Birth control pills (oral contraceptives) are prescription medications that prevent pregnancy.
Birth control (contraceptive) medications contain hormones (estrogen and progesterone, or progesterone alone).
Birth control pills (oral contraceptives) are prescription medications that prevent pregnancy.
Birth control (contraceptive) medications contain hormones (estrogen and progesterone, or progesterone alone).
Antibiotics and Their Types, Uses Indication Contraindication Dose Side Effects &Adverse effect.Cephalosporins are grouped into "generations" by their antimicrobial properties. Cephalosporins are categorized
chronically, and are therefore divided into first, second, and third generations.The later-generation
cephalosporins have greater effect against resistant bacteria.Fluoroquinolones are known as broad-spectrum antibiotics, meaning they are effective against many bacteria.
Fluoroquinolones are used to treat most common urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory
infections (such as sinusitis, pneumonia, bronchitis).Tetracyclines are a family of antibiotics used to treat a broad spectrum of bacterial infections.
Management of acute postoperative pain has revolutionized in recent decades. Fortunately, there is a great consensus regarding the benefits of pain control in the immediately postoperative period on morbidity and mortality of the surgical patients. Anaesthesiologists have a key role in this field.
the presentation includes a definition of oral contraceptives, type of oral contraceptives, detail description of both types with its mode of action and potential beneficial and unwanted effects also include pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptives and knowledge of emergency contraceptives
This set of 17 slides introduces students to the some of the basic physiological processes that are the targets of many analgesic drug classes. It is suitable for beginner/intermediate level learners.
Naprosyn (Generic Naproxen Sodium Tablets) are used for the treatment Of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Osteoarthritis (OA), Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS), Tendinitis, Bursitis, Acute Gout, Primary Dysmenorrhea (PD) and the relief of mild to moderate pain.
The key to a successful Acute Pain Service is not so much the use of sophisticated drugs and high technology equipment, but an excellent organisational structure and well trained medical and nursing personnel.
Antibiotics and Their Types, Uses Indication Contraindication Dose Side Effects &Adverse effect.Cephalosporins are grouped into "generations" by their antimicrobial properties. Cephalosporins are categorized
chronically, and are therefore divided into first, second, and third generations.The later-generation
cephalosporins have greater effect against resistant bacteria.Fluoroquinolones are known as broad-spectrum antibiotics, meaning they are effective against many bacteria.
Fluoroquinolones are used to treat most common urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory
infections (such as sinusitis, pneumonia, bronchitis).Tetracyclines are a family of antibiotics used to treat a broad spectrum of bacterial infections.
Management of acute postoperative pain has revolutionized in recent decades. Fortunately, there is a great consensus regarding the benefits of pain control in the immediately postoperative period on morbidity and mortality of the surgical patients. Anaesthesiologists have a key role in this field.
the presentation includes a definition of oral contraceptives, type of oral contraceptives, detail description of both types with its mode of action and potential beneficial and unwanted effects also include pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptives and knowledge of emergency contraceptives
This set of 17 slides introduces students to the some of the basic physiological processes that are the targets of many analgesic drug classes. It is suitable for beginner/intermediate level learners.
Naprosyn (Generic Naproxen Sodium Tablets) are used for the treatment Of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Osteoarthritis (OA), Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS), Tendinitis, Bursitis, Acute Gout, Primary Dysmenorrhea (PD) and the relief of mild to moderate pain.
The key to a successful Acute Pain Service is not so much the use of sophisticated drugs and high technology equipment, but an excellent organisational structure and well trained medical and nursing personnel.
Most oral contraceptives contain a combination of 2 types of hormones: an estrogen and a progestin. Both of these hormones are naturally found in women’s bodies. There are many different types of estrogens and progestins, and different types of pills contain different combinations, but they all work similarly. Some pills contain only progestin, sometimes called the “mini-pill.”
Progynova is used as a Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) to alleviate the oestrogen deficiency symptoms like such as hot flushes, sweats, sleep disturbances, depressive moods, irritability, dizziness, headaches as well as vaginal dryness and burning in peri- and postmenopausal women. This medicine is also used for prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis in cases where other medicines are not suitable for the patient and are at risk of of fractures due to osteoporosis.
Primolut N (Generic Norethisterone Tablets) can be used in several different circumstances to treat irregular, painful or heavy periods, Dysfuntional uterine bleeding, Polymenorrhoea, Menorrhagia, Metropathia, Haemorrhagia, to treat endometriosis (where tissue from the lining of the womb is present inplaces where it is not normally found), to treat premenstrual syndrome (also known as premenstrual tension, PMS or PMT) and to delay periods.
At high dose Primolut N tablets are used to treat disseminated carcinoma of the breast.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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2. · Testosterone produced by testes, ovaries, and adrenal cortex. Primary androgen in
both genders.
· ♀: Primary estrogen and progestional are estradiol and progesterone. Both made
in ovaries maturation of ♀ reproductive organs & 2º sex characteristics.
· Menstruation results from progesterone toward end of cycle
· Menopausal symptoms result from estrogen levels.
· Clinical uses of hormone preparations: Hormone deficiencies and oppositional
treatment of hormone-dependent cancers.
· Postmenopausal HRT: Benefits include vasomotor symptom relief and prevention
of osteoporosis. Risks include embolic events and cancers.
· Oral contraceptives suppress ovulation using ethinyl, estradiol, and
norethindrone
· OC risks are minimal except in smokers and those with Hx of embolic events.
· Oxytocics are uterine stimulants used to induce or assist labor; Tocolytics are
used to delay preterm labor.
10. Expected Action:
Proto: conjugated equine estrogens (Premarin)
Others: estradiol (Estrace), estradiol hemihydrate (Vagifem)
· Growth and maturation of ♀ reproductive tract and 2º sex characteristics. They
bone resorption and LDL. At high levels they suppress release of FSH.
Therapeutic Uses: · Dysfunctional uterine bleeding & endometriosis
· Postmenopausal symptoms & osteoporosis · Prostate cancer · Contraception
Adverse Effects: · Risk for estrogen-dependent breast cancer
· Prolonged estrogen endometrial / ovarian cancers (Give progestins, too)
· Emboli ( risk from smoking) · Feminization, impotence, libido in ♂
Contraindications/Precautions: ♀ (X) · Pregnancy · Breast cancer
· Risk of thromboembolic disease · Pt. or family Hx of heart disease
Interactions: · Estrogens η of warfarin · Phenytoin toxicity
Education: · IM deep into large muscle mass · Apply patches to trunk
14. Expected Action: Proto: Ovcon 35 — Others: Necon, ortho-novum
· fertility by inhibiting ovulation, thickening cervical mucous, and making
lining of endometrium less favorable to implantation.
Therapeutic Uses: · Prevent pregnancy
Adverse Effects: · Hypertension · Thromboembolic events
· Breakthrough or abnormal uterine bleeding · Cervical cancer
Contraindications/Precautions: ♀ (X) · Pregnancy
· Hx of thrombophlebitis and cardiovascular events · Smoker > 35
· Family history or risk factors for breast cancer
Interactions: · OC η of warfarin and oral hypoglycemics
· Carbamazepine (Tegretol), phenobarbital, phenytoin (Dilantin), rifampin,
tetracycline, penicillin all η of oral contraceptives.
Education: · Take for 21 days followed by 7 days with no drug
· 1 missed dose: Take 2 next time / 2 missed doses: double-up x 2 days