The document is a patent application for an atmospheric energy collector. It describes a windsock arrangement attached to a tether that collects electrical energy from the atmosphere. The windsock tapers from a large upwind opening to a small downwind opening. It is made of electrically insulating material coated with electrically conducting material. When wind extends the windsock, the conducting material collects atmospheric electrical energy and transfers it to the tether. The light-weight design allows for reasonable payload requirements for lifting mechanisms.
Conversion of atmospheric electric energytavennerpride
The document describes Hermann Plauson's 1925 patent for a system to convert atmospheric static electricity into oscillating electromagnetic energy. It involves using balloons or kites equipped with metallic collectors to capture static charges from the air. The charges are converted into high frequency oscillations using spark gaps, condensers, and inductive coils, which can then be transformed for various uses like powering motors, lighting, or electrochemical processes. Diagrams show different configurations, such as using multiple collector balloons connected by conductors, or adding safety spark gaps to prevent overvoltage.
This document describes a device that can power electrical circuits entirely from energy abstracted from the atmosphere without needing a local power source. It summarizes an invention by Lloyd R. Crump for powering transistor circuits and other low-powered electrical devices. Specifically, it allows receiving radio frequency energy from the atmosphere or remote transmitters, rectifying it to direct current, and using that to power transistor amplifiers and other circuits. This allows powering devices like transistor radios without batteries by extracting sufficient power from existing radio signals in the atmosphere.
Modeling of Wind Energy on Isolated AreaIJPEDS-IAES
In this paper, a model of the wind turbine (WT) with permanent magnet generator (PMSG) and its associated controllers is presented. The increase of wind power penetration in power systems has meant that conventional power plants are gradually being replaced by wind farms. In fact, today wind farms are required to actively participate in power system operation in the same way as conventional power plants. In fact, power system operators have revised the grid connection requirements for wind turbines and wind farms and now demand that these installations be able to carry out more or less the same control tasks as conventional power plants. For dynamic power system simulations, the PMSG wind turbine model includes an aerodynamic rotor model, a lumped mass representation of the drive train system and generator model. In this paper we propose a model with an implementation in MATLAB / Simulink, each of the system components off-grid small wind turbines.
Proposed Wind Power System in Pyay District in Myanmarijtsrd
There are many aims for this paper such as to apply renewable energy for everyone in Myanmar, to supply electricity to rural areas not only offgrid but also ongrid and to construct wind turbines widely in costal region starting from this research. The proposed wind power system is 450W in Pyay. This proposed system may be costed around US $1700. As Bago Mountainuous Region is also situated in Pyay District, wind power can produce electricity. Moreover, 49 villages is no electricity among 567 villages. In this paper, five main components is expressed such as wind turbine, permagnet generator, rectifier, battery and inverter. Dr. Zarchi San | Daw Yin Aye Mon | Daw Lin Lin Phyu ""Proposed Wind Power System in Pyay District in Myanmar"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22782.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/22782/proposed-wind-power-system-in-pyay-district-in-myanmar/dr-zarchi-san
Battery-Equivalent DC Supply from Leakage Current: PV to Transformer-less Inv...IAES-IJPEDS
The document discusses using leakage currents that occur in different places in a photovoltaic (PV) system with a transformer-less inverter topology to generate a battery-equivalent DC supply. It simulates the various leakage current paths that occur and uses a summer circuit to add the leakage currents together. The summed leakage current is then rectified using either a fully cross-coupled rectifier or gate cross-coupled rectifier and amplified to produce around 1V of DC voltage. This demonstrates that with proper circuitry, the leakage currents in a PV system can be harnessed to generate a small DC supply without needing a battery, thus providing a potential alternative power source for standalone systems.
1) The document discusses the use of wind power generators as an alternative energy source for Nigeria given the inability of the national power company to meet demand.
2) It describes the basic principles of how wind power is converted to electrical power through a turbine that spins a generator, and discusses two main types of systems - constant speed constant frequency and variable speed constant frequency.
3) Potential sites in Nigeria for wind power generators are areas along beaches, some parts of Bauchi and Sokoto states where mean wind speeds are high, some highlands, and some riverine areas.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document presents a dynamic model and control strategy for a grid-connected hybrid wind and photovoltaic (PV) power generation system. It describes models for the key system components, including a variable speed wind turbine with permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), PV array, and power conditioning system. The power conditioning system uses boost converters to regulate the DC link voltage from the wind and PV sources. A voltage source inverter and PQ controller are used to interface the hybrid system and deliver power to the grid while maintaining a stable common DC bus voltage. Simulation results show the feasibility of the proposed hybrid power system for distributed energy applications.
Analysis characteristics of power PV cells and wind turbine from power genera...IOSR Journals
This paper presents the implementation of a generalized photovoltaic model using Matlab Simulink
software package, which can be representative of PV cell, module, and array for easy use on simulation
platform. The proposed model is designed with a user-friendly icon and a dialog box like Simulink block
libraries. This makes the generalized PV model easily simulated and analyzed in conjunction with power
electronics for a maximum power point tracker. Taking the effect of sunlight irradiance and cell temperature
into consideration, the output current and power characteristics of PV model are simulated and optimized using
the proposed model. This enables the dynamics of PV power system to be easily simulated, analyzed, and
optimized.
For Wind Turbine modeling and simulation of wind driven electricity generation system or WECS (an
acronym for Wind Energy Conversion System) has been done. Our aim is to design and test a power 300W
capacity, operating at 3 m/s to 6 m/s , induction permanent magnet generator Matlab simulation. The different
components of a wind energy system namely the wind turbine, generator, rectifier, as per the scope of this
project following which the design steps and modeling of the system in Matlab simulation environment -
Simulink was undertaken
Conversion of atmospheric electric energytavennerpride
The document describes Hermann Plauson's 1925 patent for a system to convert atmospheric static electricity into oscillating electromagnetic energy. It involves using balloons or kites equipped with metallic collectors to capture static charges from the air. The charges are converted into high frequency oscillations using spark gaps, condensers, and inductive coils, which can then be transformed for various uses like powering motors, lighting, or electrochemical processes. Diagrams show different configurations, such as using multiple collector balloons connected by conductors, or adding safety spark gaps to prevent overvoltage.
This document describes a device that can power electrical circuits entirely from energy abstracted from the atmosphere without needing a local power source. It summarizes an invention by Lloyd R. Crump for powering transistor circuits and other low-powered electrical devices. Specifically, it allows receiving radio frequency energy from the atmosphere or remote transmitters, rectifying it to direct current, and using that to power transistor amplifiers and other circuits. This allows powering devices like transistor radios without batteries by extracting sufficient power from existing radio signals in the atmosphere.
Modeling of Wind Energy on Isolated AreaIJPEDS-IAES
In this paper, a model of the wind turbine (WT) with permanent magnet generator (PMSG) and its associated controllers is presented. The increase of wind power penetration in power systems has meant that conventional power plants are gradually being replaced by wind farms. In fact, today wind farms are required to actively participate in power system operation in the same way as conventional power plants. In fact, power system operators have revised the grid connection requirements for wind turbines and wind farms and now demand that these installations be able to carry out more or less the same control tasks as conventional power plants. For dynamic power system simulations, the PMSG wind turbine model includes an aerodynamic rotor model, a lumped mass representation of the drive train system and generator model. In this paper we propose a model with an implementation in MATLAB / Simulink, each of the system components off-grid small wind turbines.
Proposed Wind Power System in Pyay District in Myanmarijtsrd
There are many aims for this paper such as to apply renewable energy for everyone in Myanmar, to supply electricity to rural areas not only offgrid but also ongrid and to construct wind turbines widely in costal region starting from this research. The proposed wind power system is 450W in Pyay. This proposed system may be costed around US $1700. As Bago Mountainuous Region is also situated in Pyay District, wind power can produce electricity. Moreover, 49 villages is no electricity among 567 villages. In this paper, five main components is expressed such as wind turbine, permagnet generator, rectifier, battery and inverter. Dr. Zarchi San | Daw Yin Aye Mon | Daw Lin Lin Phyu ""Proposed Wind Power System in Pyay District in Myanmar"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22782.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/22782/proposed-wind-power-system-in-pyay-district-in-myanmar/dr-zarchi-san
Battery-Equivalent DC Supply from Leakage Current: PV to Transformer-less Inv...IAES-IJPEDS
The document discusses using leakage currents that occur in different places in a photovoltaic (PV) system with a transformer-less inverter topology to generate a battery-equivalent DC supply. It simulates the various leakage current paths that occur and uses a summer circuit to add the leakage currents together. The summed leakage current is then rectified using either a fully cross-coupled rectifier or gate cross-coupled rectifier and amplified to produce around 1V of DC voltage. This demonstrates that with proper circuitry, the leakage currents in a PV system can be harnessed to generate a small DC supply without needing a battery, thus providing a potential alternative power source for standalone systems.
1) The document discusses the use of wind power generators as an alternative energy source for Nigeria given the inability of the national power company to meet demand.
2) It describes the basic principles of how wind power is converted to electrical power through a turbine that spins a generator, and discusses two main types of systems - constant speed constant frequency and variable speed constant frequency.
3) Potential sites in Nigeria for wind power generators are areas along beaches, some parts of Bauchi and Sokoto states where mean wind speeds are high, some highlands, and some riverine areas.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document presents a dynamic model and control strategy for a grid-connected hybrid wind and photovoltaic (PV) power generation system. It describes models for the key system components, including a variable speed wind turbine with permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), PV array, and power conditioning system. The power conditioning system uses boost converters to regulate the DC link voltage from the wind and PV sources. A voltage source inverter and PQ controller are used to interface the hybrid system and deliver power to the grid while maintaining a stable common DC bus voltage. Simulation results show the feasibility of the proposed hybrid power system for distributed energy applications.
Analysis characteristics of power PV cells and wind turbine from power genera...IOSR Journals
This paper presents the implementation of a generalized photovoltaic model using Matlab Simulink
software package, which can be representative of PV cell, module, and array for easy use on simulation
platform. The proposed model is designed with a user-friendly icon and a dialog box like Simulink block
libraries. This makes the generalized PV model easily simulated and analyzed in conjunction with power
electronics for a maximum power point tracker. Taking the effect of sunlight irradiance and cell temperature
into consideration, the output current and power characteristics of PV model are simulated and optimized using
the proposed model. This enables the dynamics of PV power system to be easily simulated, analyzed, and
optimized.
For Wind Turbine modeling and simulation of wind driven electricity generation system or WECS (an
acronym for Wind Energy Conversion System) has been done. Our aim is to design and test a power 300W
capacity, operating at 3 m/s to 6 m/s , induction permanent magnet generator Matlab simulation. The different
components of a wind energy system namely the wind turbine, generator, rectifier, as per the scope of this
project following which the design steps and modeling of the system in Matlab simulation environment -
Simulink was undertaken
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Sizing Optimization of Stand-Alone Wind Power System Using Hybrid Energy Stor...ijsrd.com
In this study, the hydrogen production potential and costs by using wind/electrolysis system were considered. In order to evaluate costs and quantities of produced hydrogen, number of wind-turbines and hub heights are considered as the variable Levelized cost of electricity method was used in order to determine the cost analysis of wind energy and hydrogen production. The results of calculations brought out that the electricity costs of the wind turbines and hydrogen production costs of the electrolyzers are decreased with the increase of turbine hub height. The maximum hydrogen production quantity was obtained 1420KWh/year.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Rectennas convert received microwaves into direct current electricity. They are composed of antenna dipoles and diodes arranged in a mesh pattern. Rectennas can be highly efficient, with efficiencies over 90% observed in the laboratory. In the future, rectennas may be used to generate large-scale power from microwave beams transmitted from orbiting solar power satellites.
The document discusses electromechanical energy conversion in systems consisting of electric and mechanical components coupled through an interaction field. It presents equations showing that the total energy transferred to the coupling field (WF) is equal to the energy supplied by the electric system (WE) plus the energy supplied by the mechanical system (WM). The energy transfer is also affected by losses in the electric, mechanical and coupling field components. It further derives an expression for the electromagnetic force (fe) in terms of the device variables like current (i) and displacement (x).
This document summarizes a technique for harvesting renewable energy from tidal, wind, and geothermal sources to power submarine communications. The energies are first converted to mechanical then electrical AC energy. An AC-DC converter produces DC power for storage. Geothermal energy uses heat from the earth's interior. An organic Rankine cycle converts high temperature geothermal water to vapor, powering a turbine to generate AC electricity. A boost converter increases the DC voltage for storage. Simulations validate the theoretical predictions for harvesting renewable energy underwater.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document provides a 3-sentence summary of the key information from the given document:
The document is a white paper from Power Engineers, Inc. that was prepared for CTC Global to discuss conductor performance, reactive power, and voltage management on electric transmission lines. It covers concepts of real and reactive power, the impact of resistance, inductance, and capacitance on transmission lines, and compares the performance of different conductor designs for managing reactive power and voltages. The white paper also includes a case study example to illustrate reactive power and voltage performance on transmission lines.
This document summarizes a study on controlling DC/DC converters for maximum power tracking in solar energy systems. The study analyzed buck, boost, and buck-boost converter performance using a discrete-time proportional-integral control algorithm to track the maximum power points of a solar array. Simulation and experimental results showed the converters successfully tracked maximum power points under changing solar irradiance. The buck converter achieved the highest efficiency of around 90%. The control method and converter configurations allow solar energy systems to effectively transfer power from solar arrays.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on solid state transformers (SSTs) and their implementations. It introduces SSTs as consisting of multi-stage power electronics converters with high frequency transformer isolation. The document outlines some disadvantages of conventional transformers and classifications of SST topologies, including single-stage, dual-active bridge, and multi-stage varieties. Applications discussed include renewable energy integration, electric vehicles, and microgrids. Advantages of SSTs are noted as smaller size, power quality control, fault isolation, and environmental benefits.
Battery energy storage and power electronics based voltage and frequency cont...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a system for connecting a wind turbine to the electric grid using battery energy storage and power electronics for voltage and frequency control. The system includes an asynchronous generator, uncontrolled rectifier, PWM inverter, DC link capacitor, and battery storage. Simulation results in MATLAB demonstrate the system's ability to generate grid-quality power from a wind turbine while regulating voltage and frequency. The battery storage compensates for fluctuations from the intermittent wind power and supports strengthening the generator's connection to the grid.
This document summarizes a paper that describes the simulation and control of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) using artificial neural networks. The DFIG is a type of induction generator that is widely used in wind power generation because it allows variable speed operation while only requiring a power converter rated at 25-30% of the generator rating. The paper presents the mathematical model of the DFIG in the d-q reference frame and describes how to control the rotor voltages using PI and ANN controllers to maintain a constant terminal voltage. Simulation results verify that the model meets the requirements of a variable speed constant frequency wind energy conversion system.
Performance Characteristics of SEIGUsed In Wind Energy Conversion SystemIJSRD
This paper shows the wind driven self-excited induction generator used in wind turbine for drive applications. The self-excited induction generator is mathematically modeled to perform efficiently as a real time performance. Here we used voltage source inverter which is a normal pulse width modulation inverter fed with resistive load. A voltage source inverter is used which forms a bridge between the self-excited induction generator and a load .The voltage source inverter are used to provide to make a system simple and cost effective. The simple arrangement is used such that the efficiency of the system becomes high with minimized losses. The PWM Inverters (VSI) is used to convert the variable magnitude and frequency voltage into reliable constant voltage and constant frequency supply to drive the isolated load. The self-excited induction generator and other power electronic converter components are modeled through coding and simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK 8.1.604 (R2013a).
The Eighteenth Annual Newfoundland Electrical and Computer Engineering Confer...mominul511
This document summarizes a feasibility study of implementing a pumped hydro energy storage system for the wind-diesel hybrid power system in Ramea, Newfoundland. Simulations found that a 500 battery, 150kW pumped hydro system could store excess wind energy, reduce fuel consumption by 94,782L per year, and lower the cost of energy by $0.03/kWh. Dynamic simulations showed the pumped hydro system effectively manages power flows during pumping and generation to meet loads and integrate wind energy. Future work could implement an actual pumped hydro system and consider variable loads and speeds.
Z - Source Multi Level Inverter Based PV Generation SystemIJERA Editor
This document summarizes a research paper on a Z-source multi-level inverter based PV generation system. The paper proposes using a Z-source multi-level inverter instead of a conventional voltage source inverter to improve system performance. It presents mathematical models of the PV panel, Z-source inverter, and MPPT technique. Simulation results show that the Z-source multi-level inverter provides boosting capability, reduces harmonics, and improves efficiency compared to a conventional voltage source inverter for solar energy conversion. The system is able to efficiently supply both linear and non-linear loads.
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
1. The document discusses electro-mechanical energy conversion in plunger and rotating systems using a coil, plunger/rotor, and air gap.
2. It examines the change in stored magnetic energy and mechanical work done when the plunger/rotor moves due to a change in the air gap inductance.
3. The difference between the supplied electrical energy and change in stored energy equals the mechanical work done on the plunger/rotor.
MATLAB Simulink for single phase PWM inverter in an uninterrupted power supplyIJMER
Now a day’s Uninterrupted power supply is very necessary for industry, and domestic purpose.
This paper presents the design and implementation of UPS for using personal computer. Here solar
energy is used for charging the battery in sunny days and in absence of solar energy it will automatically
connect to main AC supply. Also MATLAB simulation work is done for PWM single phase inverter and
full bridge rectifier.. Here microcontroller is used for switching between solar plate and main AC supply
to Battery. By using this method we can save our electricity bill which is consumed in charging of battery
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Saki Rouva é um cantor grego nascido em 1972 que foi eleito o homem mais bonito do mundo em um concurso em 2008. O artigo fornece detalhes biográficos básicos sobre Saki Rouva e informa que ele ganhou um concurso de beleza.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Sizing Optimization of Stand-Alone Wind Power System Using Hybrid Energy Stor...ijsrd.com
In this study, the hydrogen production potential and costs by using wind/electrolysis system were considered. In order to evaluate costs and quantities of produced hydrogen, number of wind-turbines and hub heights are considered as the variable Levelized cost of electricity method was used in order to determine the cost analysis of wind energy and hydrogen production. The results of calculations brought out that the electricity costs of the wind turbines and hydrogen production costs of the electrolyzers are decreased with the increase of turbine hub height. The maximum hydrogen production quantity was obtained 1420KWh/year.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Rectennas convert received microwaves into direct current electricity. They are composed of antenna dipoles and diodes arranged in a mesh pattern. Rectennas can be highly efficient, with efficiencies over 90% observed in the laboratory. In the future, rectennas may be used to generate large-scale power from microwave beams transmitted from orbiting solar power satellites.
The document discusses electromechanical energy conversion in systems consisting of electric and mechanical components coupled through an interaction field. It presents equations showing that the total energy transferred to the coupling field (WF) is equal to the energy supplied by the electric system (WE) plus the energy supplied by the mechanical system (WM). The energy transfer is also affected by losses in the electric, mechanical and coupling field components. It further derives an expression for the electromagnetic force (fe) in terms of the device variables like current (i) and displacement (x).
This document summarizes a technique for harvesting renewable energy from tidal, wind, and geothermal sources to power submarine communications. The energies are first converted to mechanical then electrical AC energy. An AC-DC converter produces DC power for storage. Geothermal energy uses heat from the earth's interior. An organic Rankine cycle converts high temperature geothermal water to vapor, powering a turbine to generate AC electricity. A boost converter increases the DC voltage for storage. Simulations validate the theoretical predictions for harvesting renewable energy underwater.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document provides a 3-sentence summary of the key information from the given document:
The document is a white paper from Power Engineers, Inc. that was prepared for CTC Global to discuss conductor performance, reactive power, and voltage management on electric transmission lines. It covers concepts of real and reactive power, the impact of resistance, inductance, and capacitance on transmission lines, and compares the performance of different conductor designs for managing reactive power and voltages. The white paper also includes a case study example to illustrate reactive power and voltage performance on transmission lines.
This document summarizes a study on controlling DC/DC converters for maximum power tracking in solar energy systems. The study analyzed buck, boost, and buck-boost converter performance using a discrete-time proportional-integral control algorithm to track the maximum power points of a solar array. Simulation and experimental results showed the converters successfully tracked maximum power points under changing solar irradiance. The buck converter achieved the highest efficiency of around 90%. The control method and converter configurations allow solar energy systems to effectively transfer power from solar arrays.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on solid state transformers (SSTs) and their implementations. It introduces SSTs as consisting of multi-stage power electronics converters with high frequency transformer isolation. The document outlines some disadvantages of conventional transformers and classifications of SST topologies, including single-stage, dual-active bridge, and multi-stage varieties. Applications discussed include renewable energy integration, electric vehicles, and microgrids. Advantages of SSTs are noted as smaller size, power quality control, fault isolation, and environmental benefits.
Battery energy storage and power electronics based voltage and frequency cont...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a system for connecting a wind turbine to the electric grid using battery energy storage and power electronics for voltage and frequency control. The system includes an asynchronous generator, uncontrolled rectifier, PWM inverter, DC link capacitor, and battery storage. Simulation results in MATLAB demonstrate the system's ability to generate grid-quality power from a wind turbine while regulating voltage and frequency. The battery storage compensates for fluctuations from the intermittent wind power and supports strengthening the generator's connection to the grid.
This document summarizes a paper that describes the simulation and control of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) using artificial neural networks. The DFIG is a type of induction generator that is widely used in wind power generation because it allows variable speed operation while only requiring a power converter rated at 25-30% of the generator rating. The paper presents the mathematical model of the DFIG in the d-q reference frame and describes how to control the rotor voltages using PI and ANN controllers to maintain a constant terminal voltage. Simulation results verify that the model meets the requirements of a variable speed constant frequency wind energy conversion system.
Performance Characteristics of SEIGUsed In Wind Energy Conversion SystemIJSRD
This paper shows the wind driven self-excited induction generator used in wind turbine for drive applications. The self-excited induction generator is mathematically modeled to perform efficiently as a real time performance. Here we used voltage source inverter which is a normal pulse width modulation inverter fed with resistive load. A voltage source inverter is used which forms a bridge between the self-excited induction generator and a load .The voltage source inverter are used to provide to make a system simple and cost effective. The simple arrangement is used such that the efficiency of the system becomes high with minimized losses. The PWM Inverters (VSI) is used to convert the variable magnitude and frequency voltage into reliable constant voltage and constant frequency supply to drive the isolated load. The self-excited induction generator and other power electronic converter components are modeled through coding and simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK 8.1.604 (R2013a).
The Eighteenth Annual Newfoundland Electrical and Computer Engineering Confer...mominul511
This document summarizes a feasibility study of implementing a pumped hydro energy storage system for the wind-diesel hybrid power system in Ramea, Newfoundland. Simulations found that a 500 battery, 150kW pumped hydro system could store excess wind energy, reduce fuel consumption by 94,782L per year, and lower the cost of energy by $0.03/kWh. Dynamic simulations showed the pumped hydro system effectively manages power flows during pumping and generation to meet loads and integrate wind energy. Future work could implement an actual pumped hydro system and consider variable loads and speeds.
Z - Source Multi Level Inverter Based PV Generation SystemIJERA Editor
This document summarizes a research paper on a Z-source multi-level inverter based PV generation system. The paper proposes using a Z-source multi-level inverter instead of a conventional voltage source inverter to improve system performance. It presents mathematical models of the PV panel, Z-source inverter, and MPPT technique. Simulation results show that the Z-source multi-level inverter provides boosting capability, reduces harmonics, and improves efficiency compared to a conventional voltage source inverter for solar energy conversion. The system is able to efficiently supply both linear and non-linear loads.
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
1. The document discusses electro-mechanical energy conversion in plunger and rotating systems using a coil, plunger/rotor, and air gap.
2. It examines the change in stored magnetic energy and mechanical work done when the plunger/rotor moves due to a change in the air gap inductance.
3. The difference between the supplied electrical energy and change in stored energy equals the mechanical work done on the plunger/rotor.
MATLAB Simulink for single phase PWM inverter in an uninterrupted power supplyIJMER
Now a day’s Uninterrupted power supply is very necessary for industry, and domestic purpose.
This paper presents the design and implementation of UPS for using personal computer. Here solar
energy is used for charging the battery in sunny days and in absence of solar energy it will automatically
connect to main AC supply. Also MATLAB simulation work is done for PWM single phase inverter and
full bridge rectifier.. Here microcontroller is used for switching between solar plate and main AC supply
to Battery. By using this method we can save our electricity bill which is consumed in charging of battery
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Saki Rouva é um cantor grego nascido em 1972 que foi eleito o homem mais bonito do mundo em um concurso em 2008. O artigo fornece detalhes biográficos básicos sobre Saki Rouva e informa que ele ganhou um concurso de beleza.
Este documento presenta un trabajo práctico sobre informática que incluye preguntas de selección múltiple y verdadero/falso sobre conceptos básicos de hardware y software, como la memoria ROM, el significado de informática y los dispositivos de almacenamiento auxiliar. También incluye preguntas abiertas sobre partes del microprocesador, la formación de un byte, la memoria RAM y periféricos de entrada, salida y entrada/salida.
La veterinaria Victoria ofrece servicios como vacunación, baños, venta de alimentos, corte de pelo y pastillas parasitarias. Los precios incluyen vacuna de la rabia por $35, pastillas parasitarias por $30, alimentos para gato por $30, alimentos para perro por $35, baños por $40 y corte de pelo por $35.
John O'Hagan has over 35 years of experience in logistics and supply chain management. He has held several director level positions at major logistics companies, transforming struggling business units and increasing profits. Most recently, he was Director of Contract Logistics at UTI Worldwide, where he restructured operations across Europe and the Middle East.
Great pyramid giza alternative energy pg circular timestavennerpride
1) The authors have found that the dimensions of the Great Pyramid of Giza express key ratios related to sine waves and Fibonacci numbers. They hypothesize that the pyramid shape could function as a wideband antenna for capturing atmospheric electrostatic discharge (ESD) impulses.
2) Experiments show that a pyramid-shaped transducer can absorb ESD impulses from an electrostatic field and convert them into exponentially decaying sinusoidal waveforms.
3) Through an inductive coil system, the transducer is able to transfer power from the captured ESD impulses. Measurements indicate the system can achieve efficiencies of around 20-30% in transferring power.
El documento discute la importancia del aprendizaje colaborativo en la educación moderna. Señala que el trabajo en grupo es un componente esencial de las actividades de enseñanza y aprendizaje innovadoras. También destaca que la inteligencia social y los sentimientos juegan un papel importante en el desarrollo mental. El documento analizará los desafíos que presenta el aprendizaje colaborativo para los profesores y estudiantes, y cómo lograr la colaboración efectiva.
La educación necesita adaptarse a la sociedad del conocimiento. La educación tradicional ha evolucionado poco comparado con otros campos, y los estudiantes deben aprender a aprender para poder enfrentar el cambio constante. La currícula escolar debe cambiar para enfocarse más en que los estudiantes aprendan por sí mismos en lugar de que los maestros hagan la mayor parte del trabajo.
El documento habla sobre la posible gira de shows de Indio Solari en 2011, luego de haber suspendido su show tras la muerte de Miguel Ramírez. No queda claro si Indio Solari realmente hará shows este año.
Balwinder Singh provides his curriculum vitae, including personal details, education history, technical skills, and work experience. He has over 15 years of experience as a civil draughtsman and assistant architect in India and Iraq. His technical skills include producing shop drawings, revising drawings before execution, and coordinating with designers, project managers, and contractors. His objective is to gain knowledge from his work environments in both college and industry to increase his efficiency.
Olej kokosowy to jeden z najbardziej wszechstronnych olejów naturalnych, o wielu właściwościach zdrowotnych i pielęgnacyjnych. Występuje w wielu dietach i pozwala zwalczać wiele schorzeń oraz chorób. Doskonale spisuje się w codziennej pielęgnacji urody, zarówno podczas stosowania na włosy, jak i skórę. Doskonale nawilża i wykazuje właściwości antybakteryjne. Polecany jest w tradycyjnej medycynie Ajurvedy jako jeden z najlepszych składników naturalnych dla zachowania zdrowia i piękna przez długie lata.
Comprensión e interpretación de las ciencias socialesulises8941
Este documento resume las posiciones epistemológicas de varios pensadores clave sobre la construcción de las ciencias sociales. Aborda las visiones de Dilthey, Rickert, Weber, Schutz, Goldmann, Winch y Giddens sobre temas como la explicación vs comprensión, los métodos individualizador y generalizador, los tipos ideales, las bases fenomenológicas, y la doble hermenéutica en las ciencias sociales.
La adultez joven se caracteriza por asumir roles sociales y familiares como formar una familia. En esta etapa, es ideal elegir una pareja, establecer una relación íntima y planear la paternidad. La adultez media implica continuar con los roles parentales y matrimoniales, así como cuidar a los padres mayores y convertirse en abuelos.
El documento describe los cambios en la personalidad y la adaptación social que ocurren durante el envejecimiento. Con la edad, las personas tienden a volverse más introvertidas, centrándose en grupos pequeños, y desarrollan desconfianza debido a ser una minoría y la pérdida de amigos y familiares. También desarrollan un gran interés en su salud. El envejecimiento implica aceptar lo realizado a lo largo de la vida y acercarse a la muerte. La jubilación puede ser estresante para algunos debido a la p
Este documento resume las características del desarrollo social en la etapa adulta según varios teóricos. Explica que el adulto experimenta grandes cambios en sus roles, estatus y relaciones sociales. También describe las características de un adulto maduro e inmaduro. Finalmente, resume lo que representa el adulto en la sociedad como un individuo plenamente formado y productivo que suele fundar una familia.
This patent describes an atmospheric static electricity collector that uses a balloon tethered by a conductive line. An antenna attached to the balloon collects static electricity from the atmosphere using conductive rods. The collected electricity is conducted down the tether to a base unit on the ground. A controller monitors the electrical flow and uses a winch motor to control the tether length and balloon altitude to maintain the electrical flow within a preset range. The collected static electricity can then be provided to electrical loads on the ground.
This patent describes an atmospheric electrical generator that uses a tethered aircraft, such as a balloon, to harvest static electricity from the atmosphere. A conductive tether line connects the aircraft to a winch on a ground-based unit. Electrical charge builds up on the tether and is transmitted to the ground unit via an electrical conductor. A controller monitors the current and uses the winch to raise or lower the aircraft to maintain a safe and stable level of current flow. It also retracts the tether if lightning is detected nearby to protect the system from damage.
A Novel Approach Concerning Wind Power EnhancementWaqas Tariq
Being a tropical country, Bangladesh does have wind flow throughout the year. However, the prospect for wind energy in Bangladesh is not at satisfactory level due to low average wind velocities at different regions of the country. The field survey data indicated that the wind velocities are relatively higher from the month of May to August, whereas, it is not so for the rest of the year. Therefore, exploiting the wind energy at low wind velocities is a major predicament in creating a sustainable energy resource for a country with inauspicious forthcoming energy crisis. The scope of this paper concentrates on an innovative approach to harness wind power by installing an auxiliary unit which would only assist the primary turbine unit in case the wind velocity falls under the required value. The auxiliary unit would comprise a secondary turbine, which would be operated by a DC motor connected to a battery system that is charged by a solar panel. A specially designed conduit would encompass both the primary and auxiliary turbine units. A CFD simulation utilizing ANSYS FLOTRAN was carried out to investigate the velocity profiles for different pressure differences at different regions of the prototype conduit. A feasibility analysis of the modified system was eventually carried out for the preferred conduit design.
During a commercial flight, the aircraft’s structure interacts with the ionized air particles, where the loose electrons in the metallic atoms of the structure generate electrostatic charges, which cause interference such as noise in the VHF radio-communication systems. Since the electrostatic charge affects electronic equipment and components, the most affordable solution, until now, is the charge incidence decrease in the equipment, reducing or redirecting it back to the atmosphere. The objective of this project is to create a source of alternate energy for the aircraft under the triboelectrification process, which will be accomplished by directing the particle flow to a high-tension condensation matrix, in order to decrease the voltage and create a source of energy that electrically powers the aircraft.
This document proposes a new design for a hydrogen fueling station powered by renewable energy sources including photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, and batteries. The main components of the station are the electrolyzer that produces hydrogen from water, a compressor, and a water cooling system. A controller manages the energy flow between the renewable sources and the load. The design aims to increase efficiency by using hot water from the cooling system to power a car wash unit. Optimal sizing of the renewable components is determined using software. A simulation model of the station is developed to analyze performance under different operating conditions and weather data.
Airfoil linear wind generator (alwg) as a novel wind energy extraction approachijmech
Linear wind generator (LWG) is a sufficient way of wind energy harnessing process. However, complicated
LWG energy extraction mechanism such as complex system for transferring linear motion to rotational
motion and problems related to changing the angle of attack is resulted to energy dissipation. In the other
hand the linear generator that delivers ocean wave energy to electricity has been developed as a new renewable energy extraction method. Some of the problems associated with this technology are corrosion,
high cost of manufacturing, high requirement for installation and construction, economical consideration,etc. In the most recent works, low dissipation energy in mechanism, low cost, simplicity and high performance are highly regarded as environmentally friendly methods for wind energy extraction mechanisms. In the current study, we would like to introduce a new and efficient method to extract wind energy using airfoil linear wind generator(ALWG). ALWG is a new method that produces liner reciprocating motion via attached airfoils to a mover in a magnetic field in order to generate electricity.The most important advantage of ALWG is its simplicity and its compatibility to all wind situations that can be more controllable relative to ocean-based and also relative to LWG that become challengeable problem.
This document describes a spacecraft propulsion system that uses three rotating electrostatically charged cylinders located underneath the hull of the spacecraft. Each cylinder rotates within a concentric annular ring, which is also electrostatically charged. The interaction between the radial electric field of the rotating cylinder and the vertical electric field of the annular ring creates a stress-energy tensor that results in a spacetime curvature and horizontal propulsive force on the hull. Magnetic vortex generators are used to generate small wormholes that increase the permittivity of space, amplifying the propulsive force generated. Thrust and yaw motion control is achieved through coordinated charging of the cylinders and rings.
This document describes Peter Grandics' invention of a pyramid-shaped capacitor that can convert electrostatic energy into usable electrical energy. It discusses how wrapping a coil around a pyramid-shaped electrode that is charged with high voltage DC produces an alternating current that can be rectified. The pyramid shape allows for maximal conversion of DC electrostatic energy into an AC current without any moving parts. It also references prior art on electrostatic generators and discusses potential applications of tapping atmospheric electrostatic energy sources using this method.
This document evaluates the performance of an energy tower power plant (ETPP) without a solar collector for application in Saudi Arabia. A mathematical model is used to estimate the monthly electric power output from a 1200m tall, 400m diameter chimney under Saudi weather conditions. The results show the power tower could produce between 111.8MW and 137.8MW of electricity per month, with higher outputs in winter months. ETPPs use water spraying at the chimney top to cool air and create downdrafts to drive turbines, making them suitable for hot, dry climates like Saudi Arabia.
Effect analysis of the different channel length and depth of photovoltaic the...IJECEIAES
The document analyzes the effect of different channel lengths and depths on the electrical and thermal performance of a photovoltaic thermal system with a ∇-groove collector. A mathematical model is developed and simulations are conducted below 800 W/m2 solar intensity and 0.0069-0.0491 kg/s mass flow rates. Results show thermal efficiency increases nonlinearly with mass flow rate, reaching a maximum of 39.05% at 2.4m length. Electrical efficiency decreases nonlinearly from 10.43% at 2.4m length due to higher photovoltaic panel temperatures at longer lengths. Increasing mass flow rate improves both thermal and electrical performance of the ∇-groove collector.
Impact of solar radiation and temperature levels on the variation of the seri...eSAT Journals
Abstract It is well-known that the efficiency of silicon-based photovoltaic modules decreases with temperature. This paper discusses the
variation of series and shunt resistances of PV modules with temperature which affect their efficiencies. A tool, “MY PV TOOL”,
has been developed to help in simulating the variations of series and shunt resistances for different levels of solar radiation and
temperature using experimental measurements as well as theoretical equations of the PV module.
Keywords: Solar Radiation, Solar Temperature, Shunt Resistors, Photovoltaic Modules
A two level energy storage system for wind energy systemsSomkene Mbakwe
This document discusses a two-level energy storage system for wind energy systems. It proposes using supercapacitors for short-term energy storage to meet fast fluctuations in wind power, and lithium-ion batteries for long-term energy storage to meet large-scale capacity needs. The document analyzes wind power output data to determine the appropriate capacities of the two energy storage components. It finds that a two-level energy storage system can help smooth wind power fluctuations and maximize power sold to the grid.
This document provides an overview of airborne wind energy systems (AWES). It discusses how AWES work at higher altitudes of 600-1000 feet to access stronger, more consistent winds. It covers the history and concepts of AWES, including groundgen and flygen concepts. It also summarizes the advantages of AWES in providing more consistent power production as well as applications in areas with limited infrastructure. The document concludes that AWES represent an emerging renewable energy technology as research and development continues.
A solar PV array system is comprised of the following components - solar cells, panel modules, and an array system. Thus, overall optimal design of a solar PV system involves the optimal design of the components at three levels - solar cell, panel module, and array. In the present work, a comparison between different optimization methods is applied to design optimization of single channel Photovoltaic (SCPVT) system. The purpose of these methodologies is to obtain optimum values of the design parameters of SCPVT system, such that the overall economic profit is maximized throughout the PV system lifetime operational period which is not directly calculated in our work rather energy efficiency is calculated . Out of many design parameters available for this system, in the present work only few parameters are taken. The optimal design parameters chosen here are length of channel, depth of channel, velocity of fluid in the cell, and temperature of the cell. The objective function of the proposed optimization algorithm which is Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) implemented for design optimization of the system is the energy efficiency, which has to be maximized.
C. d. engin, a. yesildirek, designing and modeling of a point absorber wave e...Dogukan Engin
In this project, the primary aim is to produce optimum parameters for electric power generation via renewable sea wave energy for the Turkish sea coastlines. The modular system is composed of wave actuation mechanism, hydraulic system and generator. This system is used to model and compute the optimal parameters but also monitor the Turkish coastline characteristics. A hydrodynamic model based optimum PTO drives the generator that are further connected to other similar units to construct a wave energy farm. A testbench is created to mimic the operation of wave actuation in lab environment. This unit drives hydraulic system that can generate mechanical power to excite a generator shaft. Optimal wave actuation mechanism parameters suitable to our coastlines have been calculated. With these aims, the system designed on the basis of the mechanism that based on point absorber buoy. Initial design and hydrodynamic simulations in MATLAB/Simulink is given.
Improved backtracking search optimization algorithm for PV/Wind/FC systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper uses a novel optimization method based on the improved backtracking search optimization algorithm (IBSA). The study is conducted for a hybrid stand-alone system composed of photovoltaic panel (PV), wind turbine generator and fuel cell electrolyzer (FC). To demonstrate the effectiveness of the IBSA, four benchmark functions are used. The result shows the better exploration and exploitation of the improved backtracking search optimization algorithm in terms of convergence and speed for system comprinsing PV panel wind, turbine generator and fuel cell. The proposed algorithm is used to optimize the annual total cost (ATC) of the energy produced and feed up the load demand. The economic evaluation of the Hybrid PV/Wind/FC system is done throughout hourly demand and daily wind speed and insulation. The simulation results justify the robustness of the IBSA.
This patent describes an energy conversion system called a Hydrogen Hub that can absorb electric power from various sources like hydropower, wind, and solar. It stores the power chemically as anhydrous ammonia, then uses the ammonia to generate zero-emissions power when needed. There are several embodiments including integrated and disaggregated hubs that are fully or partially connected to the power grid, as well as hubs that can operate independently from the grid to power remote communities. The ammonia can also be used as fertilizer, reducing costs by sharing them between the energy and agriculture industries.
Hybrid renewable energy photovoltaic and darrieus VAWT as propulsion fuel of ...journalBEEI
Currently, marine transportation in the world still uses fossil fuels. In addition to running low on supplies, fossil fuels also cause emissions that cause global warming. Sea transportation generates around 1,000 million tonnes of CO2 emissions. Therefore, the exploration of alternative energy is becoming a popular research direction. Several renewable energy sources include solar and wind energy. Indonesia has an average wind speed of above 8 m/s at sea. Also, the energy potential of the sun is around 4.8 kWh/m2. Based on the potential of these renewable energy sources, this study discusses the potential of renewable energy sources from sunlight and wind, which are implemented in the prototype catamaran ship. The results obtained from the experiment, the total energy of photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine generators is 774 Wh. This energy can be used to charge a battery with a battery specification of 35Ah for 6 hours.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
1. US 20120286623A1
(19) United States
(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2012/0286623 A1
(43) Pub. Date: Nov. 15, 2012Ogram
(54) ATMOSPHERIC ENERGY COLLECTION
(75) Inventor: Mark E. Ogram, Tucson, AZ (US)
(73) Assignee: Sefe, Inc., Tempe, AZ (US)
(21) Appl. No.: 13/103,963
(22) Filed: May 9, 2011
Publication Classi?cation
(51) Int. Cl.
H02N 3/00 (2006.01)
[H6(N
00 D
----/
500
(52) us. c1. ...................................................... .. 310/309
(57) ABSTRACT
The subject matter described herein is an atmospheric energy
collector. The atmospheric energy collector includes of a
Windsock arrangement that has a large up-Wind opening on
one side and that tapers from the larger up-Wind opening on
the one side to a small doWn-Wind opening on the other side.
The up-Wind side is secured to a tether such that an electri
cally conducting material (eg metal) included in construc
tion of the atmospheric energy collector is connected to the
tether. The Windsock arrangement is extended outWards by
Wind and the like atmospheric conditions such that the elec
trically conducting material collects the atmospheric energy
and transfers the collected energy to the tether.
502
504
9. US 2012/0286623 A1
ATMOSPHERIC ENERGY COLLECTION
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The subject matter described herein relates to a
light-Weight, extendible electricity collecting Windsock
arrangement comprising an enhanced collection surface for
atmospheric electrical energy collection.
BACKGROUND
[0002] The atmosphere above the earth is knoWn to include
electrical charge. The earth’s surface is negatively charged,
While the air above it is positively charged. All atmospheric
effects are a result of an interplay betWeen these tWo huge
areas of opposite electrical energy. The potential difference
betWeen the positively charged atmosphere and the nega
tively charged earth surface causes atmospheric electrical
energy to be developed. Some of this atmospheric electrical
energy may be experienced through thunderstorms.
[0003] Even though there is a huge amount ofatmospheric
electrical energy in the atmosphere, collection of the atmo
spheric electrical energy still remains a problem. Due to high
voltage and loW current conditions, there is a need for large
collection surfaces for maximizing the collection of atmo
spheric electrical energy. Note that the terms atmospheric
electricity, atmospheric energy, and atmospheric electrical
energy have been used interchangeably in this speci?cation.
[0004] The problem of loW current is compounded by a
heavy Weight of the collectors of atmospheric electrical
energy. The heavy Weight ofthe collectors increases payload
requirements of a lift mechanism, Which may be used to lift
the collectors to an appropriate height or altitude so that the
collection of atmospheric electrical energy is maximized.
Thus, a need exists for large yet light-Weight collectors such
that payload requirements for the lift mechanism remain rea
sonable.
SUMMARY
[0005] The subject matter described herein relates to an
atmospheric energy collector. The atmospheric energy col
lector includes an electricity collecting Windsock arrange
ment that has a large up-Wind opening on one side and that
tapers from the larger up-Wind opening on the one side to a
small doWn-Wind opening on the other side. The up-Wind side
is secured to a tether such that an electrically conducting
material (eg metal) included in construction of the atmo
spheric energy collector is connected to the tether. The elec
tricity collecting Windsock arrangement is extended outWards
by Wind and the like atmospheric conditions such that the
electrically conducting material collects the atmospheric
energy and transfers the collected energy to the tether. Fur
ther, the electricity collecting Windsock includes light-Weight
collectors such that payload requirements for the lift mecha
nism remain reasonable (i.e. remain Within a predetermined
value).
[0006] In one aspect, an electricity collection apparatus
includes a tether and a Windsock. The Windsock is formed of
an insulation material With a metal deposited on at least a
portion ofthe insulation material. The metal ofthe Windsock
is electrically connected to the tether. The Windsock extends
in a direction ofambient Wind to provide a surface area based
on the ambient Wind, and the surface area provides the metal
to collect electrical energy from the ambient Wind, the col
lected electrical energy being transferred to the tether.
Nov. 15, 2012
[0007] In another aspect, an electricity collection apparatus
includes a Windsock formed of an insulation material the
Windsock to extend in a direction ofambient Wind to provide
a surface area based on the ambient Wind. The apparatus
further includes one or more electrical conductors provided
on at least a portion of the insulation material to collect
electrical energy from the ambient Wind. The apparatus fur
ther includes an electrically conductive tether connected With
Windsock to anchor the Windsock in the direction of the
ambient Wind, the electrically conductive tether being elec
trically connected to the one or more electrical conductors
provided on at least a portion of the insulation material to
transfer the collected electrical energy from the one or more
electrical conductors to an electrical storage.
[0008] The subject matter described herein provides many
advantages. For example, large collection surfaces alloW a
maximiZed collection of atmospheric energy. Moreover, the
light-Weight collectors alloW payloadrequirements forthe lift
mechanism to remain reasonable (i.e. remain Within a prede
termined value).
[0009] The details of one or more variations ofthe subject
matter described herein are set forth in the accompanying
draWings and the description beloW. Other features and
advantages of the subject matter described herein Will be
apparent from the description and draWings, and from the
claims.
DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0010] The accompanying drawings, Which are incorpo
rated in and constitute a part ofthis speci?cation, shoW certain
aspects of the subject matter disclosed herein and, together
With the description, help explain some of the principles
associated With the disclosed implementations. In the draW
1ngs,
[0011] FIG. 1A illustrates extendible electricity collecting
Windsock arrangement that is used for collection of atmo
spheric electrical energy in accordance With implementations
ofthe current subject matter;
[0012] FIG. 1B illustrates a cross-section ofone implemen
tation ofthe electrically conducting Windsock in accordance
With implementations ofthe current subject matter;
[0013] FIG. 1C illustrates a cross-section ofanother imple
mentation of the electricity collecting Windsock in accor
dance With implementations of the current subject matter;
[0014] FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary conductive line in
accordance With implementations ofthe current subject mat
ter;
[0015] FIG. 3A illustrates a front vieW of a conductive line
in accordance With implementations of the current subject
matter;
[0016] FIG. 3B illustrates a top vieW ofthe conductive line
shoWn in FIG. 3 in accordance With implementations of the
current subject matter;
[0017] FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 4C illustrate electrical schemat
ics for handling the static charge from the atmosphere in
accordance With implementations ofthe current subject mat
ter;
[0018] FIG. 5 illustrates an adjusting apparatus (Winch
motor and spool) that enables adjustment of location/height
of the electricity collecting Windsock arrangement in accor
dance With implementations ofthe current subject matter; and
[0019] FIG. 6 is a process How diagram illustrating aspects
of a method in accordance With implementations of the cur
rent subject matter.
10. US 2012/0286623 A1
[0020] When practical, similar reference numbers denote
similar structures, features, or elements.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0021] To address these and potentially other issues With
currently available solutions, one or more implementations of
the current subject matter provide methods, systems, articles
or manufacture, and the like that can, among other possible
advantages, provide an energy collector formed as a Wind
sock and having an enhanced collection surface for atmo
spheric electrical energy collection. In preferred implemen
tations, an electricity collecting Windsock is formed as a
?exible cylinder, a truncated cone, or a cone With a metal
surface, and is mounted to a mast or other tether so as to
capture ambient Wind Which extends the Windsock outWard
from the mast, in turn forming the largest possible surface
area for the Wind conditions to enable the metal surface to
collect atmospheric amperage. The collected amperage is
transferred from the metal surface ofthe electricity collecting
Windsock to the mast ortether, and eventually to an electricity
storage device. Although implementations in Which Wind
sock arrangements having one Windsock each are discussed
beloW, those or ordinary skill in the art understand that a
Windsock arrangement may include tWo or more Windsocks
for enhanced atmospheric electricity collection.
[0022] FIG. 1A illustrates an implementation of electricity
collecting Windsock arrangement 100 that is used to collect
atmospheric electrical energy. The electricity collecting
Windsock arrangement 100 includes an extendible electricity
collecting Windsock 102. The extendible electricity collect
ing Windsock 102 is made ofa material that has a high tensile
strength and provides electrical insulation. This electrically
insulating material 134 (discussed beloW With respect to FIG.
1B) may be a plastic or a ?exible glass, such as polyester like
polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or biaxially-oriented poly
ethylene terephthalate (BoPET). BoPET is knoWn in the
industry by different trade names, some of Which are Mylar,
Melinex and Hostaphan.
[0023] As is described later With respect to FIGS. 1B and
1C, Which illustrate cross-sections of implementations of
electricity collecting Windsock 102, a thin coat of an electri
cally conducting material 132, 162 is deposited on the elec
trically insulating material 134. The deposited electrically
conducting material 132, 162 is a good conductor ofelectric
ity, andhelps electricity collecting Windsock 102 to tap atmo
spheric electrical energy. The electrically conducting mate
rial may be any one of a metal or a suitable alloy, such as one
of or a combination of one or more of gold, silver, copper,
aluminum, and the like.
[0024] The electricity collecting Windsock 102 has a large
up-Wind opening up-Wind opening 104 on one side. The
electricity collecting Windsock 102 tapers from the large up
Wind opening 104 on the one side to a small doWn-Wind
opening 106 on the other side of the electricity collecting
Windsock 102. The up-Wind opening 104 has a metal loop 110
on the circumference ofthe up-Wind opening 104. The metal
loop 110 is attached to a tether 112 using an attachment
mechanism 114. The attachment mechanism 114 may include
a soldering mechanism. In some implementations, other
attachment mechanisms 114 are also knoWn to be used, such
as nut and bolt mechanism, threading mechanism, gluing
mechanism, and the like. The electricity collecting Windsock
102 is extended outWards by Wind 116 and/or like atmo
spheric conditions suchthat the electrically conducting mate
Nov. 15, 2012
rial (e.g. metal) collects the atmospheric electrical energy and
transfers the collected energy to the tether 112.
[0025] The tether 112 includes a conductive line that is
isolated from the ground. The conductive line is used to
transfer the collected atmospheric electrical energy from the
electricity collecting Windsock 102 to an electricity storage
device (not shoWn) Where the collected atmospheric charge
may be gathered for later or simultaneous use.
[0026] When Wind 116 strikes against the electricity col
lecting Windsockarrangement 100 inthe direction illustrated,
the electricity collecting Windsock 102 extends outWard, thus
alloWing the electrically conducting material 132 (discussed
beloW With respect to FIG. 1B) to collect maximum possible
atmospheric electricity. In one implementation, the outWard
extension 118 is ?fty feet or more. When there is no Wind, the
electricity collecting Windsock 102 may be in a relatively
compressed state such that the length of the electricity col
lecting Windsock 102 is less than the outWard extension 118
caused by Windy conditions or like atmospheric conditions.
The collected atmospheric electrical energy is communicated
to the tether 112.
[0027] FIG. 1B illustrates a cross-section 130 ofone imple
mentation of the electrically conducting Windsock 102. The
cross-section 130 illustrates the electrically conducting mate
rial 132 deposited on the inner surface of the electrically
insulating material 134. The electricity collecting Windsock
102 includes the electrically conducting material 132 and the
electrically insulating material 134 such that the electrically
conducting material 132 forms the inner surface of the elec
tricity collecting Windsock 102. When the Wind 116 strikes
the electricity collecting Windsock arrangement, the electric
ity collecting Windsock 102 extends outWard, thus alloWing
the electrically conducting material 132 to collect maximum
possible atmospheric electricity. The electrically conducting
material 132 may include multiple collectors that are spaced
apart such that the collection surface is greatly enhanced. The
multiple collectors may be spaced apart in patterns, such as
spaced apart lines, squares, rectangles, circles, andthe like, or
any other pattern that may maximiZe the collection of the
atmospheric electrical energy. As noted above, the electri
cally insulating material 134 may be a plastic or a ?exible
glass, such as polyester like polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
or biaxially-oriented polyethylene terephthalate (BoPET).
The electrically conducting material 132 may be a metal or
alloy, such as one ofor a combination of one or more of gold,
silver, copper, aluminum, and the like.
[0028] FIG. 1C illustrates a cross-section 160 of another
implementation of the electricity collecting Windsock 102.
The electrically conducting material (eg metal deposit) 132,
162 may be placed on both sides ofthe electrically insulating
material 134 such that the collection ability is increased even
further. Multiple collectors are implemented and are spaced
apart on electrically conducting material 132, 162 such that
the collection surface is greatly enhanced. The multiple col
lectors may form one or more patterns, as noted above With
respect to FIG. 1B. Furthermore, the electrically insulating
material 134 (eg mylar) used in the electricity collecting
Windsock 102 is light, thereby minimiZing the overall Weight
of the electricity collecting Windsock 102 and reducing the
Weight for payload calculations. The electrically conducting
materials 132, 162 may be an electrically conducting metal or
alloy, such as one of or a combination of at least one of gold,
copper, aluminum, silver, and the like. The electrically con
11. US 2012/0286623 A1
ducting materials 132, 162 may be made of the same metal/
alloy or a different metal/alloy.
[0029] The electrically conducting materials 132, 162 may
be attached to the electrically insulating material 134 by a
gluing mechanism. In some implementations, other attach
ment mechanisms are known to be implemented, such as
paint coating mechanism, a threading mechanism, a nut and
bolt mechanism, soldering mechanism, and the like. The
attachment mechanism betWeen the electrically conducting
material 132 and the electrically insulating material 134 may
or may not be the same as the attachment mechanism betWeen
the electrically conducting material 162 and the electrically
insulating material 134.
[0030] FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary conductive line in
accordance With one implementation. This type ofconductive
line is commonly referred to as poly-Wire. The conductive
line consists ofmultiple interWoven strands ofplastic 202 and
204 Woven into a cord or rope arrangement having inter
tWined therein exposed metal Wires 206 and 208. Although
FIG. 2 illustrates tWo plastic strands and tWo metal Wires, any
number ofpossible combinations ofplastic strands and metal
Wires is possible. The exposedmetal Wires 206 and 208 attract
the atmospheric static charge and transmit the charge doWnto
the electricity storage device (not shoWn).
[0031] FIG. 3A illustrates a front vieW of a conductive line
300 in accordance With another implementation. FIG. 3B
illustrates a top vieW ofthe conductive line 300 illustrated in
FIG. 3. The conductive line 300 creates an ioniZed pathWay
for the How of the static charges from the atmosphere to the
electricity storage device via the electricity collecting Wind
sock arrangement 100. This conductive line utiliZes a tube
302 having an outer layer 304 of PET Film (Biaxially-ori
ented polyethylene terephtalate polyester ?lm). The tube 302
provides exceptionallyhightensile strengthandis chemically
and dimensionally stable. In one implementation, the tube
302 may have an ideal diameter of betWeen tWo and three
inches. An interior metal coating 306 provides an initial con
duit forthe How ofstatic charge. The static charge through the
metal may force the tube 302 to expand due to the repulsion
experienced by like charges. Further, the How of electricity
causes the interior of the tube 302 to become ioniZed to
provide an additional pathWay for the atmospheric static
charges to the electricity storage device (not shoWn).
[0032] FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 4C illustrate electrical schemat
ics for handling the static charge from the atmosphere. By
maintaining the voltage being collected in a prescribedrange,
an electrical conversion system is easily designed. While
FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 4C illustrate some electrical con?gura
tions, those of ordinary skill in the art readily recogniZe a
variety ofother con?gurations that may serve the same func
tion.
[0033] Referencing FIG. 4A, Direct Current In (DC IN)
402 is buffered by a gang of capacitors 404 before being
communicated to a DC/AC converter 406. The DC/AC con
verter converts the direct current into alternating current suit
able for placement over an existing electrical grid 408 such as
normally found from a poWer-plant. Those ofordinary skill in
the art readily recogniZe a variety of DC/AC converters that
may Work in this capacity.
[0034] FIG. 4B illustrates an electrical arrangement suit
able for use in charging a battery. DC IN 402 is buffered by
capacitor bank 404 before entering into a step doWn trans
former 408. Step doWn transformer 408 reduces the voltage
so that the voltage can safely be introduced into battery 410,
Nov. 15, 2012
Which is connected to ground 412 at the battery’s other pole.
Those ofordinary skill in the art readily recogniZe a variety of
batteries that may Work in this capacity.
[0035] In FIG. 4C, DC IN 402 is fed into an adjustable
rheostat 414, Which is controlled by the controller so that the
DC OUT 416 falls Within a speci?ed range.
[0036] FIG. 5 illustrates an adjusting apparatus 500 that
enables adjustment of height of the electricity collecting
Windsock arrangement 100 in accordance With one imple
mentation. As per one implementation, the height ofthe elec
tricity collecting Windsock 102 can be adjusted using a Winch
motor 502 and a spool 504. The Winch motor 502 and the
spool 504 can release or WithdraW the tether 112 to adjust the
height of the electricity collecting Windsock 102 that is con
nected to the tether 112. In one implementation, this release
and the WithdraWal may be performed manually. In another
implementation, this release and the WithdraWal may be per
formed automatically based on information obtained from a
sensor system that measures atmospheric electrical energy
being collected per unit time. If the sensor indicates that a
current How is diminishing, then the tether 112 is released/
extended from the spool 504 to increase the altitude of the
electricity collecting Windsock 102 such that more static
charge from the atmosphere is gathered. If the sensor indi
cates that collected atmospheric electrical energy exceeds a
preset level per unit time, the tether 112 is WithdraWn onto the
spool 504 to decrease the static charge being collected from
the atmosphere.
[0037] FIG. 6 is a process How diagram illustrating aspects
of a method consistent With implementations of the current
subject matter. At step 602, the functioning ofthe electricity
collecting Windsock arrangement 100 depends on Whether
atmospheric conditions are Windy. If the atmospheric condi
tions are Windy, the Wind 116 stretches/extends outWard the
electricity collecting Windsock 102iStep 604. Next, it is
determinedWhether the atmospheric electrical energy (atmo
spheric current) that is collected is in a predetermined
rangeiStep 606. If the collected atmospheric electrical
energy is in the predetermined range, the How goes back to
step 604. Ifthe current is not in the predetermined range, the
height of the electricity collecting Windsock 102 may be
adjusted using adjusting apparatus 500, such as the Winch
motor 502 and spool 504. One skilled in the art understands
that other implementations may include any other adjusting
apparatus 500, such as a pulley, a Wheel mechanism, or the
like.
[0038] The implementations set forth in the foregoing
description do not represent all implementations consistent
With the subject matter described herein. Instead, they are
merely some examples consistent With aspects related to the
described subject matter. Although a feW variations have been
described in detail herein, other modi?cations or additions are
possible. In particular, further features and/or variations can
be provided in addition to those set forth herein. For example,
the implementations described above can be directed to vari
ous combinations and sub-combinations ofthe disclosed fea
tures and/or combinations and sub-combinations of one or
more features further to those disclosed herein. In addition,
the logic ?oWs depicted in the accompanying ?gures and/or
described herein do not necessarily require the particular
order shoWn, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results.
The scope of the folloWing claims may include other imple
mentations or embodiments.
12. US 2012/0286623 A1
What is claimed is:
1. An electricity collection apparatus comprising:
a tether; and
a Windsock formed of an insulation material With a metal
deposited on at least a portion ofthe insulation material,
the metal of the Windsock being electrically connected
to the tether, the Windsock to extend in a direction of
ambient Wind to provide a surface area based on the
ambient Wind, the surface area providing the metal to
collect electrical energy from the ambient Wind, the
collected electrical energy being transferred to the
tether.
2. The apparatus in accordance With claim 1, Wherein the
metal is deposited on at least one of opposite sides of the
insulation material.
3. The apparatus in accordance With claim 2, Wherein the
metal is a metal selected from a group of metals comprising
gold, silver, copper and aluminum.
4. The apparatus in accordance With claim 1, Wherein the
insulation material is a polyester ?lm.
5. The apparatus in accordance With claim 1, Wherein the
transferred electrical energy at the tether is furthertransferred
from the tether to an electricity storage device.
6. The apparatus in accordance With claim 1, Wherein the
metal comprises conductors that are light-Weight thereby
alloWing payload requirements for adjusting the Windsock to
an optimum location to be Within a predetermined value, the
optimum location comprising a height of the Windsock from
ground level.
7. The apparatus in accordance With claim 6, Wherein the
deposited metal conductors form a pattern that maximizes the
collection of the electrical energy at the optimum location.
8. An electricity collection apparatus comprising:
a Windsock formed ofan insulationmaterial having a metal
deposited on at least a portion ofthe insulation material,
the Windsock to extend in a direction ofambient Wind to
provide a surface area based on the ambient Wind, the
surface area providing the metal to collect electrical
energy from the ambient Wind; and
an electrically conductive tether connected With Windsock
to anchor the Windsock in the direction of the ambient
Nov. 15, 2012
Wind, the electrically conductive tether being electri
cally connected to the metal of the insulation material,
the collected electrical energy being transferred to the
tether.
9. The apparatus in accordance With claim 8, Wherein the
metal is deposited on at least one of opposite sides of the
insulation material.
10. The apparatus in accordance With claim 9, Wherein the
metal is a metal selected from a group of metals comprising
gold, silver, copper and aluminum.
11. The apparatus in accordance With claim 8, Wherein the
insulation material is a polyester ?lm.
12. The apparatus in accordance With claim 8, Wherein the
transferred electrical energy at the tether is further transferred
from the tether to an electricity storage device.
13. The apparatus in accordance With claim 8, Wherein the
metal comprises conductors that are light-Weight thereby
alloWing payload requirements for adjusting the Windsock to
an optimum location to be Within a predetermined value, the
optimum location comprising a height of the Windsock from
ground level.
14. The apparatus in accordance With claim 13, Whereinthe
metal conductors form a patternthat maximiZes the collection
ofthe electrical energy at the optimum location.
15. An electricity collection apparatus comprising:
a Windsock formed of an insulation material the Windsock
to extend in a direction of ambient Wind to provide a
surface area based on the ambient Wind;
one or more electrical conductors provided on at least a
portion of the insulation material to collect electrical
energy from the ambient Wind; and
an electrically conductive tether connected With Windsock
to anchor the Windsock in the direction of the ambient
Wind, the electrically conductive tether being electri
cally connected to the one or more electrical conductors
provided on at least a portion ofthe insulation material to
transfer the collected electrical energy from the one or
more electrical conductors to an electrical storage.
* * * * *