asthma

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1. Asthma (n) /ˈæzmə/: a medical condition of the chest that makes breathing difficult
(bệnh suyễn)
 a severe asthma attack
 We have thousands of asthma cases a year.
 children who develop asthma
2. Isolated (adj) /ˈaɪsəleɪtɪd/: without much contact with other people or other countries
(riêng biệt, tách biệt)
 I felt very isolated in my new job.
 Elderly people easily become socially isolated.
Isolated (adj): single; happening once
 The police said the attack was an isolated incident.

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3. Acute (adj) /əˈkjuːt/: very serious or severe (cấp tính)
acute pain
 the world’s acute environmental problems
 He was suffering from acute chest pains.
*an acute illness is one that has quickly become severe and dangerous
 acute appendicitis
4. Chronic (adj) /ˈkrɒnɪk/: (of a disease) lasting for a long time; difficult to cure (mạn tính)
 chronic bronchitis/arthritis/asthma
5. Bronchospasm: co thắt phế quản

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6. Inflammation (n) /ˌɪnfləˈmeɪʃn/: a condition in which a part of the body becomes red, painful
and swollen (= larger than normal) because of infection or injury (sự sưng viêm)
inflammation of the ear (= otitis)
 The doctor's notes recorded inflammation of the ear.
 I used a cream to reduce the inflammation.
7. Airway (n) /ˈeəweɪ/: the passage from the nose and throat to the lungs, through which you
breathe (khí đạo)
 obstruct the airway (= block)
8. Sensitive (adj) /ˈsensətɪv/: reacting quickly or more than usual to something (nhạy cảm,
mẫn cảm)
• My teeth are very sensitive to cold food.
• These drugs can make skin extremely sensitive to sunlight.

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9. Irritate (v) /ˈɪrɪteɪt/: to make your skin or a part of your body painful (kích ứng, làm
tấy)
 Some drugs can irritate the lining of the stomach.
10. Complex (adj) /ˈkɒmpleks/: made of many different things or parts that are
connected; difficult to understand (phức tạp)
 the complex structure of the human brain
 We live in an increasingly complex world.
11. Interaction (n) /ˌɪntərˈækʃn/: interaction (between A and B) | interaction (of A) (with
B): if one thing has an interaction with another, or if there is an interaction between two
things, the two things have an effect on each other (sự ảnh hưởng, tác động qua lại)
 the interaction of bacteria with the body’s natural chemistry

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12. Inflammatory (adj) /ɪnˈflæmətri/: causing or involving inflammation (bị viêm)
13. Cell (n) /sel/: the smallest unit of living matter that can exist on its own. All plants and
animals are made up of cells. (tế bào)
 red and white blood cells
 brain/nerve/cancer cells
 the nucleus of a cell
 Cells divide and form new cells.
14. Tissue (n) /ˈtɪʃuː/: a collection of cells that form the different parts of humans, animals
and plants (mô)
 muscle/brain/lung tissue

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15. Bronchoconstriction: sự thu hẹp phế quản
16. Mucus (n) /ˈmjuːkəs/: a thick liquid that is produced in parts of the body, such as the
nose, by a mucous membrane (dịch nhầy, niêm dịch)
17. Secretion (n) /sɪˈkriːʃn/: the process by which liquid substances are produced by
parts of the body or plants (sự tiết ra)
 the secretion of bile by the liver
18. Remodel (v): to change the structure or shape of something (tái cấu trúc, hình dạng)
 The interior of the building has been completely remodelled.
 They put forward plans to remodel the education system.

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19. Mediator (n) /ˈmiːdieɪtə(r)/: a person or an organization that tries to get agreement
between people or groups who disagree with each other (vật trung gian, chất trung
gian)
 to act as (a) mediator in the negotiations
 A Swedish diplomat acted as mediator between the government and the rebels.
20. Responsiveness (to sth) (n) /rɪˈspɒnsɪvnəs/: the ability to react quickly and in a
positive way to something (sự phản ứng, đáp ứng)
 a lack of responsiveness to client needs
21. Compensate (v) /ˈkɒmpenseɪt/: to provide something good to balance or reduce the
bad effects of damage, loss, etc. (đền bù, bù lại) = make up for
 Nothing can compensate for the loss of a loved one.

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22. Lung volume /lʌŋ ˈvɒljuːm/ : thể tích phổi
23. Constricted (adj) /kənˈstrɪktɪd/: tight or narrow (hẹp)
 Her throat felt dry and constricted.
24. Morphologic change: thay đổi hình thể, mô học
25. Bronchial (adj) /ˈbrɒŋkiəl /: of or affecting the two main branches of the windpipe
(called bronchial tubes) leading to the lungs (thuộc phế quản)
 bronchial pneumonia
 bronchial asthma

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26. Infiltration (n) /ˌɪnfɪlˈtreɪʃn/ the process of passing slowly into something (sự thâm
nhiễm, thâm nhập)
27. Effector (n) /ɪˈfektə(r)/: an organ or a cell in the body that is made to react by
something outside the body (cơ quan phản ứng lại kích thích)
28. Allergic response / reaction: /əˈlɜːdʒɪk rɪˈspɒns riˈækʃn/ (phản ứng dị ứng)
29. Asthma attack (n): cơn suyễn

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30. Edema (n) /ɪˈdiːmə/: a condition in which liquid collects in the spaces inside the body
and makes it swell (= become larger or rounder than normal) (phù nề)
31. interstitial /ˌɪntərˈstɪʃl/ (adj): in or related to small spaces between the parts of an
organ or between groups of cells or tissues
---> Interstitial edema: phù nề khoang kẽ
32. Microvascular : thuộc vi mạch

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33. Leakage (n) /ˈliːkɪdʒ/: an amount of liquid or gas escaping through a hole in
something; an occasion when there is a leak (sự rò rỉ)
 a leakage of toxic waste into the sea
 Check bottles for leakage before use.
34. Destruction (n) /dɪˈstrʌkʃn/: sự phá hủy
35. membrane (n) /ˈmembreɪn/: a thin layer of skin or tissue that connects or covers
parts inside the body (màng)
 The virus passes through the cell membrane.

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36. Subbasement membrane (n): màng đáy
37. Characteristic (adj) /ˌkærəktəˈrɪstɪk/ tiêu biểu, đặc trưng
38. Hypertrophy (n) /haɪˈpɜːtrəfi/: an increase in the size of an organ or tissue because
its cells grow in size (phì đại)
39. Hyperplasia (n) /ˌhaɪpəˈplæzɪə/: an abnormal increase in the number of cells in a
body tissue or organ (tăng sản, tăng sinh)
40. Smooth muscle /smuːð ˈmʌsl/: cơ trơn

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41. Submucous (adj) /sʌbˈmjuːkəs/ dưới niêm mạc
42. Gland (n) /ɡlænd/ tuyến
43. Initial (adj) /ɪˈnɪʃl/ ban đầu
44. Tendency (n) /ˈtendənsi/ xu hướng, khuynh hướng
45. Risk factor : yếu tố nguy cơ
46. Atopy (n) /ˈætəʊpɪ/ tạng dị ứng

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47 Inherit (v) /ɪnˈherɪt/ thừa hưởng
48. Familial (adj) /fəˈmɪliəl/ thuộc gia đình
49. Sensitivity (n) /ˌsensəˈtɪvəti/ tính nhạy cảm,sự nhạy cảm
50. Allergen (n) /ˈælədʒən/: a substance that causes an allergy (dị ứng nguyên)
51. Domestic dust mite /dəˈmestɪk dʌst maɪt/ : mạt bụi nhà
52. Fur (n) /fɜː(r)/ lông thú
53. Cockroach (n) /ˈkɒkrəʊtʃ/ con gián

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54. Pollen (n) /ˈpɒlən/ phấn hoa
55. Mold (n) /məʊld/ mốc meo
56. Trigger (v) (n) /ˈtrɪɡə(r)/ gây ra, khởi sự
58. Viral (adj) /ˈvaɪrəl/ gây ra bởi vi rút
59. Respiratory infection /ˈrespərətri ɪnˈfekʃn/: nhiễm trùng hô hấp

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60. Lower (v) /ˈləʊə(r)/ làm giảm đi
61. Ventilate (v) /ˈventɪleɪt/ làm cho thông gió
62. Influenza (n) /ˌɪnfluˈenzə/ bệnh cúm
63. Vaccination (n) /ˌvæksɪˈneɪʃn/
64. Smoke (n) /sməʊk/ khói
65. Inhale (v) /ɪnˈheɪl/ hít vào

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66. Sensitization (n) /ˌsensətaɪˈzeɪʃn/ sự làm cho nhạy cảm
67. Severity (n) /sɪˈverəti/ tính nghiêm trọng
68. Fatal (adj) /ˈfeɪtl/ gây chết người
69. Provoke (v) /prəˈvəʊk/ kích động
70. Vary (from) (v) /ˈveəri/ khác nhau, thay đổi
71. Individual (n) /ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəl/ cá nhân

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Medication (n) /ˌmedɪˈkeɪʃn/ thuốc
Decrease (v) /dɪˈkriːs/ làm giảm
Airway inflammation:
Exacerbation (n) /ɪɡˌzæsəˈbeɪʃn/ sự làm trầm trọng
Prevent (v) /prɪˈvent/ ngăn ngừa
Anti-inflammatory medication:

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72. Exception (n) /ɪkˈsepʃn/ ngoại lệ
73. Physical activity (n) /ˈfɪzɪkl ækˈtɪvəti/ hoạt động thể lực
74. Common (adj) /ˈkɒmən/ phổ biến
75. Exertion (n) /ɪɡˈzɜːʃn/: physical or mental effort; the act of making an effort (sự gắng
sức)
 She was hot and breathless from the exertion of cycling uphill.
 He needed to relax after the exertions of a busy day at work.

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76. In conjunction with: /kənˈdʒʌŋkʃn/ phối hợp với
77. Regime (n) /reɪˈʒiːm/chế độ
78. Diagnose (v) /ˈdaɪəɡnəʊz/ chẩn đoán
79. Underlying (adj) /ˌʌndəˈlaɪɪŋ/: bên dưới, ẩn

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80. Gather (v) /ˈɡæðə(r)/ thu thập
81. Patient’s history: tiền sử bệnh
82. Physical examination: thăm khám lâm sàn
83. Measurement (n) /ˈmeʒəmənt/ sự đo lường
84. Lung function: chức năng phổi
85. Allergic status /əˈlɜːdʒɪk ˈsteɪtəs/ tình trạng dị ứng

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86. Clinical sign (n) /ˈklɪnɪkl saɪn/ dấu hiệu lâm sàng
87. Be likely to: có khả năng
88. Absence (n) /ˈæbsəns/ sự vắng mặt
89. Exclude (v) /ɪkˈskluːd/ loại trừ
90. Diagnosis (n) /ˌdaɪəɡˈnəʊsɪs/ sự chẩn đoán

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No longer is asthma considered a condition with isolated, acute episodes of bronchospasm.
Rather, asthma is now understood to be a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways—
that is, inflammation makes the airways chronically sensitive. When these hyper-responsive
airways are irritated, airflow is limited, and attacks of coughing, wheezing, chest tightness,
and breathing difficulty occur.
Asthma involves complex interactions among inflammatory cells, mediators, and the cells
and tissues in the airways. The interactions result in airflow limitation from acute broncho-
constriction, swelling of the airway wall, increased mucus secretion, and airway remodeling.
The inflammation also causes an increase in airway responsiveness. During an asthma
attack, the patient attempts to compensate by breathing at a higher lung volume in order to
keep the air flowing through the constricted airways, and the greater the airway limitation,
the higher the lung volume must be to keep airways open. The morphologic changes that
occur in asthma include bronchial infiltration by inflammatory cells.

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Key effector cells in the inflammatory response are the mast cells, T lymphocytes, and
eosinophils. Mast cells and eosinophils are also significant participants in allergic
responses, hence the similarities between allergic reactions and asthma attacks. Other
changes include mucus plugging of the airways, interstitial edema, and microvascular
leakage. Destruction of bronchial epithelium and thickening of the subbasement
membrane is also characteristic. In addition, there may be hypertrophy and hyperplasia
of airway smooth muscle, increase in goblet cell number, and enlargement of
submucous glands.
Although causes of the initial tendency toward inflammation in the airways of patients
with asthma are not yet certain, to date the strongest identified risk factor is atopy. This
inherited familial tendency to have allergic reactions includes increased sensitivity to
allergens that are risk factors for developing asthma.

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Some of these allergens include domestic dust mites, animals with fur, cockroaches,
pollens, and molds. Additionally, asthma may be triggered by viral respiratory infections,
especially in children. By avoiding these allergens and triggers, a person with asthma
lowers his or her risk of irritating sensitive airways. A few avoidance techniques include:
keeping the home clean and well ventilated, using an air conditioner in the summer
months when pollen and mold counts are high, and getting an annual influenza
vaccination.
Of course, asthma sufferers should avoid tobacco smoke altogether. Cigar, cigarette, or
pipe smoke is a trigger whether the patient smokes or inhales the smoke from others.
Smoke increases the risk of allergic sensitization in children, increases the severity of
symptoms, and may be fatal in children who already have asthma. Many of the risk
factors for developing asthma may also provoke asthma attacks, and people with
asthma may have one or more triggers, which vary from individual to individual

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The risk can be further reduced by taking medications that decrease airway inflammation.
Most exacerbations can be prevented by the combination of avoiding triggers and taking anti-
inflammatory medications. An exception is physical activity, which is a common trigger of
exacerbations in asthma patients. However, asthma patients should not necessarily avoid all
physical exertion, because some types of activity have been proven to reduce symptoms.
Rather, they should work in conjunction with a doctor to design a proper training regimen,
which includes the use of medication.
In order to diagnose asthma, a healthcare professional must appreciate the underlying
disorder that leads to asthma symptoms and understand how to recognize the condition
through information gathered from the patient's history, physical examination, measurements
of lung function, and allergic status. Because asthma symptoms vary throughout the day, the
respiratory system may appear normal during physical examination. Clinical signs are more
likely to be present when a patient is experiencing symptoms; however, the absence of
symptoms upon examination does not exclude the diagnosis of asthma.

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1. According to the passage, what is the name for the familial inclination to have
hypersensitivity to certain allergens?
a. interstitial edema
b. hyperplasia
c. hypertrophy
d. atopy
2. Why does a person suffering from an asthma attack attempt to inhale more air?
a.to prevent the loss of consciousness
b. to keep air flowing through shrunken air passageways
c.to prevent hyperplasia
d.to compensate for weakened mast cells, T lymphocytes, and eosinophils

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3. The passage suggests that in the past, asthma was regarded as which of the
following?
a. a result of the overuse of tobacco products
b. a hysterical condition
c. mysterious, unrelated attacks affecting the lungs
d. a chronic condition
4. Which of the following would be the best replacement for the underlined word
exacerbations in this passage?
a. allergies
b. attacks
c. triggers
d. allergens

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5. The passage mentions all of the following bodily changes during an asthma attack
except
a. severe cramping in the chest.
b. heavy breathing.
c. airways blocked by fluids.
d. constricted airways.
6. Although it is surprising, which of the following triggers is mentioned in the passage
as possibly reducing the symptoms of asthma in some patients?
a. using a fan instead of an air conditioner in summer months
b. exposure to second-hand cigarette smoke
c. the love of a family pet
d. performing physical exercise

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7. Why might a patient with asthma have an apparently normal respiratory system
during an examination by a doctor?
a. Asthma symptoms come and go throughout the day.
b. Severe asthma occurs only after strenuous physical exertion.
c. Doctor's offices are smoke free and very clean.
d. The pollen and mold count may be low that day.
8. Who might be the most logical audience for this passage?
a. researchers studying the respiratory system
b.healthcare professionals
c. a mother whose child has been diagnosed with asthma
d. an antismoking activist

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9.What is the reason given in this article for why passive smoke should be avoided by
children?
a. A smoke-filled room is a breeding ground for viral respiratory infections.
b. Smoke can stunt an asthmatic child's growth.
c. Smoke can heighten the intensity of asthma symptoms.
d. Breathing smoke can lead to a fatal asthma attack