definition, cause, clinical feature, diagnosis, treatment

2. The term atherosclerosis come from two Greek
words: athere which means “fatty mush”&
scleros means “ hard”. So it is commonly referred
as hearding of arteries.

3. MODIFIBLE RISK FACTOR:-
Serum lipids:-
Total cholestrol>200mg/dl
Triglyceride≥ 150mg/dl
HDL cholesterol<40 mg/dl
Blood pressure≥140/90mmHg
DM
Tobacco use
Less physical activity
Obesity
Fasting blood sugar ≥100mg/dl
Psychosocial risk factors like
depression, anger, stress etc
NON MODIFIABLE:-
Increasing age
Gender (more commonly
man then women until 65
years of age
Ethnicity :- more
commonly white then african
& americans
Family history of heart
disease

4. CHRONIC ENDOTHELIAL INJURY (
hypertension,tobacco use, hyperlipidemia,DM,
toxins)
Accumulation of lipid into smooth muscles cell
through damaged endothelium
Blood vessels lumen became narrow causes
reduced blood flow
Fissure develop due to increase size of the
fatty plaque
Rupture of the fatty plaque
Thrombus formation
Further narrowing or total occlusion of vessels

6. Chest pain or angina
Pain in leg, arm or any where that has blocked the artery
Shortness of breath
Fatigue
Confusion if block is in brain
Muscle weakness in leg from lack of circulation.
Light headedness
Weakness or numbness in the face or limb
High level of cardiac enzymes
Change in ECG
Dysrhythmias
Sudden cardiac death

7. History collection:- Smoking, family history, life style
Physical examination:- Vital sign
ECG:- To find out the electrical activity inside heart.
Blood test:- To find out the cardiac enzyme level, cholesterol, blood
sugar level.
Doppler ultrasound:- To measure blood pressure at various point
along arm & leg, it detect the speed of blood flow in arteries.
Ankle- brachial index:- Here the doctor compare the blood pressure
of ankle with the blood pressure of arm. Any difference suggest
peripheral vascular disease.
Angiogram:- For visualise the arteries for any blockage.
Exercise thallium test:- Here radio active thallium is injected into the
blood stream and picture are taken with a scanning camera, it detect
adequate blood flow through coronary artery.
CT scan, MRI

8. Non pharmacological Interventions:-
Modification of risk factor:-
Stop smoking
A healthy diet low in cholesterol & fat
Physical exercise
Pharmacological management:-
Nitrates:- Nitroglycerin
Beta blocker such as Propranolol, metoprolol, atenolol.
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.
Calcium channel blocker such as amlodipine, verapamil.
Antiplatelet & Anticoagulants medicine such as Aspirin,
heparin.
Cholestrol lowering agents such as statins.

9. Coronary angioplasty
CABG
Coronary stent
Surgical revascularization of affected artery
Embolectomy:- Removal of blood clot from the artery.
Thromboctomy:- Removal of thrombus from the
artery.
Endarterectomy:- Removal of atherosclerotic plaque
from artery.
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