This document discusses models in geography. It defines a model as a simplified representation of reality that demonstrates certain properties. There are three main types of models: iconic models which use the same material at a different scale; analog models which use a different material; and symbolic models which use mathematical equations. Models must have identity/identification by describing features, and they must have meaning by showing how forms are produced. Models have benefits like being closer to reality and linking features, but limitations like only providing a simple description.
What is Geography, Branches of Geography and Scope of Geography.Muhammad Saad
The basic purpose of this ppt Presentation is to understand the following main topics of geography in detail.
1. DEFINITION OF GEOGRAPHY
2. TWO MAIN BRANCHES OF GEOGRAPHY:
(PHYSICAL || HUMAN)
3. SUB-BRANCHES OF GEOGRAPHY
4. SCOPE OF GEOGRAPHY
(MATERIAL || FIELD)
..........That's all......Thank you.
i mentioned here how paradigm works in every science.
its a process of developing any science or knowledge. its necessary to see and learn about how our subject development done.
What is Geography, Branches of Geography and Scope of Geography.Muhammad Saad
The basic purpose of this ppt Presentation is to understand the following main topics of geography in detail.
1. DEFINITION OF GEOGRAPHY
2. TWO MAIN BRANCHES OF GEOGRAPHY:
(PHYSICAL || HUMAN)
3. SUB-BRANCHES OF GEOGRAPHY
4. SCOPE OF GEOGRAPHY
(MATERIAL || FIELD)
..........That's all......Thank you.
i mentioned here how paradigm works in every science.
its a process of developing any science or knowledge. its necessary to see and learn about how our subject development done.
By going through this presentation, students will be able to understand the diversity within Geography. Introductory and comprehensive details have been given about each branch of Geography.
Physical Geography Lecture 01 - What Is Geography 092616angelaorr
Introduction to Physical Geography. What is Geography? 5 Fundamental spatial concepts of Geography. Geography is holistic. Subdivisions of Geography. Systems science. Earth's 4 spheres. Review.
Alexander von humboldt by haroon khan bazai uobharoonkhan12345
A presentation on germen geographer one of the founder of modern geography ''alexander von Humboldt " by M Haroon khan bazai university of Baluchistan, Quetta
A map projection is a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes of locations from the surface of a sphere or an ellipsoid into locations on a plane. Maps cannot be created without map projections.
By going through this presentation, students will be able to understand the diversity within Geography. Introductory and comprehensive details have been given about each branch of Geography.
Physical Geography Lecture 01 - What Is Geography 092616angelaorr
Introduction to Physical Geography. What is Geography? 5 Fundamental spatial concepts of Geography. Geography is holistic. Subdivisions of Geography. Systems science. Earth's 4 spheres. Review.
Alexander von humboldt by haroon khan bazai uobharoonkhan12345
A presentation on germen geographer one of the founder of modern geography ''alexander von Humboldt " by M Haroon khan bazai university of Baluchistan, Quetta
A map projection is a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes of locations from the surface of a sphere or an ellipsoid into locations on a plane. Maps cannot be created without map projections.
Tutorial on Creative Metaphor ProcessingTony Veale
Metaphor is both a rhetorical device and a cognitive lever. It allows us to make the familiar seem strange and the strange feel familiar. It allows us to use our knowledge of a well-understood domain to structure and fill-out a domain in which we are less knowledgeable, or for which we lack the established terminology. In short, metaphor gives new life to our words, and new power to our concepts.
The tutorial focuses on the computational processing of metaphor: how might a computer understand a metaphor, and how might a computer generate meaningful and novel metaphors of its own?
BUS 1 Mini Exam – Chapters 05 – 10 40 Points S.docxhartrobert670
BUS 1
Mini Exam – Chapters 05 – 10
40 Points
Short Answer – Mind your time
Answer four questions from #1 - #6. Must answer #3 and #6. Answer
the XC question for extra credit. Question point count weighted equally.
It is all about business, so make sure to demonstrate / synthesize the bigger picture of business in each and
every answer.
Like all essays, specifying an exacting target word count is rather problematic. I am thinking each answer
would be about 250 - 300 words each, depending upon writing style. If you tend to be descriptive and whatnot,
that number could be 350 - 450 words.
Sidebar: Gauge your knowledge level in this way. This exam should take about 90 – 120 minutes to complete.
Students taking much longer may want to work with me to assess / discuss ways to help master this material in
a future conference session.
1. Although most new firms start out as sole proprietorships, few large firms are organized this way. Why
is the sole proprietorship such a popular form of ownership for new firms? What features of the sole
proprietorship make it unattractive to growing firms?
2. List and discuss at least three causes of small business failure. Workarounds, fixes, or methods to avoid
failure should be discussed.
3. Describe three different leadership styles and give an example of a situation in which each style could be
most used effectively.
4. Discuss Max Weber's views on organization theory. Is there a few principles that particularly resonate
in business today?
5. How has the emphasis of quality control changed in recent years? Describe some of the modern quality
control techniques that illustrate this change in emphasis.
6. Explain how managers could motivate employees by using the principles outlined in expectancy
theory? Create a story/example of expectancy theory at work, incorporating the three questions that
according to expectancy theory employees will ask.
7. XC – What is selective perception? Can you describe a business-centric scenario where selective
perception may hinder a businessperson’s ability to respond to a customer need?
I
Fireworks, Manifesto, 1974.
The Architectural Paradox
1. Most people concerned with architecture feel some sort
of disillusion and dismay. None of the early utopian ideals
of the twentieth century has materialized! none of its social
aims has succeeded. Blurred by reality! the ideals have turned
into redevelopment nightmares and the aims into bureau
cratic policies. The split between social reality and utopian
dream has been total! the gap between economic constraints
and the illusion of all-solving technique absolute. Pointed
Space
out by critics who knew the limits of architectural remedies,
this historical split has now been bypassed by attempts to
reformulate the concepts of architecture. In the process, a
new split appears. More complex, it is not the symptom of
prof ...
Knowledge science, concept computing and intelligent citiesMills Davis
This keynote was presented at two Kent State University (KSU) Knowledge Science Center (KSC) symposia held in Canton, Ohio and Washington, DC. As the title suggests, this presentation focuses on three aspects of the Knowledge Science Center mission: knowledge science, concept computing, and intelligent cities. The mission of knowledge science is transformation. Concept computing is the next paradigm. And, intelligent cities are a destination worthy of the journey.
3. Model in Geography
The world model is derived from French word “modele”, Italian word
“modello” and Latin word “modulus” means model.
Meanings of model
There are two meaning of model
1. Real or Original: It represents real things. For example; building,
car and aircraftand ship etc.
2. Ideal: It represents the ideal things. For example; ideal teacher,
ideal friend and ideal hero etc.
Definition of model
In 9465 Peter Haggett defined the model as, “a simplified version of
reality, built in order to demonstrate certain of the properties of
reality".
In French language it is defined as; “simplified representation with a
view to demonstration"
By Alain Rey, the model is a "system representing the essential
structures of a reality".
4. Explanation
After the reading of all these definitions it is right to say that model is
a simple representation of reality or it is also called analogy.The
models used in geography come from elsewhere. This is partly true.
So, others may have worked better and earlier than we have. It is
therefore intelligent and fruitful to take inspiration from their ideas
when these contribute to our understanding of the production of
geographical space.
This is not a reason to forget that geographers have produced an
abundance of their own models, which are no less useful: piedmont,
huerta, estuary region, frontier, march, dead ground, distribution
models of free ports and tax havens, and world megalopolises.
Furthermore, some imports and analogies are worth being re-
exported.
In the view, the gravity model (the bigger and the closer, the more
attractive) is infinitely easier to understand in geographical space
than in cosmic space, simply because, in everyday life we clearly
understand the reasons, i.e. the nature of the "energy" in question.
Modelers are dangerous, because their ambition is prediction and
application and they want to force reality to fit their models.
5. Apparently Christaller tried to persuade Hitler to "rectify" the
network of Polish towns to coincide with his model. Even if true—
and the anecdote needs to be verified—the undertaking did not
succeed.
At the same time, a plethora of territory-makers, neither
geographers nor scientists, have attempted, sometimes successfully,
to design or redesign spatial organizations to meet their
requirements. This has nothing to do with the idea of models, except
in the vulgar, prescriptive Sense of the word. This argument is simply
groundless accusation and is even comical in that it credits
geographers with powers they have never had.
Types of models
Ackoff (1962) differentiates between iconic models, which use the
same material but involve changes in scale, analogue models which
also involve a change in material used in building the model.
Symbolic models which represents the reality by some symbolic
system such as a system of mathematical equations. Each type of
model varies in its appropriateness for different functions. In next we
will study these types of models one by one.
6. Iconic models
This type of model shows three dimensional characters. For example
length, width and height of the feature that is photograph, map and
globe. They are simple represntator of reality
Analogy / Conceptual
When one phenomenon is represntated by other phenomenon. Real
things have become points on the Map. They are abstraction and most
models include in this group. These models are use to represent the
social conditions of a society in the form of deferent concepts. For
example; movies and dramas.
Symbolic models
The representation of a phenomenon or a situation with the
help of mathematical symbols is termed as mathematical models. In
7. this models different features and their relationship is shown in the
form of symbols.
Example
N= population size T= time period
K=max. Population size possible
r= growth rate
Requirementsof models
Identity and identification
To define a geographical object, place, country, field or distribution, is to
describe its singularity or, in other words, its identity. But how do we
describe an identity and what does this word mean? Identity comes from
idem, the same. We define an identity by observing a similarity. This is an
interesting paradox, and a logical one: we can only define something in
reference to known models.
8. Tall, strong, blond, blue eyes, red skin, turned-up nose and round face are
elements of identification which, in sufficient number, will describe a
singular person. This description is based on a selection from among
general, common, inventoried, understood features.
Meaning.
To advance, these models must have meaning. Recognizing forms implies
that we understand where they come from and what produces them. The
subject is also complicatedby phenomena of convergence: identical forms
can have different origins, and vice versa.
The geographer must at least make a conscious effort to recognize and
interpret spatial forms. This is the difference between science and
esoterism. The geomancer, astrologer or augur who "reads" coffee grinds,
a palm or a chicken’s innards observes forms whose origin bears no
relation to the question asked.
They are the only ones to "see" (or imagine), but they claim to have the
gift of trance and divine inspiration. Geographers, usually devoid of both,
use known forms, for which they have learned the logic of production
(whether of social or natural origin), even if they sometimes have to
discover new forms.
9. Merits
Models are more near to reality.
Brief description of a reality.
Models provide linkage between many physical features.
Models are pillars of research or theory.
Models help us to prepare the planning ahead.
De-merits
Simplest description of reality
Models have narrow impact of theories
Very hard to construct in very defined size
Data may not available of subject
10. References
HAGGETT P “Geography a Modern Synthesis” 3rd
revised Harper and row NEWYORK
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