Oral contraceptives, known as 'the pill,' are hormone-based methods used by women to prevent pregnancy, containing either combined hormones (estrogen and progesterone) or progesterone alone. Various types include combination pills, mini-pills, and emergency contraceptive pills, with additional hormonal methods for males emerging. While effective, oral contraceptives can have side effects, such as weight gain and mood changes, and may have drug interactions with various medications.

1. By-Arpit Patidar
M.Pharm- Pharmacology
BN.University udaipur
arpitpatidar395@gmail.com

2. Definition-
Oral contraceptives (the pill) are hormonally active pills which are
usually taken by women on a daily basis.
They contain either two hormones combined (progesterone and
estrogen) or a single hormone (progesterone).
Combined oral contraceptives suppress ovulation.
Contraceptives are the name given to medicines and other devices
that are used to prevent unwanted pregnancy.
Hormonal contraceptives consist of one or more synthetic female
sex hormones.

3.  Types of contraceptives-
 Oral contraceptives-
Combination pills-
containing a combination of estrogen + progesterone
in varying amount of phase regimens.
Monophasic
Biphasic
Triphasic
Mini pills-
Progesterone only pill containing progesterone
prepration alone.
Post coital (morning after/ emergency contraceptive
pills)

4.  Centchroman- non hormonal estrogen receptor
antagonist.
 INJETABLE CONTACEPTIVE-
Medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA)
Norethisterone (NET-EN)
Estradiol+ medroxyprogestirone acetate.
RECENT CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS-
Levonogestral sc implant
HCG vaccine
Levonorgestral intauterine insert.
HORMONAL CONTACEPTIVE IN MALES-
TESTOSTERONE ENTHATE, GOSSYPOL, TESTOSTERONE
ENANTHATE+LEVONORGESTRAL.

5. Common Brands of Oral Contraceptive Pills
 Rasmin- a combination of estradiol and
drospirenone.
 Ovral- Progestin and estrogen.
 Bandhan- lenorogestral.
 Choice- it contains levonorgestrel.
 Deviry- This pill contains medroxyprogesterone.
 Mtpill- this commonly available pill contains
mifepristone.
 Centron- it contains ormeloxifene the estrogen
derivative.

14.  ESTROGEN RECEPTOR-
Estrogen receptor alpha
Location- uterus,vagina,breast,pituitary and blood
vessels.
Estrogen receptor beta
Location- prostate gland.
Progesterone receptor-
Progesterone receptor alpha
Location- female genital tract, breast, pituitary,
and cns.
Progesterone receptor beta-
Location- female genital tract, breast, pituitary
,and cns.

19.  USES OF ORAL CONTACEPTIVES
 Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
 Amenorrhea
 Menstrual cramps
 Premenstrual syndromes
 Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI)
 Acne
 Leucorrhoea
 Endometrium cancer
 Breast cancer

20.  DRUG INTERACTION OF OCP
 Antibiotics
 Vitamin suppliment
 Anti HIV drug
 Anti fungal medication
 Anti seizures drugs
 Corticosteroid
 caffine

21.  SIDE EFFECT OF ORAL CONTACEPTIVES
 Weight gain
 Mood changes
 Missed period
 Vaginal discharge
 Headaches migraine
 Dicrease libido
 Changes to eye sight for those using contact
lenases
 Breast tenderness
 Cardiovascular problem
 Cancer risk