Associative memory, also known as content-addressable memory (CAM), allows data to be searched based on its content rather than its location. It consists of a memory array, argument register (containing the search word), key register (specifying which bits to compare), and match register (indicating matching locations). All comparisons are done in parallel. Associative memory provides faster searching than conventional memory but is more expensive due to the additional comparison circuitry in each cell. It is well-suited for applications requiring very fast searching such as databases and virtual memory address translation.
About Cache Memory
working of cache memory
levels of cache memory
mapping techniques for cache memory
1. direct mapping techniques
2. Fully associative mapping techniques
3. set associative mapping techniques
Cache memroy organization
cache coherency
every thing in detail
(Ref : Computer System Architecture by Morris Mano 3rd edition) : Microprogrammed Control unit, micro instructions, micro operations, symbolic and binary microprogram.
In these slides the registration organization and stack organization have discussed in detail. Stack organization is discussed with the aid of animation to let the user understand it in a better and easy way.
Memory organization in computer architectureFaisal Hussain
Memory organization in computer architecture
Volatile Memory
Non-Volatile Memory
Memory Hierarchy
Memory Access Methods
Random Access
Sequential Access
Direct Access
Main Memory
DRAM
SRAM
NVRAM
RAM: Random Access Memory
ROM: Read Only Memory
Auxiliary Memory
Cache Memory
Hit Ratio
Associative Memory
About Cache Memory
working of cache memory
levels of cache memory
mapping techniques for cache memory
1. direct mapping techniques
2. Fully associative mapping techniques
3. set associative mapping techniques
Cache memroy organization
cache coherency
every thing in detail
(Ref : Computer System Architecture by Morris Mano 3rd edition) : Microprogrammed Control unit, micro instructions, micro operations, symbolic and binary microprogram.
In these slides the registration organization and stack organization have discussed in detail. Stack organization is discussed with the aid of animation to let the user understand it in a better and easy way.
Memory organization in computer architectureFaisal Hussain
Memory organization in computer architecture
Volatile Memory
Non-Volatile Memory
Memory Hierarchy
Memory Access Methods
Random Access
Sequential Access
Direct Access
Main Memory
DRAM
SRAM
NVRAM
RAM: Random Access Memory
ROM: Read Only Memory
Auxiliary Memory
Cache Memory
Hit Ratio
Associative Memory
COA Computer Organisation and Architecture COA Computer Organisation and Architecture COA Computer Organisation and Architecture COA Computer Organisation and Architecture COA Computer Organisation and Architecture COA Computer Organisation and Architecture COA Computer Organisation and Architecture COA Computer Organisation and Architecture COA Computer Organisation and Architecture COA Computer Organisation and ArchitectureCOA Computer Organisation and Architecture
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
2. Introduction
To search particular data in memory, data is read from
certain address and compared if the match is not
found content of the next address is accessed and
compared.
This goes on until required data is found. The number
of access depend on the location of data and efficiency
of searching algorithm.
This searching time can be reduced if data is searched
on the basis of content.
3. Introduction
A memory unit accessed by content is called
associative memory or content addressable
memory(CAM) or associative storage or associative
array.
This type of memory is accessed simultaneously and
in parallel on the basis of data content.
Memory is capable of finding empty unused location
to store the word.
5. Associative Memory Organization
Associative Memory is organized in such a way.
Argument register(A): It contains the word to be
searched. It has n bits(one for each bit of the word).
Key Register(K):This specifies which part of the
argument word needs to be compared with words in
memory. If all bits in register are 1, The entire word
should be compared. Otherwise, only the bits having k-
bit set to 1 will be compared.
6. Associative Memory Organization
Associative memory array: It contains the words which
are to be compared with the argument word.
Match Register(M):
It has m bits, one bit corresponding to each word in
the memory array. After the matching process, the bits
corresponding to matching words in match register are
set to 1.
8. Associative Memory Organization
Key register provide the mask for choosing the
particular field in A register.
The entire content of A register is compared if key
register content all 1.
Otherwise only bit that have 1 in key register are
compared.
If the compared data is matched corresponding bits in
the match register are set.
10. Associative Memory Organization
Let us include key register. If Kj=0 then there is no
need to compare Aj and Fij.
Only when Kj=1, comparison is needed.
This achieved by ORing each term with Kj.
12. Associative Memory Organization
Write operation:
If the entire memory is loaded with new information at
once prior to search operation then writing can be done
by addressing each location in sequence.
Tag register contain as many bits as there are words in
memory.
It contain 1 for active word and 0 for inactive word.
13. Associative Memory Organization
If the word is to be inserted, tag register is scanned
until 0 is found and word is written at that position and
bit is change to 1.
Read Operation:
When a word is to be read from an associative
memory, the contents of the word, or a part of the
word is specified.
14. Associative Memory Organization
If more than one word match with the content, all the
matched words will have 1 in the corresponding bit
position in match register.
Matched words are then read in sequence by applying
a read signal to each word line.
In most application, the associative memory stores a
table with no two identical items under a given key.
15. Associative memory Architecture
It is a hardware search engines, a special type of
computer memory used in certain very high searching
applications.
composed of conventional semiconductor memory
(usually SRAM) with added comparison circuitry that
enable a search operation to complete in a single clock
cycle.
SRAM is a type of semiconductor memory that
uses bistable latching circuitry to store each bit.
16. Types of Associative memory
There are two types of Associative memory, which both
are used in different conditions.
Auto-associative
Auto-associative memory takes back(retrieves) a
previously stored pattern that most closely resembles
the current pattern.
17. Types of Associative memory
Hetero-associative
Hetero-associative memory, the retrieved pattern is in
general, different from the input pattern not only in
content but possibly also in type and format.
Neutral networks are used to implement these
associative memory models called NAM (Neutral
associative memory).
18. Advantages of Associative memory
This is suitable for parallel searches. It is also used
where search time needs to be short
Associative memory is often used to speed up
databases, in neural networks and in the page tables
used by the virtual memory of modern computers.
CAM-design challenge is to reduce power
consumption associated with the large amount of
parallel active circuitry, without sacrificing speed or
memory density
19. Disadvantages of Associative memory
An associative memory is more expensive than a
random access memory because each cell must have
an extra storage capability as well as logic circuits for
matching its content with an external argument.
Usually associative memories are used in applications
where the search time is very critical and must be
very short.