Asthma (latest 26 nov
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This document provides an overview of asthma presented by Ms. Gitanjali Bisht. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing. The causes include genetics, immune response, allergens, exercise, and air pollutants. There are different types of asthma such as allergic, non-allergic, mixed, and cough-variant asthma. Symptoms, diagnostic studies, and medical management of asthma are also discussed.
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The document discusses several respiratory conditions including asthma, occupational asthma, bronchitis, and rhinitis. Bronchial asthma is defined as widespread narrowing of the bronchial airways that varies in severity and leads to coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing. Occupational asthma is characterized by variable airflow limitation caused by stimuli found in the workplace. The document also distinguishes between chronic and acute bronchitis and describes rhinitis as inflammation of the nose caused by allergies or infections.
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This document provides an overview of allergic rhinitis. It defines allergic rhinitis as an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity disease characterized by sneezing, nasal discharge and obstruction. The document notes that allergic rhinitis prevalence is 15-20% globally, with higher rates in children. It affects quality of life by impacting school/work performance. Risk factors include genetics, family history of atopy, environmental irritants and allergens. Diagnosis involves history, exam, skin prick tests and blood tests. Management includes environmental control, nasal irrigation, medications like antihistamines, decongestants, steroids and immunotherapy.
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This document discusses asthma, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. It defines asthma as a chronic lung disease that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways. Common symptoms include coughing, wheezing, chest tightness and shortness of breath. Diagnosis may involve pulmonary function tests and blood gas analysis. Treatment focuses on avoiding triggers and using medications to relieve symptoms and prevent attacks.
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Allergic rhinitis is an inflammation of the nose caused by an inappropriate hypersensitivity reaction to an allergen. It is an IgE-mediated immunological reaction that can cause symptoms like sneezing, nasal congestion, and runny nose. Treatment focuses on reducing symptoms through medications, immunotherapy, and avoidance of allergens.
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The document discusses several respiratory conditions including asthma, occupational asthma, bronchitis, and rhinitis. Bronchial asthma is defined as widespread narrowing of the bronchial airways that varies in severity and leads to coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing. Occupational asthma is characterized by variable airflow limitation caused by stimuli found in the workplace. The document also distinguishes between chronic and acute bronchitis and describes rhinitis as inflammation of the nose caused by allergies or infections.
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This document discusses asthma, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. It defines asthma as a chronic lung disease that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways. Common symptoms include coughing, wheezing, chest tightness and shortness of breath. Diagnosis may involve pulmonary function tests and blood gas analysis. Treatment focuses on avoiding triggers and using medications to relieve symptoms and prevent attacks.
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Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by airway inflammation and obstruction. It has been increasing in prevalence globally. Common triggers include allergens, infections, pollutants, and exercise. Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and listening to the lungs. Treatment involves quick-relief medications during attacks and long-term control medications to prevent symptoms. Nursing management focuses on education, controlling triggers, monitoring symptoms, emotional support, proper positioning, and involving family.
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This data was gathered using the medicos PDF app. When I was looking for various slides and books, I came across this great app and decided to share it with you all. The app is available for free on the Google Play Store.
Importance for learners:
MBBS/Dental
Nursing
Pharmacy
Microbiology
BPH
MPH
MDS
MD
Ophthalmology
Paramedics
Bronchial asthma
The document discusses the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of asthma. Some key points:
- Atopic allergy and allergy to common inhalants like house dust mites, pollens and molds contribute to 75-85% of asthma cases. Occupational allergens can also cause asthma.
- Pathophysiology involves airway smooth muscle contraction, epithelial secretions and inflammatory edema narrowing the airways. Early and late phase asthmatic reactions are mediated by IgE and inflammatory cells/mediators.
- Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, lung function tests like spirometry, allergy tests and inflammation markers. Severity is classified based on symptoms, lung function
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- The symptoms, signs, and complications of allergic rhinitis. It is an IgE-mediated inflammatory response in the nose to allergens like pollen, mold, dander and dust mites.
- Diagnosis involves taking a careful history, physical exam, and potential laboratory tests like IgE levels, skin prick tests and RAST to identify specific allergens.
- Management includes avoidance of triggers,
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This document provides an overview of asthma, including its definition, types, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluations, and management. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough. It is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors and can be triggered by allergens, infections, pollutants, and other irritants. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, performing pulmonary function tests, and ruling out other conditions. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation and controlling symptoms.
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Asthma is a chronic (long-term) condition that affects the airways in the lungs. The airways are tubes that carry air in and out of your lungs. If you have asthma, your airways can become inflamed and narrowed at times. This makes it harder for air to flow out of your airways when you breathe out.
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Asthma is a long-term lung disease that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, resulting in chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing or wheezing. It is caused by allergens, irritants, infections, weather changes, and strong emotions, and affects both the respiratory and immune systems by making breathing difficult and causing the immune system to overreact. While asthma cannot be cured, medications like inhalers can help control it and reduce symptoms.
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This document discusses atopy, allergic rhinitis, and asthma. It defines atopy as a genetic predisposition to develop IgE-mediated hypersensitivity responses upon exposure to allergens. Allergic rhinitis, or hay fever, is an inflammatory disease of the nasal passages caused by an allergic reaction to airborne allergens like pollen and dust mites. Common symptoms include sneezing, stuffy nose, and runny nose. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction, airway inflammation, and hyperresponsiveness to stimuli.
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Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by airway inflammation and obstruction. It has been increasing in prevalence globally. Common triggers include allergens, infections, pollutants, and exercise. Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and listening to the lungs. Treatment involves quick-relief medications during attacks and long-term control medications to prevent symptoms. Nursing management focuses on education, controlling triggers, monitoring symptoms, emotional support, proper positioning, and involving family.
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Pneumonia is a respiratory infection of the lungs, most commonly caused by streptococcus pneumonia bacteria or viruses. It can develop after a cold or flu and is more likely in those with asthma or a weakened immune system. Pneumonia lasts 2-4 days on average but can be longer without treatment. Over 60,000 Americans die from pneumonia each year.
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Pneumonia is an inflammatory lung condition affecting the air sacs (alveoli) associated with fever, chest symptoms, and lack of air space on an X-ray. It is typically caused by an infection by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites through inhalation or aspiration. Symptoms include cough, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. While transmission methods are unknown, organisms can be spread through respiratory secretions. Control methods include vaccination to prevent common causes, avoiding sick individuals, smoking cessation, and frequent handwashing.
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This document discusses occupational asthma, beginning with a definition of asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disorder causing wheezing, breathlessness and coughing. It describes the different types of occupational asthma including extrinsic, intrinsic, work-related and work-aggravated. Extrinsic asthma is mediated by an IgE response while intrinsic is not antigen specific. Common occupational agents that can cause asthma are discussed including metal working fluids, isocyanates, cleaning agents, carpets and flour. Signs and symptoms, diagnosis and management of occupational asthma are also summarized.
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The slide will give a general idea about occupational asthma including definition, causes, pathophysiology,
Epi Pen
1) Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that can cause death within minutes if not treated quickly, affecting approximately 2 million Americans annually and causing 400-800 deaths.
2) Allergic reactions are caused by the immune system releasing chemicals to fight foreign substances (antigens) that can cause symptoms ranging from mild irritation to constricted airways and shock.
3) Epinephrine auto-injectors like EpiPens can prevent death from anaphylaxis if administered promptly by injecting the drug into the outer thigh upon onset of symptoms like low blood pressure, swelling of the face/throat, difficulty breathing, and shock.
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Allergic rhinitis.
Allergic rhinitis is an inflammation of the nasal mucosa caused by an immunoglobulin E-mediated response to airborne allergens like pollen and dander. Common symptoms include nasal congestion, sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes. Diagnosis involves skin prick tests or radioallergosorbent tests to identify allergen triggers. Treatment focuses on pharmacotherapy with intranasal corticosteroids and oral antihistamines as first-line options, immunotherapy for long-term management, and environmental control measures to avoid allergens.
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The boy experiences seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms like sneezing and flu-like illness when exposed to allergens at his grandmother's house near flower gardens. Allergic rhinitis is an IgE-mediated type I hypersensitivity reaction initiated by exposure to common allergens. When re-exposed, mast cells and basophils degranulate, releasing inflammatory mediators like histamine that cause nasal congestion, edema, sneezing, and increased mucus secretion.
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This data was gathered using the medicos PDF app. When I was looking for various slides and books, I came across this great app and decided to share it with you all. The app is available for free on the Google Play Store.
Importance for learners:
MBBS/Dental
Nursing
Pharmacy
Microbiology
BPH
MPH
MDS
MD
Ophthalmology
Paramedics
Bronchial asthma
The document discusses the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of asthma. Some key points:
- Atopic allergy and allergy to common inhalants like house dust mites, pollens and molds contribute to 75-85% of asthma cases. Occupational allergens can also cause asthma.
- Pathophysiology involves airway smooth muscle contraction, epithelial secretions and inflammatory edema narrowing the airways. Early and late phase asthmatic reactions are mediated by IgE and inflammatory cells/mediators.
- Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, lung function tests like spirometry, allergy tests and inflammation markers. Severity is classified based on symptoms, lung function
Allergy
This document discusses drug allergies and sinusitis. It notes that the most common drug allergies are to penicillin, sulfonamides, anticonvulsants, aspirin, and chemotherapy drugs. Symptoms of drug allergies can include skin rashes, itching, breathing issues, swelling, vomiting, dizziness, and potentially life-threatening anaphylaxis. The document also outlines the different types of sinusitis including acute, subacute, chronic, and recurrent. Signs of sinusitis include headaches, facial pain, fever, and nasal congestion. Diagnosis involves medical history, examination, and imaging tests like CT or MRI scans. Treatment focuses on rest, hydration, steam
Allergic rhinitis
This document discusses allergic rhinitis, including its diagnosis and management. It provides details on:
- A survey that found 8.66% of people suffered from some form of allergy. Rhinitis was the most common at 24.9%.
- The symptoms, signs, and complications of allergic rhinitis. It is an IgE-mediated inflammatory response in the nose to allergens like pollen, mold, dander and dust mites.
- Diagnosis involves taking a careful history, physical exam, and potential laboratory tests like IgE levels, skin prick tests and RAST to identify specific allergens.
- Management includes avoidance of triggers,
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Asthma is a chronic disease involving the airways in the lungs.
Asthma is a condition in which your airways narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus.
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Asthma is a chronic disease characterized by inflammation of the airways causing symptoms like coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and difficulty breathing. It can be triggered by allergens, irritants, infections, and other factors. The pathophysiology involves type 2 helper T cells which promote inflammation and IgE production. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, exams, and pulmonary function tests. Treatment includes bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, and immunotherapy. Asthma management seeks to control symptoms and exacerbations through trigger avoidance and medication adherence.
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This document provides an overview of asthma, including:
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- There are different types of asthma including allergic, non-allergic, mixed, cough variant, exercise-induced, nocturnal, and occupational asthma.
- Risk factors include airborne allergens, respiratory infections, physical activity, air pollutants, medications, stress, gastroesophageal reflux disease, allergic reactions to foods, low birth weight, weather, hay fever, eczema, and genetic predisposition.
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This document provides information on asthma, including its definition, history, burden, types (atopic, non-atopic, drug-induced, occupational, exercise-induced), pathogenesis, genetic and environmental factors, clinical features, and methods of diagnosis. Asthma is a chronic airway disorder marked by episodic bronchoconstriction due to increased airway sensitivity and inflammation. It can be triggered by allergens, irritants, infections, and other stimuli and is characterized by symptoms like wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
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Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lower respiratory tract. It can be classified as extrinsic or intrinsic. Extrinsic asthma is caused by external allergens and is more common in individuals with a family history of allergies. Intrinsic asthma has no identifiable cause and usually starts in middle age. Asthma has both genetic and environmental risk factors, including family history, atopy, smoking, infections, allergens, exercise and irritants. Pathologically, the airways show inflammation from eosinophils and lymphocytes, thickening of the basement membrane, and epithelial changes.
Each breath is a victory over asthma.pdf
Clearing the Air: Combating Asthma Symptoms with Targeted Therapy
Asthma is the name given to a respiratory disorder that is which is characterised by breathing passages that narrow and causing symptoms like wheezing, breathing shortness of breath or chest tightness. It is usually caused by exposure to specific substances or conditions, referred to as triggers. These include allergies, irritants, exercises as well as respiratory infections. A severe asthma attack, also called asthma exacerbation is the time when the airways are swelling and inflamed. sufferers have difficulty breathing.
Following are the asthma symptoms:
Breath Shortness: People who suffer from asthma may have shortness of breath particularly during physical exercise or during the night.
Wheezing: It is a high-pitched whistling noise that can be heard during breathing in particular during exhalation.
Coughing that is chronic: It can be an asthma-related symptom particularly during the night and early in the early morning.
Chest Tightness: Those suffering from asthma typically experience a feeling of pressure or tightness in the chest.
Common Triggers and Causes of Asthma:
Allergens: Substances that trigger allergies, like dust mites, pollen, pet dander, mold, and cockroach droppings can cause asthma symptoms in some people.
Respiratory infections: Viral illnesses like flu and colds can cause asthma to worsen or trigger symptoms.
Physical exercise particularly in dry or cold environments, can lead to exercise-induced constriction of the bronchial tubes in those with asthma.
Irritants as well as Air Pollution: The exposure to irritants such as smoke, strong odours pollutants in the air, and chemical substances can make asthma symptoms worse.
Weather Changes: Colder air, fluctuations in humidity, as well as extreme weather conditions can trigger asthma symptoms.
Expositions to Workplace Environments: Some workplace irritants or allergens, like dust, chemicals or fumes, can cause occupational asthma.
Genetics: Asthma can be passed down in families, which indicates an inheritance predisposition to the condition.
Hormonal factors: Hormonal changes like those that occur during menstrual cycles or pregnancy, can affect asthma symptoms.
In this article are the various precautions you should take when it comes to asthma treatment:
Avoiding triggers: Find and avoid irritants or allergens that can cause asthma-related symptoms, like dust mites, pollen and pet dander, smoke and strong Odours.
Medication as prescribed: Take asthma medicine as prescribed by the doctor.
Regular medical check-ups with your doctor: Visit your asthma doctor often to keep track of your asthma and ensure that your treatment regimen is efficient.
Action plan for asthma: Develop your asthma plan of action together with your physician to define steps to manage your symptoms, pinpoint any worsening symptoms, and offer instructions for emergencies.
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ASTHMA
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing. These episodes are usually associated with widespread but variable airflow obstruction that is often reversible with treatment. Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airway obstruction. Common triggers include allergens, infections, exercise, and environmental factors. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, performing pulmonary function tests to check for reversibility of airway obstruction, and ruling out other conditions.
Bronchial Asthma
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β’ affects over 300 million people worldwide
β’ Increasing prevalence worldwide
β’ Highest prevalence in developed countries
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β’ Smoking
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β’ Family history
β’ Age
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β’ Irritants
β’ Outdoor allergens
β’ Viruses
β’ Indoor allergens
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β’ Allergens are picked up by dendritic cells and presented to TH2 cells.
β’ TH2 cells produce cytokines like IL-4 and IL-5, which activate eosinophils.
β’ The smooth muscle around the bronchioles spasms and secretes more mucus, narrowing the airways and making breathing harder.
β’ The endothelium of the lungs is damaged, leading to edema, scarring, and fibrosis.
β’ Reversible changes: Early inflammatory changes, including mucus production and smooth muscle contraction, can be reversed with treatment.
β’ Irreversible changes: Chronic inflammation and remodeling lead to structural changes in the airways, such as thickening and fibrosis, which are difficult to reverse.
β’ Importance of early intervention: Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent or minimize irreversible changes, improving long-term outcomes.
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β’ Allergic asthma: Triggered by exposure to allergens such as dust mites, pollen, and mold.
β’ Seasonal asthma: Symptoms worsen during specific seasons, often linked to pollen or airborne allergens.
β’ Occupational asthma: Triggered by exposure to workplace irritants and chemicals.
β’ Non-allergic asthma: Not triggered by specific allergens, but rather by irritants, weather changes, or exercise.
β’ Difficult asthma: Severe and persistent asthma that requires intensive management and specialized care.
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β’ Sneezing
β’ Wheezing
β’ Coughing
β’ Shortness of breath
β’ Fatigue
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β’ Chest X-rays
β’ Lung function tests
β’ Allergy testing
β’ Arterial blood gas analysis
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β’ Quick-relief medicines
β’ Short-acting beta-2 agonists
β’ Corticosteroids
β’ Animated illustrations explain how short-acting beta-2 agonists work.
β’ Treatment options are updated according to the latest asthma guidelines.
ππ«ππ―ππ§ππ’π―π ππππ‘π¨ππ¬:
β’ Taking preventive medication
β’ Reducing exposure to allergens
β’ Avoiding triggers
β’ Maintaining a healthy lifestyle
Visit our site for more animated templates
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ASTHMA.pptx
This document provides an overview of asthma pathophysiology. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable periodic symptoms, air flow obstruction, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. It outlines the main types of asthma as occupational, drug-induced, allergic, and adult-onset. The etiology section notes that asthma causes are unclear but involve genetic and environmental factors like exposure to allergens. The document then lists headings for pathogenesis, signs and symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and plan of treatment but does not provide details on these topics.
Allergic disorder & homoeopathy management
This document discusses allergies and hypersensitivity reactions. It defines allergy as an immune reaction to substances that do not normally affect most people. Common allergens include pollen, dust mites, mold, pet dander, food, insect stings, and medicines. It describes the four main types of hypersensitivity reactions (Type I-IV) based on their mechanisms and time course. Type I reactions are immediate and can involve skin, eyes, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. The document outlines the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, asthma, urticaria, angioedema, and anaphylaxis.
Asthma
This document provides an overview of asthma, including:
- Asthma is characterized by variable and reversible airflow obstruction caused by airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness.
- It affects 300 million people worldwide and prevalence is increasing. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to risk.
- Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and dyspnea triggered by factors like allergens, infections and exercise.
- Pathophysiology involves chronic inflammation, remodeling of the airways, and increased airway hyperresponsiveness.
- Diagnosis is based on symptoms and lung function tests, with treatment focusing on bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids.
Pathophysiology of bronchial asthma f
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing. The inflammation causes increased airway responsiveness to various stimuli. Asthma is categorized based on frequency and severity of symptoms. The pathophysiology involves genetic predisposition to allergic reactions, airway inflammation, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness triggered by allergens, viruses, pollution, and other factors. Mediators such as leukotrienes and histamine cause bronchospasm. Histological examination shows mucus plugs, eosinophils, and muscle hypertrophy in the airways.
Presentation of Asthma
This document provides an overview of asthma including:
- Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways causing difficulty breathing. Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness.
- Asthma is triggered by allergens, irritants, infections, exercise, and other factors. It affects people of all ages but often begins in childhood.
- Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, and breathing tests. Treatment includes avoiding triggers, using medication such as inhalers, and managing flare ups. Proper management is needed to prevent complications like respiratory failure.
Presentation of Asthma
This document provides an overview of asthma including:
- Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways causing difficulty breathing. Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness.
- Asthma is triggered by allergens, irritants, infections, exercise, and other factors. It affects people of all ages but often starts in childhood.
- Treatment involves avoiding triggers, using medications to reduce inflammation and open airways, and having an emergency plan for severe attacks. Proper management is needed to prevent complications like respiratory failure.
Bronchial asthma
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by bronchial hyperresponsiveness and reversible airflow limitation. The document traces the history of asthma from its first description in ancient Greek texts to modern recognition of its inflammatory pathophysiology. It then provides details on the definition, epidemiology, classification, pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations and management of asthma.
Asthma.pdf
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by periodic narrowing of the bronchial tubes. Common symptoms include wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness and coughing. Triggers include allergens, respiratory infections, exercise and air pollution. The most common form, atopic asthma, is caused by an exaggerated immune response to environmental allergens in genetically predisposed individuals, leading to airway inflammation and obstruction. Management involves both quick-relief drugs for acute symptoms and long-term control agents to prevent attacks and control chronic symptoms.
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Asthma (latest 26 nov
- 1. MICRO TEACHING ON Asthma BY: Ms. Gitanjali Bisht MSc 1st year
- 2. INTRODUCTION β’ Asthma is a respiratory disorder that effects personβs airway . In this airway becomes inflammed, narrow and swollen which makes breathing difficult.
- 3. DEFINITION Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways. The chronic inflammation causes an increase in the airway hyper-responsiveness that leads to recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and cough, particularly at night or early in morning.
- 4. CAUSES & RISK FACTORS Genetics Immune response Allergens Exercise Air pollutants
- 7. β’ ALLERGIC ASTHMA(extrinsic asthma): When the symptoms are induced by a hyperimmune response to the inhalation of specific allergen. Type I (Immediate) hypersensitivity reaction is the basis of the IgE. β’ NON-ALLERGGIC ASTHMA (Intrinsic asthma) : This type of asthma is triggered by the presence of irritants in the air that are not related to allergies. β’ This irritants stimulate parasympathetic nerve fibers in the airways causing broncho-constriction and inflammation.
- 8. β’ COUGH- VARIANT ASTHMA: This does not have the classic symptoms of asthma- such as wheezing and shortness of breath. Instead It is characterized by one symptom, a persistent dry cough. β’ EXERCISE INDUCED ASTHMA: Affects the person during or after physical activity.
- 9. β’ OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA: Induced by triggers that exists in personβs workplace including textiles, farming and wood working.
- 10. SYMPTOMS Shortness Of breathing Chest tightness Pain Wheezing Trouble in sleeping Cough Restlessness
- 11. DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES οΆHistory οΆPhysical examination οΆPFT οΆChest X-ray οΆABG or Oximetry οΆAllergy skin testing οΆComplete blood count
- 12. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT β’ Corticosteroids. β’ Leukotriene modifiers. β’ Combination inhalers. β’ Theophylline. β’ Anti-inflammatory drugs β’ Bronchodilators β’ Asthaline inhalators
- 13. β’ A- Adrenergic β’ S- Steroids β’ T- Theophylline β’ H- Hydration β’ M- Mask oxygen β’ A- Anticholinergic