B2) add
lubrication to low-sulfur fuels. Blends in the
B20 to B50 range provide significant envi-
ronmental benefits with a low increase in
cost to consumers. Blending also reduces
the likelihood of the solvency, material
incompatibility, or cold weather problems
discussed below.
The simplest method is splash blending.
Biodiesel should always be poured on top
of petroleum diesel, since it is slightly
heavier. The two fuels will mix fairly well
as the biodiesel gradually sinks through
the lighter petrodiesel. Some form of agi-
tation is needed, though, to achieve highly
uniform fuel. Random samples of splash-
blended fuel being marketed as B20 have
been found to contain actual biodiesel
content ranging from B2 to B90.(4)
You should avoid adding biodiesel to cold
petrodiesel, since this may cause crystals
to form. To prevent this from happening,
you can blend biodiesel with kerosene (also
called #1 diesel fuel) in a 50/50 mix before
adding it to cold diesel fuel.(5) If crystals
have already formed, the fuel will have to
be heated until they dissolve.
Biodiesel Storage
Biodiesel can be stored in standard petroleum
diesel storage tanks with some precautions:
Tanks that have previously been
used to store diesel fuel should be
cleaned before use. As noted below,
biodiesel is an excellent solvent and
will loosen deposits left by standard
diesel fuel. Tanks should also be
free of water, since this encourages
bacterial growth.
Tanks may be made of aluminum,
steel, Teflon, or fluorinated poly-
ethylene or polypropylene. Fiber-
glass is sometimes used, but should
be approached with caution since
some resins are not compatible with
biodiesel.(4)
•
•
Photos:VernGrubinger
4. Page 4 ATTRA Biodiesel Use, Handling, and Fuel Quality
Both petrodiesel and biodiesel can
cause metal parts to oxidize, so you
should replace any parts made of
brass, bronze, copper, lead, tin, or
zinc with aluminum or steel.
If biodiesel or blended fuels are
stored beyond around six months,
fuel stabilizers should be added.(6)
Old fuel will become acidic and
form sediments and varnish.
Biodiesel and biodiesel blends
should be stored at temperatures
at least 15 degrees above the pour
point of the fuels.(7) The pour point
is the temperature below which a
fuel will not pour.
Outdoor tanks should be located in
cool shaded areas if possible.
Issue #1: Solvent Effects
and Filter Clogging
According to researchers at the University
of Idaho, filter plugging is the most common
problem experienced by biodiesel users.(4)
Biodiesel has excellent solvent properties
and can be used as a cleaning agent and
paint remover. (It can remove the paint on
the side of your car or tractor, if you splash
it around while filling the tank.) In fact, it
can even dissolve concrete.(4)
Petroleum diesel often leaves a deposit in
the bottom of fuel lines, tanks, and deliv-
ery systems. Biodiesel can loosen and dis-
solve these sediments, as well as rust and
other materials. This causes fuel filters to
become clogged—sometimes in a matter of
hours after switching to B100. Symptoms of
filter clogging include a sudden power loss
or engine shuddering.
Older vehicles have more accumulated
deposits, and are especially prone to filter
clogging. Ideally, you should clean an old
•
•
•
•
fuel tank before converting to biodiesel. An
alternative is to switch to finer filters. Any-
one using B100 should know how to change
the fuel filter and should carry a spare fuel
filter or two. Expect to change your fuel fil-
ter two or three times before all the deposits
are cleaned out of your engine. If you are
using a modest blend (B20 or lower), you
are less likely to notice filter clogging.
Issue #2: Reduced Power
On average, B100 has about eight per-
cent less energy content (BTU per gallon)
than #2 petrodiesel, while B20 has one to
two percent less energy content.(8) If you
switch from standard diesel fuel to B100,
you may notice a slight decrease in horse-
power, torque, or fuel economy. At B20 or
less, you probably won’t be able to tell the
difference.
A cetane number is an indicator of diesel fuel
quality, measuring the readiness of fuel to
ignite when injected into the engine. Biodie-
sel’s cetane number is higher than that of
standard diesel fuel, and this advantage may
partly compensate for its lower BTU content.
Because biodiesel ignites more readily in
diesel engines than petrodiesel, some author-
ities recommend setting the injection timing
back by two to three degrees from top-dead
center. This will sometimes cause the engine
to run quieter, although it may also slightly
reduce your power.(9)
Issue #3: Cold Weather
Performance
All diesel fuel, including petroleum-based
fuel, begins to gel at cold temperatures.
The temperature at which a cloud of wax
crystals forms in the fuel is known as the
cloud point. The cold filter plugging point
is the lowest temperature at which fuel can
be drawn through a metal screen filter.(10)
The pour point is the temperature below
which a fuel will not pour.
In general, biodiesel gels at somewhat higher
temperatures than conventional #2 diesel.
When wax crystals begin to form in biodie-
sel, the entire fuel tends to cloud at the same
time. In contrast, petroleum diesel is made
A
nyone using
B100 should
know how
to change the fuel
filter and should
carry a spare fuel
filter or two.
Caution: If you are storing large amounts of
fuel, or selling it commercially, you will need
to take many additional precautions and meet
local laws and code requirements.
5. Page 5ATTRAwww.attra.ncat.org
up of many different compounds that gel at
different temperatures. When some of these
begin to crystallize, others remain liquid to a
much lower temperature.
The cloud point for standard #2 diesel fuel
is around 5ºF. The cloud point for biodiesel
depends on the feedstock and the amount
of free fatty acids in the fuel. The cloud
point for soy diesel is around 32ºF (4),
compared to cloud points around 20ºF for
canola and 12ºF for rapeseed.(11) Biodie-
sel made from used cooking grease or ani-
mal fats will tend to cloud at higher tem-
peratures than biodiesel made from virgin
oils. Biodiesel from the most highly satu-
rated feedstocks may gel at temperatures as
high as 50-55ºF.
Low-percentage biodiesel blends generally
have cold weather properties similar to pet-
rodiesel. The cloud point of B20 may be
3º-10ºF higher than #2 petrodiesel.(8)
Simple cold weather precautions include
using engine block or fuel filter heaters
and parking vehicles in or near a build-
ing. Fuel additives can also inhibit crystal
growth and gelling in standard diesel fuel.
Anecdotal reports suggest that few if any
of these products work well on B100. They
may be effective on blended fuel, however,
since they will work on the petroleum-based
portion of the fuel.
Issue #4: Softening Fuel Lines
Using a high-percentage biodiesel blend or
B100 can cause certain types of elastomers
and natural rubber compounds to bubble,
bleed, soften, and degrade over time. Virtu-
ally all diesel vehicles made since the early
1990s use components that are compatible
with B100.(4) But some older fuel hoses will
need to be replaced.
Equipment changes are rarely if ever
necessary with blends of B20 or lower.(8)
Besides rubber, other vulnerable materials
identified by the National Biodiesel Board
include polypropylene, polyvinyl, and Tygon.
Although there have been a few reports of
degraded injection pump seals, by far the most
common problem you are likely to encounter
is with rubber fuel lines. If you have an older
vehicle, you should inspect your fuel lines
frequently after you begin using biodiesel.
The good news is that these problems are
likely to appear gradually, if they appear
at all. Hoses will begin to soften and (even-
tually) weep. You are unlikely to experience
a catastrophic failure.
Case Study:
Phil Foster Ranches
Phil Foster began using biodiesel on his
organic vegetable farm near San Juan
Bautista, California in 2004. He saw the
use of non-petroleum fuels as consis-
tent with his philosophy as an organic
vegetable farmer. He liked the idea that
any fuel spills would be biodegradable
and far less toxic than standard diesel.
He was attracted by the air quality
and health advantages for his family
and his workers. And he liked the idea
of purchasing fuel made from agricul-
tural products, preferably ones grown
locally or regionally.
Phil didn’t have the time or inclination
to make his own fuel, so he began pur-
chasing biodiesel from a local retailer.
Initially, he tried B100 in some of his
vehicles, gradually expanding his usage
as he became comfortable with the
fuel’s performance. He also asked his
supplier lots of questions about test-
ing, standards, and feedstocks.
By 2006, biodiesel made up 81 percent
of the roughly 20,000 gallons of diesel
fuel consumed annually by the farm’s
tractors, pickups, and delivery trucks.
Most of the farm’s diesel vehicles are
now running B100, although with some
of his older equipment Phil has been
reluctant to go above B30.
Overall, Phil comments that “After four
years of using biodiesel, we’ve had
very good results.” He did experience
some filter plugging when switching
to biodiesel, and he now changes his
filters at every service. He also went
through a period recently where it
seemed as if he needed to change fil-
ters more often than normal. “Maybe
the fuel was a tad off ... We’ll probably
never know for sure.”
Fuel economy may have decreased
slightly, in the range of three to five
percent. There have also been a few
cold mornings (18º
- 20º
F) when the
vehicles running on B100 would not
start. Switching temporarily to B30 dur-
ing cold weather has solved this prob-
lem, and all vehicles have started fine
on B30.
Phil recently bought a new truck, which
he plans to run on B30 for the first six to
twelve months - enough time for any
problems to show up. Once he’s confi-
dent in the vehicle’s performance, he’ll
switch it over to B100.
6. Page 6 ATTRA Biodiesel Use, Handling, and Fuel Quality
Issue #5: Engine Oil Dilution
and Fuel Oxidation
In blends higher than B20, unburned
biodiesel can make its way past the piston
rings and into the oil pan.(8) This happens
because biodiesel has a slightly higher vis-
cosity and density than standard diesel.
Eventually, this fuel in the engine oil can
polymerize, causing oil sludge that coats
metal surfaces and causes moving parts to
stick.(4) If you are using biodiesel blends
higher than B20, you may need to change
your engine oil more frequently.
Issue #6: Microbial Growth
Water can sometimes drip through vents
and collect at the bottom of fuel tanks.
Certain varieties of algae, yeast, and fungi
can grow at the interface of the fuel and
water.(4) In order to prevent microbial
growth, you should drain any water from
the bottom of your fuel tank on a regular
basis. Certain biocides can also be added
to control microbial growth, but the dead
microbes may plug filters.
ASTM Standards
The American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) is the industry organiza-
tion that defines legal fuel standards: mini-
mum values that a fuel must meet to operate
safely in a compression ignition engine.
All diesel engines sold in the U.S. are man-
ufactured to meet ASTM D975, the legal
standard for petrodiesel. In 2001, ASTM
In September 2005, Minnesota passed a
law requiring all diesel fuel to contain two
percent biodiesel. Soon after the mandate
went into effect, Minnesota truckers began
to experience sporadic problems, includ-
ing trucks breaking down on the road, hefty
repair bills, and lost road time. The culprit
was clogged fuel filters and it soon became
apparent that biodiesel was to blame.
Cold weather gelling was found to be the
main problem. In December 2005, the Min-
nesota Department of Commerce confirmed
that some biodiesel producers had shipped
biodiesel that did not meet ASTM D6751
specification for free and total glycerin.(12)
“There’s no room for poor-quality biodie-
sel in the marketplace,” said Steve Howell,
technical director with the National Biodiesel
Board. “Although investigations have indi-
cated that other factors unrelated to biodie-
sel may have led to at least some of the fil-
ter-plugging reports in Minnesota, there’s
no question that off-specification biodiesel
can have a severe reaction in cold weather,
even in low blends.”(13)
All Minnesota biodiesel producers subse-
quently had to prove that their fuel met
ASTM specifications.(12) After imple-
menting additional quality measures,
the Department of Commerce reaffirmed
the ruling that diesel fuel was required to
contain two percent biodiesel meeting
ASTM D6751 specifications.
Minnesota’s experience showed that even
a low-percentage of off-spec biodiesel—
as low as two percent!—can cause perfor-
mance problems .
Case Study:
The Minnesota Biodiesel Mandate
I
n 2001, ASTM
approved a
standard specif-
ically for biodiesel,
ASTM D6751.
Biodiesel-Compatible Fuel Lines
The following fuel lines are claimed by their manufacturers to be
B100-compatible (14):
• Goodyear part numbers 65148 thru 65153 & 65161 thru 65163 meet
SAE specification J30R9.
• Gates part number 4241G and 4241M for marine use.
• Kuriyama part number A4143.
• NAPA fuel injection hose part H205.
• McMaster-Carr Viton rubber tubing part number 5119K51
(among many others).
• Thomas Register listing of other Viton tubing suppliers.
approved a standard specifically for biodie-
sel, ASTM D6751. This standard covers all
biodiesel fuels, regardless of feedstock or
processing method.
These legal requirements only apply to fuel
that is sold. Home brewers, cooperatives,
and farms making fuel for their own use are
not required to meet ASTM D6751.
ASTM testing must be done by qualified
laboratories and requires expensive equip-
ment. The standards are listed in the table
on the following page.
7. Page 7ATTRAwww.attra.ncat.org
The BQ-9000 Program
The National Biodiesel Board has insti-
tuted a cooperative and voluntary quality
assurance program called BQ-9000. The
program was developed to ensure a more
consistent quality for biodiesel being pro-
duced, marketed, and used. While ASTM
standards only cover fuel quality, BQ-9000
encompasses storage, sampling, testing,
blending, shipping, distribution, and fuel
management practices.
Any biodiesel producer, marketer or
distributor of biodiesel or biodiesel blends
in the U.S. or Canada is eligible for pro-
gram accreditation. Accredited manufactur-
ers and certified marketers under this pro-
gram are listed on the BQ-9000 website,
www.bq-9000.com.
Property ASTM Method Limits Units
Calcium & Magnesium,
combined
EN 14538 5 max ppm (ug/g)
Flash Point (closed cup) D 93 93 min Degrees C
Alcohol Control
1. Methanol Content
2. Flash Point
EN 14110
D 93
0.2 max
130 min
% volume
Degrees C
Water & Sediment D 2709 0.05 max % volume
Kinematic Viscosity, 40 C D 445 1.9 – 6.0 mm2
/sec
Sulfated Ash D 874 0.02 max % mass
Sulfur
S 15 Grade
S 500 Grade
D 5453
D 5453
0.0015 max (15)
0.05 max (500)
% mass (ppm)
% mass (ppm)
Copper Strip Corrosion D 130 No. 3 max
Cetane D 613 47 min
Cloud Point D 2500 Report Degrees C
Carbon Residue 100% Sample D 4530 0.05 max % mass
Acid Number D 664 0.50 max mg KOH/g
Free Glycerin D 6584 0.020 max % mass
Total Glycerin D 6584 0.240 max % mass
Phosphorus Content D 4951 0.001 max % mass
Distillation, T90 AET D 1160 360 max Degrees C
Sodium/Potassium, combined EN 14538 5 max ppm
Oxidation Stability EN14112 3 min hours
Table 1: ASTM Standards
Adapted from The National Biodiesel Board, Specification For Biodiesel (B100) – ASTM D6751-07a.(15)
8. Page 8 ATTRA Biodiesel Use, Handling, and Fuel Quality
Will Biodiesel Void My
Warranty?
Many farms and ranches are discouraged
from using biodiesel, especially in newer
vehicles, because of fears that they will
“void their warranties.”
It’s a good idea to check with your vehicle
manufacturer to see if they have an official
policy on the use of biodiesel. Most major
engine companies have formally stated that
biodiesel blends below 20 percent that meet
ASTM D6751 will not void their engine
warranties.
The National Biodiesel Board has posted on
its website several statements from engine
companies (www.biodiesel.org). John Deere,
Caterpillar, and New Holland are among
the many companies that have adopted pol-
icies supportive of biodiesel. Other compa-
nies are in the process of developing guide-
lines for biodiesel.
A number of authorities state flatly that
the use of biodiesel does not, in itself, void
engine warranties. [See, for example, (1)
and (2)] Engine warranties typically cover
the “materials and workmanship” of the
engine, and say little or nothing about fuel.
It’s certainly true that bad quality biodie-
sel can cause performance problems that
are not the fault of the engine maker and
so are not covered by the warranty. These
situations are no different from ones where
a problem has been caused by bad quality
petroleum diesel or gasoline.
Engine manufacturers would generally refer
any customer with fuel-related problems to
the fuel supplier. According to the National
Biodiesel Board, any reputable fuel supplier
(petrodiesel, biodiesel, or blend) should
stand behind its product and cover any fuel
quality problems that occur.(16)
Biodiesel sold in the U.S. is subject to qual-
ity requirements that are just as strict as
those for standard diesel fuel. You are on
strong legal ground in using ASTM-compli-
ant biodiesel fuel—just as you would be in
using ASTM-compliant petroleum diesel.
Unfortunately, though, your strong legal
position does not guarantee that you will be
free from warranty-related hassles. Some
equipment dealers are still poorly informed
and will caution customers against using
biodiesel, since they (mistakenly) regard it
as unregulated or unreliable.
Are You Sure Your Fuel Is Meeting ASTM Standards?
A study released in November 2006 suggests that inconsistent fuel
quality continues to be a real issue for the US biodiesel industry—
despite the legal requirement that commercial fuel must meet ASTM
standards.
Co-funded by the National Biodiesel Board (NBB) and the National
Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), the study randomly collected
biodiesel samples from 32 fuel distributors around the country between
November 2005 and July 2006.
Half of the samples failed to meet at least one of the ASTM D6751
specifications, and some samples failed multiple standards. Thirty
percent of the samples failed to meet the flash point standard, and
one-third of the samples failed to meet the total glycerin standard.(18)
Caterpillar -
Biodiesel Use Statement
“Caterpillar neither approves nor prohibits use
of biodiesel fuels. Caterpillar is not in a position
to evaluate the many variations of biodiesel and
the long term effects on performance, durabil-
ity, or compliance to emissions standards for
Caterpillar products. The use of biodiesel fuel
does not affect Caterpillar’s materials and work-
manship. Failures that result from the use of any
fuel are not Caterpillar factory defects. There-
fore, the cost or repair would NOT be covered
by a Caterpillar’s warranty.”(17)
Caterpillar Commercial Diesel Engine Fluids
Recommendations
SEBU6251-08 March 2004
9. Page 9ATTRAwww.attra.ncat.org
How Can I Be Sure I’m
Getting Good Fuel?
It’s important to keep the issue of poor qual-
ity, off-spec fuel in perspective: The vast
majority of biodiesel consumers experience
no fuel-related problems whatsoever. There
is also (unfortunately) off-spec gasoline and
diesel fuel in the marketplace too.
To reduce your chances of buying off-spec
biodiesel, get to know your dealer and ask
questions. How long have they been in busi-
ness? What feedstocks are used? What are
the cold weather characteristics of the fuel?
How frequently is the fuel tested for ASTM
compliance? Are your manufacturer and
marketer BQ-9000 accredited?
Don’t assume that bigger companies are
necessarily better. Many small producers
take pride in making excellent fuel, and
some large producers have been known to
make bad batches.
Do-It-Yourself Fuel
Quality Testing
You can mail a sample of fuel to a labora-
tory for comprehensive ASTM testing, but
the price tag is likely to be a hefty $800
to $1,000 or more. Fortunately, there are
some inexpensive alternatives for consum-
ers and fuel makers.
Dr. Randall von Wedel has developed a sim-
ple testing kit called the pHLip (pronounced
“flip”) Test. You fill a vial with B100 to
the indicated level, then flip the sample 10
times and wait 10 minutes for the fuel to
float to the top. Through visual inspection
you can identify a variety of fuel quality
problems, including old, poorly washed, or
oxidized fuel. The kits are NOT a substitute
for ASTM testing and standards, but cost
only around $5 per test and allow quick in-
the-field testing. For more information, visit
www.phliptest.com.
Several simple fuel quality tests are also
described on the Journey to Forever site, at
http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.
html. These include the “wash test,” “repro-
cessing test,” “methanol test,” and others.
While most of these are mainly of interest
to biodiesel fuel makers, some are within
the capability of technically minded fuel
consumers, too.
Conclusion
Biodiesel users should take some basic pre-
cautions to avoid performance problems:
Perform regular maintenance, check
fuel filters frequently, and change
them as necessary.
Understand biodiesel’s cold weather
properties and take appropriate
precautions.
Be aware of biodiesel’s incompat-
ibility with certain materials and
replace any incompatible parts,
especially rubber fuel lines.
Regularly drain water from the
bottom of fuel tanks, to prevent
microbial growth.
Use stored biodiesel within about
six months.
Make sure that fuel meets ASTM
D6751.
Incorporate biodiesel into farming
operations gradually. Start slowly
and expand your use of the fuel as
you gain confidence.
Make sure your biodiesel comes
from a reputable source. Get to
know your fuel provider and ask
questions about feedstocks and
quality testing.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
pHLip test results, showing fuel quality problems.
Photo:www.biodieselcommunity.org
10. Page 10 ATTRA Biodiesel Use, Handling, and Fuel Quality
References
1. Pahl, Greg. 2005. Biodiesel: Growing a New
Energy Economy. White River Junction, VT:
Chelsea Green Publishing Company.
2. Clean Cities. 2006. “Straight Vegetable Oil as a
Diesel Fuel?” Washington, DC: U.S. Depart-
ment of Energy. Retrieved May 9, 2007.
www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities
3. Engine Manufacturers Association. 2006.
“Use of Raw Vegetable Oil or Animal Fats
in Diesel Engines.” Chicago, IL: Engine
Manufacturers Association.
4. Van Gerpen, Jon. “Biodiesel Use and Consumption.”
Montana Oilseed and Biodiesel Workshop.
Great Falls, MT: Montana Farmers Union and
Montana Grain Growers Association,
February 15, 2007.
5. Ryan, David. 2004. “Biodiesel—A Primer.”
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National Biodiesel Board. Retrieved May 11,
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QualityandPerformanceGuide.pdf
7. Tyson, K. Shaine. 2001. Biodiesel Handling and
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Final.pdf
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article-print.jsp?article_id=1180
13. Barrett, Rick. 2006. “Minnesota Aims to Get
Biodiesel Back In Gear.” Milwaukee Journal
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20060201/ai_n16036216/print
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pdf-files/fuelfactsheets/BDSpec.pdf
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ties.” National Biodiesel Board. Retrieved May
14, 2007. www.biodiesel.org/resources/
fuelfactsheets/standards-and-warranties.shtm
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Tomorrow’s Energy Needs in a Clean and
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