Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms like wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. It can be triggered by various factors including allergens, respiratory infections, exercise, smoke, and pollutants. Management involves medication, identifying triggers, creating an action plan, monitoring symptoms, staying active, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, getting vaccinated, and regular check-ups with healthcare providers. Effective management aims to control symptoms, prevent flare-ups, and improve overall quality of life.
Pulmonology
Variations in nomenclature
Diagnosis
Procedures
Surgical procedures
Treatment and therapeutics
Education and training
Pediatric pulmonologist
Scientific research
History of pulmonology
Etiopathogenesis and pharmacotherapy of Asthma
the pathophysiology of selected disease states and the rationale for drug therapy;
b. the therapeutic approach to management of these diseases;
c. the controversies in drug therapy;
d. the importance of preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis;
e. needs to identify the patient-specific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy,
and monitoring therapy (including alternatives, time-course of clinical and laboratory
indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects);
f. describe the pathophysiology of selected disease states and explain the rationale for
drug therapy;
g. summarise the therapeutic approach to management of these diseases including
reference to the latest available evidence;
h. discuss the controversies in drug therapy;
i. discuss the preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis; and
j. identify the patient-specific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy, and
monitoring therapy (including alternatives, time-course of clinical and laboratory indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects).
Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms like wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. It can be triggered by various factors including allergens, respiratory infections, exercise, smoke, and pollutants. Management involves medication, identifying triggers, creating an action plan, monitoring symptoms, staying active, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, getting vaccinated, and regular check-ups with healthcare providers. Effective management aims to control symptoms, prevent flare-ups, and improve overall quality of life.
Pulmonology
Variations in nomenclature
Diagnosis
Procedures
Surgical procedures
Treatment and therapeutics
Education and training
Pediatric pulmonologist
Scientific research
History of pulmonology
Etiopathogenesis and pharmacotherapy of Asthma
the pathophysiology of selected disease states and the rationale for drug therapy;
b. the therapeutic approach to management of these diseases;
c. the controversies in drug therapy;
d. the importance of preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis;
e. needs to identify the patient-specific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy,
and monitoring therapy (including alternatives, time-course of clinical and laboratory
indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects);
f. describe the pathophysiology of selected disease states and explain the rationale for
drug therapy;
g. summarise the therapeutic approach to management of these diseases including
reference to the latest available evidence;
h. discuss the controversies in drug therapy;
i. discuss the preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis; and
j. identify the patient-specific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy, and
monitoring therapy (including alternatives, time-course of clinical and laboratory indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects).
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. SALALE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
OF ADULT HEALTH NURSING
SEMINAR PRESENTATION ON ASTHMA
PRESENTED TO MR.BIKILA T.(Bsc,Msc,Asst professor )
November 10,2023
Fitche,oromia,Ethiopia
3. Presentation outline
• Case study
• Physiology and anatomy of lung
• Definition of asthma
• Epidemiology of asthma
• Cause of asthma
• Types of asthma
• Pathophysiology of asthma
• Etiology and risk factor
• Investigation
• Management
• Reference
5. History
• Chief complaint- shortness of breathe of one day duration
• HPI-This is 46 years old female patient who is a known
asthmatic patient for the last eight years on salbutamol puff
and prednisolone 10mg po bid
• Currently presented with a shortness of breathe of one day
duration which get worse with cold environment.
6. History ….
• She was off medication for the last one year until last night
when she experienced shortness of breathe.
• She has also intermittent headache. Otherwise she has no
other complain.
13. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
🠶 Ineffective breathing pattern related to infection as
evidenced by recurrent cough.
🠶 Ineffective airway clearance related to ineffective cough as
evidenced by wheezing
• sound on auscultation.
🠶 Deficient knowledge related to lack of information sources
as evidenced by inability to answer properly.
🠶 Disturbed sleeping pattern related to hospitalization as
evidenced by verbalization.
14. Nursing Interventions
• Health promotion
• Patient education
• Identify and avoid known personal triggers
• Dressing properly during cold weather
• Avoid exposure to pollens, dusts, known
irritants
• Timely treatment for URTI
14
16. LUNG
S
🠶The lungs are located in the chest and are part of the
respiratory system.
The lungs take up most of the space inside the chest.
🠶The lungs are separated by the mediastinum, which
contains heart and other organs.
🠶LOBES:-
🠶The left lung has two lobes. The heart sits in groove
in the lower lobe. [cardiac notch]
🠶The right lung has three lobes and is slightly larger
than the left lung.
17.
18. 🠶TRACHEA
🠶The wind pipe[trachea] is the tube shaped airway in the neck
and chest. It divides into two tubes or branches called the
main bronchi. One branches goes to each lung. The area
where each bronchus enters the lung is called hilum.
🠶PLEURA
🠶The pleura is the thin membrane that covers the lungs and
lines of the chest wall.
🠶It protect and cushions the lungs and produces a fluid that
acts like a lubricant so the lungs can move smoothly in the
chest cavity.
🠶LAYERS OF PLEURA
🠶Inner [visceral] pleura – the layer next to the lung
🠶Outer[parietal] – the layer that lines the chest wall.
19. 🠶BRONCHIOLES
🠶The smaller bronchi divide into smaller tubes called
bronchioles.
🠶It have no glands or cartilage.
🠶At the end of the bronchioles are millions of tiny
sacs called alveoli.
🠶PHYSIOLOGY OF LUNGS
🠶Transfer oxygen from the air to the blood and
to release carbon dioxide from the air to
blood.
🠶The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
takes place in the alveoli.
🠶It defence against harmful substances in the
20. Asthma
• Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airway
hyper responsiveness, mucosal edema and mucus
production
• Is a heterogeneous disease characterized by bronchial
hyper reactivity with reversible expiratory airflow
limitation.
20
21. Epidemiology
• Affects around 20.4 million adult Americans. It is a major
public health concern, with more than 1.7 million emergency
department (ED) visits each year.
• Before puberty, more boys are affected than girls and In
adulthood, women are much more likely to be affected than
men.
• Women who present to the ED are more likely to need
hospitalization than men.
21
22. Types of Asthma
Child onset asthma: For some children’s the
onset of asthma may begin during childhood.
• Due to genetic reason, the child may become
sensitized to common allergens in the
environment.
• The child is a topic- generally in the state of
hypersensitivity due to environmental
allergens.
22
23. Types …
• Adult-Onset Asthma: this term is used when a person
develops asthma after reaching 20 years of age.
Adult-onset asthma affects women more than men,
and it is also much less common than child-onset
asthma.
cause –adult onset asthma seems to be triggered by
the exposure to the allergens called nonallergic adult-
onset asthma.
This type of non-allergic asthma is also called as
intrinsic asthma. Exposure to chemicals, plastics,
metals, certain medicines or wood dust can cause
adult-onset asthma.
23
24. Types...
• Exercise-Induced Asthma ;after exercise, if you feel
difficulty in breathing or wheezing, then you could be
suffering from exercise-induced asthma.
• Obviously, your level of fitness is also a factor a
person who is unfit and runs fast for ten minutes is
going to be out of breath
24
25. Types …
• Cough-Induced Asthma: Cough-induced asthma
is one of the most difficult asthmas to diagnose.
• The doctor has to eliminate other possibilities,
such as chronic bronchitis, post nasal drip due to
hay fever, or sinus disease. In this case, the
coughing can occur alone, without other asthma-
type symptoms being present.
• The coughing can happen at any time of day or
night. If it happens at night it can disrupt sleep.
25
26. Types …
• Nocturnal Asthma: It occurs only during night time from
night to 8 am.
• It is due to the dust and pet dander or may be due to a
sinus condition. The patient may have wheezing or short
breath when lying down and may not notice these
symptoms until awoken by them in the middle of the night.
• Night-time symptoms may also be a common problem in
those with daytime asthma as well.
26
33. Status Asthmaticus
• Life-threatening medical emergency, most extreme form of an
asthma attack.
• It is characterized by hypoxia, Hypercapnia, and acute respiratory
failure.
• The patient is unresponsive to treatment with bronchodilators and
corticosteroids.
• The patient may have chest tightness, a severely marked increase
in shortness of breath, or suddenly be unable to speak.
• Hypotension, bradycardia, and respiratory and/or cardiac arrest
may occur if we do not recognize that the patient’s condition is
getting worse.
• The patient must be immediately intubated, and mechanical
ventilation started.
• Hemodynamic monitoring of the patient is critical.
33
34. Status Asthmaticus
Analgesia and sedation are essential.
• Continuous analgesic infusions (e.g., ketamine, morphine)
and sedation with drugs such as propofol help decrease work
of breathing and facilitate patient synchrony with the
ventilator.
• Sometimes neuromuscular blocking agents may be used.
• Inhaled anesthetics, such as isoflurane or halothane, are an
option for those not responding to conventional treatment.
• IV magnesium sulfate, which has a bronchodilator effect,
may be given to patients with a very low FEV1 (forced
expiratory volume in 1 second) or peak flow (less than 40% of
predicted or personal best) or those who do not respond to
initial treatment.
34
36. Diagnostic studies
• Under diagnosis of asthma is common.
• A detailed history is important to determine if a
person has had similar attacks, which are often
precipitated by a known trigger.
• Because wheezing and cough occur with a variety of
disorders (e.g., COPD, GERD, vocal cord problems,
heart failure), it is important to determine if asthma
or some other disease process is the cause of these
problems.
36
37. Diagnostic studies
• History and physical examination
• Spirometry, including response to bronchodilator
therapy
• Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)
• Chest x-ray
• Measurement of oximetry
• Allergy skin testing (if indicated)
• Blood level of eosinophils and IgE (if indicated)
37
40. Quick Relief vs. Long-term Control of Asthma
• Ant inflammatory Drugs
– Corticosteroids
• Inhaled (e.g., fluticasone )
• Oral (e.g., prednisone)
• Bronchodilators
– Long-acting inhaled β2 -adrenergic agonists (e.g.,
salmeterol)
– Long-acting oral β2 -adrenergic agonists (e.g., albuterol)
– Methylxanthines (e.g., theophylline)
40
• Long-term Control
41. Reference
41
• 1. Moskvin Sergey Vladimirovich and Khadartsev Aleksandr A. “Methods
of effective low-level laser therapy in the treatment of patients with
bronchial asthma,” BioMedicine. 2020; 10: 1-20.
• 2. The global asthma report. Auckland, New Zealand: Global Asthma
Network. 2018.
• 3. Deutsches Ärzteblatt Internationa, Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2008; 105: 385-
394.
• 4. Gaude GS, Hattiholi J, Chaudhury A. Role of health education and self-
action plan in improving the drug compliance in bronchial asthma. J Fam
Med Primary Care. 2014; 3: 33-38.
• 5. Wang R and Lin J. Analysis of the Mechanism of Zhichuanling Oral
Liquid in Treating Bronchial Asthma Based on Network Pharmacology.
EvidenceBased Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2020; 2020: 10.
