Assignment: Evaluating Firm Behavior and Industry Performance With Imperfect Competition
The components of each of the three market structures (monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly) are instrumental in determining and limiting the strategies that individual firms can successfully implement. For example, an industry that is a natural monopoly will not have to make as many decisions about pricing strategy as an industry that is a monopolistic competition. Or, if a firm is in an oligopolistic market, those decisions will have to be weighed more heavily against their competitors’ prices and features in order to remain competitive.
With only a few exceptions, all industries are characterized by some form of imperfect competition that prevents their long-run equilibrium from exhibiting totally efficient resource use and allocation. Among the reasons for imperfect competition are product differentiation (e.g., differences among brands of the same product), barriers to entry (e.g., economies of scale or patents), market power (e.g., firms face downward sloping demand curves), and a lack of perfect information (e.g., buyers are not aware of the prices charged by all sellers).
In this Assignment, you will explain the relationship between market characteristics of imperfect competition, firm behavior and strategy, and the performance of the industries in which they operate. You will define also corporate social responsibility and explain the benefits from creating shared value.
To prepare for this Assignment:
· Review this week’s Learning Resources.
· Review the Week 1 Optional Resources on graphing, if needed.
· Refer to the Academic Writing Expectations for 1000-Level Courses as you compose your Assignment.
By Day 7
Submit your responses to the following prompts.
· What distinguishes a natural monopoly from other monopolies? What are the pros and cons of regulating natural monopolies? Does your answer differ depending on the specific product or industry being regulated? Your response should be at least 75–150 words (1–2 paragraphs) in length.
· Assume Acme Corporation is a typical monopoly:
· Construct a graph illustrating Acme’s average and marginal cost curves and the demand curve facing it. Identify profit maximizing output and price, total revenues, total costs, and total profits.
· Assume the economy moves into a recession and the demand for Acme’s product falls. On the same graph, show the effect of the recession on equilibrium price, output, and profits.
Your response should be one graph and at least 75 words (1 paragraph) that includes an explanation for the graph.
· Consider a local public utility, such as the water utility or scavenger company, that is regulated. Provide a diagram or graph illustrating the typical price and output set by regulators. Then respond to the following questions:
· What might happen if the company was not regulated?
· To what extent does regulation lead to equilibrium price and output levels t.
Final Project – Industry and Company Analysis – Assign.docxtjane3
Final Project – Industry and Company Analysis – Assignment 3
Your Name
JWI515: Managerial Economics
Your Professor’s Name
December 2, 2018
Introduction
· The first sentence should capture the reader’s attention. Give the reader a summary of what to expect in the report. Last sentence of the opening is the purpose of the paper.
· Introduce the name of your company and write a short paragraph (history, background, product/service offering, etc.)
· Reference sources in the text.
Company and Major Products or Services
Market Sector and Industry
· Describe the market sector where your company operates.
· Describe the industry where your company operates.
· Reference sources in the text.
Market Structure
· Describe the overall market structure (competitive, monopolistically competitive, monopoly, oligopoly). Expand on the reasons why you chose this structure.
· Reference sources in the text
Major Products or Services
· Describe the major product or service offering
· Reference sources in the text
Factors Impacting Supply and Demand
· Describe the factors impacting demand for your product or service.
· Describe the factors impacting supply for your product or service.
· Describe the “shape” of the supply and demand curves. Are they flat (more elastic) or steep (more inelastic)?
· Reference sources in the text
Other Economic Characteristics
· Describe other economic characteristics facing your company/industry (e.g. utility).
· Reference sources in the text
Non-Economic Forces Impacting Sales
· Describe non-economic factors that face your company and/or industry (e.g., seasonal sales, weather, etc.).
· Reference sources in the text
Porter’s Five Forces
Competition - _____ Force(Describe Force as Strong, Weak, or Neutral)
· Describe the product and/or industry regarding Porter's Five Forces – competition (refer to your weekly DQ posts). Expand on the reasons why you chose the force as strong, weak, or neutral.
· Reference sources in the text
Threat of New Entrants - _____ Force(Describe Force as Strong, Weak, or Neutral)
· Describe the product and/or industry regarding Porter's Five Forces – competition (refer to your weekly DQ posts). Expand on the reasons why you chose the force as strong, weak, or neutral.
· Reference sources in the text.
Threat of Substitutes - _____ Force(Describe Force as Strong, Weak, or Neutral)
· Describe the product and/or industry regarding Porter's Five Forces – competition (refer to your weekly DQ posts). Expand on the reasons why you chose the force as strong, weak, or neutral.
· Reference sources in the text.
Power of Buyers - _____Force(Describe Force as Strong, Weak, or Neutral)
· Describe the product and/or industry regarding Porter's Five Forces – competition (refer to your weekly DQ posts). Expand on the reasons why you chose the force as strong, weak, or neutral.
· Reference sources in the text
Power of Suppliers - _____Force(Describe Force as Strong, Weak, or Neutral)
· Describe t.
This document outlines the requirements for a final paper on market structures for an economics course. It includes questions to address about different market structures like perfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly, and monopolistic competition. It requires discussing examples, barriers to entry, elasticity of demand, government regulation, and international trade for each structure. The paper must be 8-10 pages long, cite at least 5 academic sources, and follow APA style guidelines. It also includes a brief tip about finding a quiet study space.
Dat 565 all discussions uop course guide uopstudy.comssuserd9bf9e
The document discusses the topics of several weekly discussions in an analytics course. It provides questions and prompts for students to discuss topics like data analytics vs statistics, descriptive vs predictive vs prescriptive analytics, hypothesis testing, linear regression modeling, and time series analysis and decomposition. Students are asked to post initial responses of at least 175 words and reply to two other classmates.
Dat 565 dat565 dat 565 discussions uopstudy.comssuserd9bf9e
The document discusses discussion prompts for an online course on data analytics and statistics (DAT 565). It includes prompts about data analytics vs statistics, descriptive vs predictive vs prescriptive analytics, hypothesis testing, linear regression modeling, and time series analysis. Students are asked to respond to the prompts in 175 words and reply to other students. The course materials are aimed at helping students understand and apply core analytics concepts.
This document provides questions and prompts for various economics topics including: the circular flow diagram, supply and demand, elasticity, externalities, barriers to entry, market structures, and international trade. It discusses analyzing recent purchases using the law of demand and assessing the price elasticity of different products. It also provides prompts for a paper on market structures, asking the reader to describe each structure, provide examples, and discuss characteristics, barriers to entry, elasticity, and the role of government. The document encourages taking a variety of electives as a freshman to explore different subjects and interests.
For more course tutorials visit
www.tutorialrank.com
1. Explain the concept of lead and lag indicators. How would the development of lead and lag indicators link to the development of a robust and effective quality strategy? This answer must be in your own words—significant cut and paste from the text or other sources is not acceptable.
The document outlines the requirements for a course project on quality management. Students must select a specific organization and identify a quality-related problem, such as poor quality levels or high costs. Taking the role of a quality management consultant, students must recommend a quality initiative, such as Six Sigma or lean principles, to address the problem. The paper must be 10-12 pages and include at least 8 scholarly sources. It requires sections on the topic selection, research sources, and paper format and must follow APA style guidelines.
The document contains instructions and questions for a GSCM 588 exam. It asks students to answer 7 questions in their own words about quality management topics like lead and lag indicators, cost of quality models, benchmarking, mistake proofing, control charts, quality function deployment, and outcomes from the course. It also provides instructions for a midterm exam with 8 multiple choice questions and requests a major course project paper on implementing a quality management initiative for a selected organization.
Final Project – Industry and Company Analysis – Assign.docxtjane3
Final Project – Industry and Company Analysis – Assignment 3
Your Name
JWI515: Managerial Economics
Your Professor’s Name
December 2, 2018
Introduction
· The first sentence should capture the reader’s attention. Give the reader a summary of what to expect in the report. Last sentence of the opening is the purpose of the paper.
· Introduce the name of your company and write a short paragraph (history, background, product/service offering, etc.)
· Reference sources in the text.
Company and Major Products or Services
Market Sector and Industry
· Describe the market sector where your company operates.
· Describe the industry where your company operates.
· Reference sources in the text.
Market Structure
· Describe the overall market structure (competitive, monopolistically competitive, monopoly, oligopoly). Expand on the reasons why you chose this structure.
· Reference sources in the text
Major Products or Services
· Describe the major product or service offering
· Reference sources in the text
Factors Impacting Supply and Demand
· Describe the factors impacting demand for your product or service.
· Describe the factors impacting supply for your product or service.
· Describe the “shape” of the supply and demand curves. Are they flat (more elastic) or steep (more inelastic)?
· Reference sources in the text
Other Economic Characteristics
· Describe other economic characteristics facing your company/industry (e.g. utility).
· Reference sources in the text
Non-Economic Forces Impacting Sales
· Describe non-economic factors that face your company and/or industry (e.g., seasonal sales, weather, etc.).
· Reference sources in the text
Porter’s Five Forces
Competition - _____ Force(Describe Force as Strong, Weak, or Neutral)
· Describe the product and/or industry regarding Porter's Five Forces – competition (refer to your weekly DQ posts). Expand on the reasons why you chose the force as strong, weak, or neutral.
· Reference sources in the text
Threat of New Entrants - _____ Force(Describe Force as Strong, Weak, or Neutral)
· Describe the product and/or industry regarding Porter's Five Forces – competition (refer to your weekly DQ posts). Expand on the reasons why you chose the force as strong, weak, or neutral.
· Reference sources in the text.
Threat of Substitutes - _____ Force(Describe Force as Strong, Weak, or Neutral)
· Describe the product and/or industry regarding Porter's Five Forces – competition (refer to your weekly DQ posts). Expand on the reasons why you chose the force as strong, weak, or neutral.
· Reference sources in the text.
Power of Buyers - _____Force(Describe Force as Strong, Weak, or Neutral)
· Describe the product and/or industry regarding Porter's Five Forces – competition (refer to your weekly DQ posts). Expand on the reasons why you chose the force as strong, weak, or neutral.
· Reference sources in the text
Power of Suppliers - _____Force(Describe Force as Strong, Weak, or Neutral)
· Describe t.
This document outlines the requirements for a final paper on market structures for an economics course. It includes questions to address about different market structures like perfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly, and monopolistic competition. It requires discussing examples, barriers to entry, elasticity of demand, government regulation, and international trade for each structure. The paper must be 8-10 pages long, cite at least 5 academic sources, and follow APA style guidelines. It also includes a brief tip about finding a quiet study space.
Dat 565 all discussions uop course guide uopstudy.comssuserd9bf9e
The document discusses the topics of several weekly discussions in an analytics course. It provides questions and prompts for students to discuss topics like data analytics vs statistics, descriptive vs predictive vs prescriptive analytics, hypothesis testing, linear regression modeling, and time series analysis and decomposition. Students are asked to post initial responses of at least 175 words and reply to two other classmates.
Dat 565 dat565 dat 565 discussions uopstudy.comssuserd9bf9e
The document discusses discussion prompts for an online course on data analytics and statistics (DAT 565). It includes prompts about data analytics vs statistics, descriptive vs predictive vs prescriptive analytics, hypothesis testing, linear regression modeling, and time series analysis. Students are asked to respond to the prompts in 175 words and reply to other students. The course materials are aimed at helping students understand and apply core analytics concepts.
This document provides questions and prompts for various economics topics including: the circular flow diagram, supply and demand, elasticity, externalities, barriers to entry, market structures, and international trade. It discusses analyzing recent purchases using the law of demand and assessing the price elasticity of different products. It also provides prompts for a paper on market structures, asking the reader to describe each structure, provide examples, and discuss characteristics, barriers to entry, elasticity, and the role of government. The document encourages taking a variety of electives as a freshman to explore different subjects and interests.
For more course tutorials visit
www.tutorialrank.com
1. Explain the concept of lead and lag indicators. How would the development of lead and lag indicators link to the development of a robust and effective quality strategy? This answer must be in your own words—significant cut and paste from the text or other sources is not acceptable.
The document outlines the requirements for a course project on quality management. Students must select a specific organization and identify a quality-related problem, such as poor quality levels or high costs. Taking the role of a quality management consultant, students must recommend a quality initiative, such as Six Sigma or lean principles, to address the problem. The paper must be 10-12 pages and include at least 8 scholarly sources. It requires sections on the topic selection, research sources, and paper format and must follow APA style guidelines.
The document contains instructions and questions for a GSCM 588 exam. It asks students to answer 7 questions in their own words about quality management topics like lead and lag indicators, cost of quality models, benchmarking, mistake proofing, control charts, quality function deployment, and outcomes from the course. It also provides instructions for a midterm exam with 8 multiple choice questions and requests a major course project paper on implementing a quality management initiative for a selected organization.
The documents discuss quality management topics for a GSCM 588 course. They include exam questions, article summaries, and a course project on developing a quality management initiative for a selected organization. The course project requires identifying a quality issue, recommending a solution based on quality approaches like Six Sigma or TQM, citing related course concepts, and submitting a 10-12 page paper following APA style guidelines. Additional requirements include a minimum of eight scholarly sources and sections on the organization, quality problem, recommended approach, implementation plan, and conclusions.
GSCM 588 MENTOR Education Your Life--gscm588mentor.comthomashard64
The document outlines the requirements for a final exam and course project for a quality management course. For the final exam, students must answer 7 questions in their own words about quality management concepts covered in the course, such as lead and lag indicators, cost of quality models, benchmarking, and control charts. The course project requires students to identify a quality problem in a specific organization, research quality initiatives to address the problem, and submit a 10-12 page paper making recommendations as a quality management consultant. The paper must cite at least 8 sources and follow an outlined format and structure.
This document outlines the coursework for ECO 365 Principles of Microeconomics. It includes assignments on economic definitions, supply and demand simulations/videos, a competitive market analysis, and differentiating between market structures. The assignments require analyzing concepts like price elasticity, factors that affect supply and demand, market conditions, and competitive strategies under different structures like monopoly, oligopoly, and perfect competition. Students must consider how changes in the market could impact answers, like new entrants or mergers, and make recommendations.
This document contains solutions to a quiz for an economics course. It addresses topics related to market structures, welfare effects of advertising, substitutes and consumer preferences, characteristics of different market structures, conditions for firms shutting down, externalities, elasticity, and using tuition changes to increase university revenue. The solutions include multiple choice answers to questions on these economics concepts.
Assignment 2.2 Justification Report - Part 2Due Week 5 and wort.docxsherni1
Assignment 2.2: Justification Report - Part 2
Due Week 5 and worth 150 points
In Part 1 of your Justification Report assignment, you built up the following sections: Problem Statement, Overview of Alternatives, Criteria, and Methods. In Part 2, you will revise Part 1 based on your instructor's suggestions and add to it the following sections: Evaluation of Alternatives, Findings and Analysis, and References.
Use the basic outline below to draft your paper. Organize your responses to each question under the following section headings:
· Evaluation of Alternatives (for Questions 1-3)
· Findings and Analysis (for Questions 4-5)
· References (for Question 6)
Write a two (2) page, single-spaced report in which you:
1. Research the two (2) alternatives (i.e. possible solutions) that you've identified in your Part 1 Evaluation of Alternatives section. Record bibliographic information during research.
a. Example: You might research other organizations that have attempted similar solutions to the problem you have identified and explore the results of those experiments.
2. Use what you discover in your research to evaluate each alternative by each of your five (5) criteria.
a. Example: If your research revealed that four companies similar to yours increased productivity after allowing their workers to telework from home three days per week, you might conclude that one of your suggested alternatives – in this case, the option to telework from home three days per week – satisfies one of your criterion of “Productivity” as a high-potential solution to a problem you’ve identified (of decreased worker morale and productivity at Doe’s Electronics). However, additional research might frustrate a recommendation of this alternative if it is found to fall short of other criteria while a second alternative fares better. For instance, a telework alternative might be found to be too costly to implement; too frustrating for consumers who prefer daily, in-person customer service; or too divergent from the company’s brand, “Always there for you!”�
3. Organize the assignment by your criteria. Explain in narrative form how each of your two (2) alternatives stacks up against your first criterion. Next, explain how each alternative stacks up against your second criterion, etc.
a. Example: An abbreviated outline of what this longer section might look like based on the above example is below (Note: Only the first two [2] of five [5] required criteria are included to give you a feel for the structure). Your researched findings, represented as circled bullets below, should be explained in two to five (2-5) sentences. Include in-text citations and follow up with References in APA style):
Evaluation of Alternatives
· Productivity
a. Alternative A: Telework from home 3 days per week
a. {narrate findings based on research article 1 here}
a. Alternative B: Offer two extra Floating Holidays to each employee per year
a. {narrate findings based on research article ...
This document provides information about purchasing access to materials for the entire ECO 365 course through the website onlinehelpstudy.com. It lists discussion questions, assignments, exams and other assessments that would be included with purchase of the full course. Individual items and sections of the course can also be purchased separately. The document promotes the materials as providing immediate access without registration and as being "Rated A+" quality.
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Module 4 - Case
FEEDBACK LOOP AND ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING
Assignment Overview
XCG
THE EXCELLENT CONSULTING GROUP
COMMUNICATION FROM ART:
Let's wrap up this project.
So far, ABC Company and Whole Foods Market like what we've been doing. I
have this last project, which involves analyzing Whole Foods Market's feedback
loops and organizational learning opportunities.
I want you to take a look at the feedback loops in Whole Foods Market.
REQUIRED READING:
Refer to the background reading on System Feedback Loops.
Case Assignment
Identify one Balancing Loop and one Reinforcing Loop. These feedback loops
should be critical to Whole Foods Market's performance and success. You should
have a good idea of what these are from your previous analysis.
Explain each one of these loops - what are the causal factors and how do they
affect each other. For the Reinforcing Loop, look for an area where there is
growth. For the Balancing Loop, look for goal behavior. Once you have identified
and explained these critical feedback loops, identify how Whole Foods Market
has generated organizational learning, and how they can go further and generate
additional organizational learning. What do they need to do to improve their
performance further?
Be sure to include references. Turn in the 5- to 6-page paper by the end of the
module.
9/23/15, 6:48 PM
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KEYS TO THE ASSIGNMENT:
This is what you need to do:
1. Determine the two critical feedback loops. Describe each Feedback Loop that
you identify in your organization and explain why you selected them. Make
sure you explain the Loop, the cause and effect process within the
Loop. You could also include a Causal Loop Diagram. If you do, show the
arrows and direction of effect (+ or -). Also, determine what the warrant is for
your case.
2. Briefly discuss the theory of organizational learning so that you provide a
summary of this information to the executives - establish this as common
ground.
3. Identify the learning activities in each feedback loop that Whole Foods Market
has already undertaken.
4. Identify the opportunities for organizational learning in each Feedback Loop.
Make a Case that these are learning opportunities. Logically show how the
feedback process provides an opportunity for the organization to learn and
improve its performance. Be precise. Depth and breadth in your discussion is
always a good thing.
Assignment Expectations
Your paper will be evaluated on the following seven points:
Precision - Does the paper address the question(s) or task(s)?
Breadth - Is the full breadth of the subject, that is, the Keys to the Assignment,
addressed?
Depth - Does the paper .
The document discusses key elements of research design including the purpose of studies, types of investigations, study settings, populations, time horizons, and units of analysis. It also covers measurement scales, reliability, and validity. The purpose can be exploratory, descriptive, or for hypothesis testing. Studies can be causal, correlational, contrived or non-contrived. Populations can be individuals, groups, organizations or cultures. Studies can also be cross-sectional or longitudinal. Proper research design ensures the purpose is effectively addressed.
The document discusses key elements of research design including the purpose of studies, types of investigations, study settings, populations, time horizons, and units of analysis. It also covers measurement scales, reliability, and validity. The purpose of research design is to ensure the study effectively addresses its goals. Considering these elements early helps avoid issues later in the research process.
This Slideshare presentation is a partial preview of the full business document. To view and download the full document, please go here:
http://flevy.com/browse/business-document/strategy-toolkit-446
Strategy is often a challenging topic. This Toolkit will help you in the development of your business strategy with some models such as:
*Common STEEP Factors
*Five Forces Questions
*5 Market Test
*Generic Strategies
*Competitor Analysis
*SWOT
*TOWS Analysis
*Grand Strategy Selection Matrix
*Grand Strategy Clusters
*Risks & Mitigations
Individual Assignment 2 Research, Analysis & Outline for Final PaLizbethQuinonez813
Individual Assignment 2: Research, Analysis & Outline for Final Paper
CLO #3 Analyze the need for increasing creative thought in a complex global environment including designing strategies to increase cash, profit and growth through understanding competitive dynamics.
CLO#5 Analyze and apply decision matrices for creative opportunities, or to mitigate risk and/or legal considerations in the global marketplace including compliance with Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA).
Due:Wednesday Week 6
Value: 150
Length: 5 - 7 page informal outline.
The purpose of this assignment is for students to write an outline that presents their research for the final paper (the Signature Assignment) for this class. Students are not writing the final paper (yet). For this assignment, and thus for the final paper students are to identify a business that corresponds to the assigned business sectors (each student is to identify a separate business). In this outline, students will bring options and opportunities, creative problem solving to either solve a problem or create an opportunity. Remember we do not tell companies what they “must or should do.” We present options and opportunities. Students will apply creative innovative thought to the analysis. You can use bullet points for this outline. Students should apply any feedback received from this assignment to the final assignment.
Some important items to note before writing Assignment 2:
· Please go to Week 8 and read the Handout and Rubric for Assignment 3.
· The research is very detailed, double-spaced, Times New Roman, APA Headings, Title Page, References and APA citations. This is an example of an APA sample paper.
· Long quotes are not to be used in short papers of this nature; thus, all quotes should be from seven to 12 words and of course must use APA citations.
· The outline is to detail key points supported with corresponding citations.
· The outline must use at least three levels of Use APA headings. Sources (must be current - one year) other than the textbook can include: New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Harvard Business Review, Wired Magazine, (all can be found in the our University Library). You can also use any government website (usually “.gov”). You can use academic research but it must be recent (five years or newer).
Directions
After reading assigned chapters in your textbook and other course materials, continue your research to gain additional knowledge on industries and business sectors. This following link, located here, has access to a breakdown of all industries. The links after each industry provides additional data.
For the outline, briefly describe the business that you have chosen and the global footprint of their broader industry [e.g. number of subsidiaries in other countries, information on profit and growth strategies, key suppliers and customers. List three (3) major competitors (supported by data), and explain the percentage of the market share the business occup ...
Be prepared to answer the following questionsWhat are the thr.docxjesuslightbody
Be prepared to answer the following questions:
What are the three components of the DRI?
Describe how RDA, AI, and UL influence health?
After reviewing your results on the Interactive DRI, how well are you meeting the RDAs suggested?
What two changes can you make to improve?
.
Based upon our readings concerning the work of Pierre Bourdieu, ple.docxjesuslightbody
Based upon our readings concerning the work of Pierre Bourdieu, please address the following: a) define his concept of "habitus," specifically citing your reading material, and give at least ONE example of this important concept; b) explain the role that habitus plays in creating inequality (economic, political, social, etc.) between people in society; c) give one example recently covered in the news media (within the last year or so), that demonstrates how the accumulation of "cultural capital" can be used to benefit a person, OR, how a lack of cultural capital can harm a person.
.
Based on the documentary and the article, please answer the followin.docxjesuslightbody
Based on the documentary and the article, please answer the following in 2-4 sentences each:
1. Why did blackface develop in the 19th Century?
2. What are the characters described in the documentary and how did they perpetuate specific stereotypes?
3. How did images influence public perceptions of African-Americans?
4. How was the stereotypical characteristics been maintained into the 20th century?
5. How do media representations impact the broader public understanding of African-Americans?
LINK:
https://vt2013group9.wordpress.com/2013/05/02/blackface-how-stereotypes-influenced-the-perception-of-race/
https://www.manhoodraceculture.com/classes/history-4382/ethnic-notions/
.
Based on Case Study Fetal Abnormality and the required topic Reso.docxjesuslightbody
Based on "Case Study: Fetal Abnormality" and the required topic Resources, write a 750-1,000-word reflection that answers the following questions:
What is the Christian view of the nature of human persons, and which theory of moral status is it compatible with? How is this related to the intrinsic human value and dignity?
Which theory or theories are being used by Jessica, Marco, Maria, and Dr. Wilson to determine the moral status of the fetus? What from the case study specifically leads you to believe that they hold the theory you selected?
How does the theory determine or influence each of their recommendations for action?
What theory do you agree with? Why? How would that theory determine or influence the recommendation for action?
Remember to support your re
.
Bad time to be humble! When andwhy leaders should not be hum.docxjesuslightbody
Bad time to be humble! When and
why leaders should not be humble
Jiang Xu
Guanghua School of Management, Peking University, Beijing, China
Jih-Yu Mao
School of Business Administration, Faculty of Business Administration,
Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China, and
Ye Zhang
Guanghua School of Management, Peking University, Beijing, China
Abstract
Purpose –Although leader humility is generally considered a positive leadership behavior, this study aims to
examine when the positive influences of leader humility are likely weakened.
Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from a two-wave survey. Ordinary least squares
regression analyses were conducted to test the hypotheses.
Findings – Although leader humility is positively related to perceived leader support, this relationship is
weakened when the environment is uncertain, resulting in comparatively lower follower performance.
Practical implications – Leaders should be aware that environmental constraints may weaken the desired
outcomes of humility and therefore adapt leadership to situational needs.
Originality/value – Contrasting to predominant research on leader humility, this study examines a critical
boundary condition bywhich its positive influences are compromised. In light of the disruption caused by the
ongoing COVID-19, this study suggests that what usually are considered positive characteristics of leader
humility are likely perceived as little leader support when the environment is uncertain. Findings of this
study echo contingency leadership theories, which suggest that effective leadership should be context-
dependent.
Keywords Leader humility, Environmental uncertainty, Perceived leader support, Follower performance
Paper type Research paper
In the wake of several corporate scandals, managers and scholars have begun to reflect upon
the dark side of leaders’ grandiose characteristics, such as narcissism, hubris, and sense of
entitlement (Boje et al., 2004; Chang and Diddams, 2009; Li and Tang, 2010; Rosenthal and
Pittinsky, 2006). By contrast, virtues such as humility are important managerial
characteristics (Owens et al., 2013). In light of the appeal for “more humility and less
hubris” (Weick, 2001, p. 93), leader humility has received increased attention across various
organizational settings in recent years (e.g. Ou et al., 2018; Swain and Korenman, 2018; Wang
et al., 2018; Wolfteich et al., 2021).
Leader humility is generally viewed as a positive virtue that leads to desirable outcomes for
followers (Wang et al., 2018), teams (Owens and Hekman, 2016), and organizations (Ou et al.,
2018). However, since organizations are embedded in a dynamic, uncertain, and unpredictable
environment, there is no omnipotent leadership: Leadership is not universal and contextual
influences bound its effectiveness. Similarly, leader humility may have its limits. For instance,
Pfeffer (2015) argued that humility might be an overrated leader characterist.
be 3-5 sentences per answerDescribe what is meant by Maslo.docxjesuslightbody
be 3-5 sentences per answer
Describe what is meant by Maslow's self actualization?
List and explain the characteristics of a person who is self-actualized.
What are peak experiences, and discuss the types of people who experience them?
What is intrinsic motivation, and share some examples.
What are your thoughts about Buddhist Psychology?
.
Be sure to complete the topic Physical Development before particip.docxjesuslightbody
Be sure to complete the topic "Physical Development" before participating in this discussion.
Take a moment to review the physical development milestones that occur in infancy and complete the following:
Reflect on the physical milestones.
Select one of the milestones and state the timeframe when it is expected to occur.
Describe why you chose that milestone
What changes in motor and sensory organs occur with that milestone?
What do you feel might be complications of failure to achieve that milestone?
Describe a personal experience that relates to this milestone.
Using an external source, describe what advice should be offered to parents of children for whom this milestone is delayed.
Please be sure to validate your opinions and ideas with citations and references in APA format.
.
BCO 117 IT Software for Business Lecture Reference Notes.docxjesuslightbody
BCO 117 IT Software for Business
Lecture Reference Notes
Cloud
computing
Eras in IT infrastructure evolution
Chapter 5. IT Infrastructure and EmergingTechnologies
Management Information Systems (Kenneth P. Laudon, Jane C. Laudon)
An information technology (IT) paradigm, a model for enabling ubiquitous access to shared pools of configurable resources (such as computer networks, servers, storage, applications and services), which
can be rapidly provisioned with minimal management effort, often over the Internet.
· Computing as a service
· Computing on the Internet
· Business line for computing corporations
Hassan, Qusay (2011).
"Demystifying Cloud Computing"(PDF).
The Journal of Defense Software Engineering.
Cloud computing
Cloud computing
Cloud computing
Cloud computing
www.euruni.edu
Cloud computing examples
Software as a Service
Platform as a Service
Insfrastructure as a Service
Cloud computing examples
Cloud computing examples
https://aws.amazon.com/products/?hp=tile&so-exp=below
Cloud computing examples
Cloud computing examples
Cloud computing examples
www.euruni.edu
Cloud computing examples
Cloud computing examples
Cloud computing examples
www.euruni.edu
Cloud computing success
Key concepts
·
Reliability – reliability of the system, measured in Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF)
·
Availability – uptime of the system or application, measured in parts per million (PPM) of downtime
·
Serviceability – easily restoring the system after a failure, measured in Mean Time To Repair (MTTR)
·
Manageability – the ease with which the entire system can be managed, measured in systems per headcount.
·
Scalability - the ability of an information system to be used or produced in a range of capabilities
·
“Updatability”– a key factor linked to performance, integration with other IS and security
https://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/total-cost-of-ownership-factors-to-consider
Top Benefits of Cloud Computing
http://www.mushibhuiyan.com/category/cloud/
Debate
https://www.forbes.com/sites/louiscolumbus/2013/08/13/idg-cloud-computing-survey-security-integration-challenge-growth/#268d6d3755cb
Debate
https://www.forbes.com/sites/louiscolumbus/2013/08/13/idg-cloud-computing-survey-security-integration-challenge-growth/#268d6d3755cbCloud Computing strategy
https://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?htmlfid=WUW12350USEN
www.euruni.edu
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Authors Anna, Alisa, David & PreslavaThis article is desi.docxjesuslightbody
This document analyzes shifts in the global gold market from 2019 to 2021. It discusses factors driving demand and supply for gold, including jewelry, investments, central bank holdings, and technology usage. Demand fell significantly in 2020 due to the pandemic but recovered in 2021. Supply also declined in 2020 and 2021 due to mining disruptions. As a result, gold prices increased over this period from $1393/oz to $1799/oz as supply became more constrained. The supply and demand for gold are both relatively price inelastic.
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The documents discuss quality management topics for a GSCM 588 course. They include exam questions, article summaries, and a course project on developing a quality management initiative for a selected organization. The course project requires identifying a quality issue, recommending a solution based on quality approaches like Six Sigma or TQM, citing related course concepts, and submitting a 10-12 page paper following APA style guidelines. Additional requirements include a minimum of eight scholarly sources and sections on the organization, quality problem, recommended approach, implementation plan, and conclusions.
GSCM 588 MENTOR Education Your Life--gscm588mentor.comthomashard64
The document outlines the requirements for a final exam and course project for a quality management course. For the final exam, students must answer 7 questions in their own words about quality management concepts covered in the course, such as lead and lag indicators, cost of quality models, benchmarking, and control charts. The course project requires students to identify a quality problem in a specific organization, research quality initiatives to address the problem, and submit a 10-12 page paper making recommendations as a quality management consultant. The paper must cite at least 8 sources and follow an outlined format and structure.
This document outlines the coursework for ECO 365 Principles of Microeconomics. It includes assignments on economic definitions, supply and demand simulations/videos, a competitive market analysis, and differentiating between market structures. The assignments require analyzing concepts like price elasticity, factors that affect supply and demand, market conditions, and competitive strategies under different structures like monopoly, oligopoly, and perfect competition. Students must consider how changes in the market could impact answers, like new entrants or mergers, and make recommendations.
This document contains solutions to a quiz for an economics course. It addresses topics related to market structures, welfare effects of advertising, substitutes and consumer preferences, characteristics of different market structures, conditions for firms shutting down, externalities, elasticity, and using tuition changes to increase university revenue. The solutions include multiple choice answers to questions on these economics concepts.
Assignment 2.2 Justification Report - Part 2Due Week 5 and wort.docxsherni1
Assignment 2.2: Justification Report - Part 2
Due Week 5 and worth 150 points
In Part 1 of your Justification Report assignment, you built up the following sections: Problem Statement, Overview of Alternatives, Criteria, and Methods. In Part 2, you will revise Part 1 based on your instructor's suggestions and add to it the following sections: Evaluation of Alternatives, Findings and Analysis, and References.
Use the basic outline below to draft your paper. Organize your responses to each question under the following section headings:
· Evaluation of Alternatives (for Questions 1-3)
· Findings and Analysis (for Questions 4-5)
· References (for Question 6)
Write a two (2) page, single-spaced report in which you:
1. Research the two (2) alternatives (i.e. possible solutions) that you've identified in your Part 1 Evaluation of Alternatives section. Record bibliographic information during research.
a. Example: You might research other organizations that have attempted similar solutions to the problem you have identified and explore the results of those experiments.
2. Use what you discover in your research to evaluate each alternative by each of your five (5) criteria.
a. Example: If your research revealed that four companies similar to yours increased productivity after allowing their workers to telework from home three days per week, you might conclude that one of your suggested alternatives – in this case, the option to telework from home three days per week – satisfies one of your criterion of “Productivity” as a high-potential solution to a problem you’ve identified (of decreased worker morale and productivity at Doe’s Electronics). However, additional research might frustrate a recommendation of this alternative if it is found to fall short of other criteria while a second alternative fares better. For instance, a telework alternative might be found to be too costly to implement; too frustrating for consumers who prefer daily, in-person customer service; or too divergent from the company’s brand, “Always there for you!”�
3. Organize the assignment by your criteria. Explain in narrative form how each of your two (2) alternatives stacks up against your first criterion. Next, explain how each alternative stacks up against your second criterion, etc.
a. Example: An abbreviated outline of what this longer section might look like based on the above example is below (Note: Only the first two [2] of five [5] required criteria are included to give you a feel for the structure). Your researched findings, represented as circled bullets below, should be explained in two to five (2-5) sentences. Include in-text citations and follow up with References in APA style):
Evaluation of Alternatives
· Productivity
a. Alternative A: Telework from home 3 days per week
a. {narrate findings based on research article 1 here}
a. Alternative B: Offer two extra Floating Holidays to each employee per year
a. {narrate findings based on research article ...
This document provides information about purchasing access to materials for the entire ECO 365 course through the website onlinehelpstudy.com. It lists discussion questions, assignments, exams and other assessments that would be included with purchase of the full course. Individual items and sections of the course can also be purchased separately. The document promotes the materials as providing immediate access without registration and as being "Rated A+" quality.
9/23/15, 6:48 PM
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Module 4 - Case
FEEDBACK LOOP AND ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING
Assignment Overview
XCG
THE EXCELLENT CONSULTING GROUP
COMMUNICATION FROM ART:
Let's wrap up this project.
So far, ABC Company and Whole Foods Market like what we've been doing. I
have this last project, which involves analyzing Whole Foods Market's feedback
loops and organizational learning opportunities.
I want you to take a look at the feedback loops in Whole Foods Market.
REQUIRED READING:
Refer to the background reading on System Feedback Loops.
Case Assignment
Identify one Balancing Loop and one Reinforcing Loop. These feedback loops
should be critical to Whole Foods Market's performance and success. You should
have a good idea of what these are from your previous analysis.
Explain each one of these loops - what are the causal factors and how do they
affect each other. For the Reinforcing Loop, look for an area where there is
growth. For the Balancing Loop, look for goal behavior. Once you have identified
and explained these critical feedback loops, identify how Whole Foods Market
has generated organizational learning, and how they can go further and generate
additional organizational learning. What do they need to do to improve their
performance further?
Be sure to include references. Turn in the 5- to 6-page paper by the end of the
module.
9/23/15, 6:48 PM
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KEYS TO THE ASSIGNMENT:
This is what you need to do:
1. Determine the two critical feedback loops. Describe each Feedback Loop that
you identify in your organization and explain why you selected them. Make
sure you explain the Loop, the cause and effect process within the
Loop. You could also include a Causal Loop Diagram. If you do, show the
arrows and direction of effect (+ or -). Also, determine what the warrant is for
your case.
2. Briefly discuss the theory of organizational learning so that you provide a
summary of this information to the executives - establish this as common
ground.
3. Identify the learning activities in each feedback loop that Whole Foods Market
has already undertaken.
4. Identify the opportunities for organizational learning in each Feedback Loop.
Make a Case that these are learning opportunities. Logically show how the
feedback process provides an opportunity for the organization to learn and
improve its performance. Be precise. Depth and breadth in your discussion is
always a good thing.
Assignment Expectations
Your paper will be evaluated on the following seven points:
Precision - Does the paper address the question(s) or task(s)?
Breadth - Is the full breadth of the subject, that is, the Keys to the Assignment,
addressed?
Depth - Does the paper .
The document discusses key elements of research design including the purpose of studies, types of investigations, study settings, populations, time horizons, and units of analysis. It also covers measurement scales, reliability, and validity. The purpose can be exploratory, descriptive, or for hypothesis testing. Studies can be causal, correlational, contrived or non-contrived. Populations can be individuals, groups, organizations or cultures. Studies can also be cross-sectional or longitudinal. Proper research design ensures the purpose is effectively addressed.
The document discusses key elements of research design including the purpose of studies, types of investigations, study settings, populations, time horizons, and units of analysis. It also covers measurement scales, reliability, and validity. The purpose of research design is to ensure the study effectively addresses its goals. Considering these elements early helps avoid issues later in the research process.
This Slideshare presentation is a partial preview of the full business document. To view and download the full document, please go here:
http://flevy.com/browse/business-document/strategy-toolkit-446
Strategy is often a challenging topic. This Toolkit will help you in the development of your business strategy with some models such as:
*Common STEEP Factors
*Five Forces Questions
*5 Market Test
*Generic Strategies
*Competitor Analysis
*SWOT
*TOWS Analysis
*Grand Strategy Selection Matrix
*Grand Strategy Clusters
*Risks & Mitigations
Individual Assignment 2 Research, Analysis & Outline for Final PaLizbethQuinonez813
Individual Assignment 2: Research, Analysis & Outline for Final Paper
CLO #3 Analyze the need for increasing creative thought in a complex global environment including designing strategies to increase cash, profit and growth through understanding competitive dynamics.
CLO#5 Analyze and apply decision matrices for creative opportunities, or to mitigate risk and/or legal considerations in the global marketplace including compliance with Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA).
Due:Wednesday Week 6
Value: 150
Length: 5 - 7 page informal outline.
The purpose of this assignment is for students to write an outline that presents their research for the final paper (the Signature Assignment) for this class. Students are not writing the final paper (yet). For this assignment, and thus for the final paper students are to identify a business that corresponds to the assigned business sectors (each student is to identify a separate business). In this outline, students will bring options and opportunities, creative problem solving to either solve a problem or create an opportunity. Remember we do not tell companies what they “must or should do.” We present options and opportunities. Students will apply creative innovative thought to the analysis. You can use bullet points for this outline. Students should apply any feedback received from this assignment to the final assignment.
Some important items to note before writing Assignment 2:
· Please go to Week 8 and read the Handout and Rubric for Assignment 3.
· The research is very detailed, double-spaced, Times New Roman, APA Headings, Title Page, References and APA citations. This is an example of an APA sample paper.
· Long quotes are not to be used in short papers of this nature; thus, all quotes should be from seven to 12 words and of course must use APA citations.
· The outline is to detail key points supported with corresponding citations.
· The outline must use at least three levels of Use APA headings. Sources (must be current - one year) other than the textbook can include: New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Harvard Business Review, Wired Magazine, (all can be found in the our University Library). You can also use any government website (usually “.gov”). You can use academic research but it must be recent (five years or newer).
Directions
After reading assigned chapters in your textbook and other course materials, continue your research to gain additional knowledge on industries and business sectors. This following link, located here, has access to a breakdown of all industries. The links after each industry provides additional data.
For the outline, briefly describe the business that you have chosen and the global footprint of their broader industry [e.g. number of subsidiaries in other countries, information on profit and growth strategies, key suppliers and customers. List three (3) major competitors (supported by data), and explain the percentage of the market share the business occup ...
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Be prepared to answer the following questionsWhat are the thr.docxjesuslightbody
Be prepared to answer the following questions:
What are the three components of the DRI?
Describe how RDA, AI, and UL influence health?
After reviewing your results on the Interactive DRI, how well are you meeting the RDAs suggested?
What two changes can you make to improve?
.
Based upon our readings concerning the work of Pierre Bourdieu, ple.docxjesuslightbody
Based upon our readings concerning the work of Pierre Bourdieu, please address the following: a) define his concept of "habitus," specifically citing your reading material, and give at least ONE example of this important concept; b) explain the role that habitus plays in creating inequality (economic, political, social, etc.) between people in society; c) give one example recently covered in the news media (within the last year or so), that demonstrates how the accumulation of "cultural capital" can be used to benefit a person, OR, how a lack of cultural capital can harm a person.
.
Based on the documentary and the article, please answer the followin.docxjesuslightbody
Based on the documentary and the article, please answer the following in 2-4 sentences each:
1. Why did blackface develop in the 19th Century?
2. What are the characters described in the documentary and how did they perpetuate specific stereotypes?
3. How did images influence public perceptions of African-Americans?
4. How was the stereotypical characteristics been maintained into the 20th century?
5. How do media representations impact the broader public understanding of African-Americans?
LINK:
https://vt2013group9.wordpress.com/2013/05/02/blackface-how-stereotypes-influenced-the-perception-of-race/
https://www.manhoodraceculture.com/classes/history-4382/ethnic-notions/
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What is the Christian view of the nature of human persons, and which theory of moral status is it compatible with? How is this related to the intrinsic human value and dignity?
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Bad time to be humble! When andwhy leaders should not be hum.docxjesuslightbody
Bad time to be humble! When and
why leaders should not be humble
Jiang Xu
Guanghua School of Management, Peking University, Beijing, China
Jih-Yu Mao
School of Business Administration, Faculty of Business Administration,
Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China, and
Ye Zhang
Guanghua School of Management, Peking University, Beijing, China
Abstract
Purpose –Although leader humility is generally considered a positive leadership behavior, this study aims to
examine when the positive influences of leader humility are likely weakened.
Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from a two-wave survey. Ordinary least squares
regression analyses were conducted to test the hypotheses.
Findings – Although leader humility is positively related to perceived leader support, this relationship is
weakened when the environment is uncertain, resulting in comparatively lower follower performance.
Practical implications – Leaders should be aware that environmental constraints may weaken the desired
outcomes of humility and therefore adapt leadership to situational needs.
Originality/value – Contrasting to predominant research on leader humility, this study examines a critical
boundary condition bywhich its positive influences are compromised. In light of the disruption caused by the
ongoing COVID-19, this study suggests that what usually are considered positive characteristics of leader
humility are likely perceived as little leader support when the environment is uncertain. Findings of this
study echo contingency leadership theories, which suggest that effective leadership should be context-
dependent.
Keywords Leader humility, Environmental uncertainty, Perceived leader support, Follower performance
Paper type Research paper
In the wake of several corporate scandals, managers and scholars have begun to reflect upon
the dark side of leaders’ grandiose characteristics, such as narcissism, hubris, and sense of
entitlement (Boje et al., 2004; Chang and Diddams, 2009; Li and Tang, 2010; Rosenthal and
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characteristics (Owens et al., 2013). In light of the appeal for “more humility and less
hubris” (Weick, 2001, p. 93), leader humility has received increased attention across various
organizational settings in recent years (e.g. Ou et al., 2018; Swain and Korenman, 2018; Wang
et al., 2018; Wolfteich et al., 2021).
Leader humility is generally viewed as a positive virtue that leads to desirable outcomes for
followers (Wang et al., 2018), teams (Owens and Hekman, 2016), and organizations (Ou et al.,
2018). However, since organizations are embedded in a dynamic, uncertain, and unpredictable
environment, there is no omnipotent leadership: Leadership is not universal and contextual
influences bound its effectiveness. Similarly, leader humility may have its limits. For instance,
Pfeffer (2015) argued that humility might be an overrated leader characterist.
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Reflect on the physical milestones.
Select one of the milestones and state the timeframe when it is expected to occur.
Describe why you chose that milestone
What changes in motor and sensory organs occur with that milestone?
What do you feel might be complications of failure to achieve that milestone?
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BCO 117 IT Software for Business Lecture Reference Notes.docxjesuslightbody
BCO 117 IT Software for Business
Lecture Reference Notes
Cloud
computing
Eras in IT infrastructure evolution
Chapter 5. IT Infrastructure and EmergingTechnologies
Management Information Systems (Kenneth P. Laudon, Jane C. Laudon)
An information technology (IT) paradigm, a model for enabling ubiquitous access to shared pools of configurable resources (such as computer networks, servers, storage, applications and services), which
can be rapidly provisioned with minimal management effort, often over the Internet.
· Computing as a service
· Computing on the Internet
· Business line for computing corporations
Hassan, Qusay (2011).
"Demystifying Cloud Computing"(PDF).
The Journal of Defense Software Engineering.
Cloud computing
Cloud computing
Cloud computing
Cloud computing
www.euruni.edu
Cloud computing examples
Software as a Service
Platform as a Service
Insfrastructure as a Service
Cloud computing examples
Cloud computing examples
https://aws.amazon.com/products/?hp=tile&so-exp=below
Cloud computing examples
Cloud computing examples
Cloud computing examples
www.euruni.edu
Cloud computing examples
Cloud computing examples
Cloud computing examples
www.euruni.edu
Cloud computing success
Key concepts
·
Reliability – reliability of the system, measured in Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF)
·
Availability – uptime of the system or application, measured in parts per million (PPM) of downtime
·
Serviceability – easily restoring the system after a failure, measured in Mean Time To Repair (MTTR)
·
Manageability – the ease with which the entire system can be managed, measured in systems per headcount.
·
Scalability - the ability of an information system to be used or produced in a range of capabilities
·
“Updatability”– a key factor linked to performance, integration with other IS and security
https://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/total-cost-of-ownership-factors-to-consider
Top Benefits of Cloud Computing
http://www.mushibhuiyan.com/category/cloud/
Debate
https://www.forbes.com/sites/louiscolumbus/2013/08/13/idg-cloud-computing-survey-security-integration-challenge-growth/#268d6d3755cb
Debate
https://www.forbes.com/sites/louiscolumbus/2013/08/13/idg-cloud-computing-survey-security-integration-challenge-growth/#268d6d3755cbCloud Computing strategy
https://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?htmlfid=WUW12350USEN
www.euruni.edu
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i.
Authors Anna, Alisa, David & PreslavaThis article is desi.docxjesuslightbody
This document analyzes shifts in the global gold market from 2019 to 2021. It discusses factors driving demand and supply for gold, including jewelry, investments, central bank holdings, and technology usage. Demand fell significantly in 2020 due to the pandemic but recovered in 2021. Supply also declined in 2020 and 2021 due to mining disruptions. As a result, gold prices increased over this period from $1393/oz to $1799/oz as supply became more constrained. The supply and demand for gold are both relatively price inelastic.
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This document discusses the rise of authoritarianism and decline of liberal democracy around the world in recent decades. It introduces a curated discussion on how management scholarship can contribute to understanding authoritarianism. Contributors discuss how authoritarianism has influenced corporations and how organizational theories can provide insights into authoritarian systems and the role of digital technologies in modern authoritarianism. They call for more research applying management concepts to critically examine authoritarianism and its threats to democracy.
ASSOCIATE SCIENCE IN NURSINGCLINICAL WORKSHEET MATERNITY NU.docxjesuslightbody
ASSOCIATE SCIENCE IN NURSING
CLINICAL WORKSHEET: MATERNITY NURSING PROCESS CARE PLAN
STUDENT NAME
DATE
Client Initials
Culture/Ethnicity
Support System
Unit
Room/Bed
Religion
Age
Sex
Language
Pre-preg Wt
Pre-preg Ht
Marital Status
Children & Ages
Current Wt
Current Ht
Occupation
G
T
P
A
L
Health Insurance
Current Work Status
Current Medical Diagnosis
Name of Significant Other/Primary Caregiver
Highest Grade Completed
Pain
Rating, Quality & Location
Infant Feeding
Date/Time of Delivery
Delivery Type (Vaginal, Cesarean**, Forceps, Vacuum)
**Reason for Cesarean
Diagnostic procedures
Surgical procedures
Pathophysiology/Psychopathology (List Reference)
Reference
Today’s Assessment
M
Admissions Vital Signs
A
T
Frequency
B
P
U
R
BB
B/P
L
Allergies/Side Effects
E
H
Brief Health History
Diet with Rationale
Time
Flowsheet Notes
Activity Order
Limitations/Prosthetic Device
PERTINENT LABORATORY DATA
Lab Test # 1
Lab Test # 2
Lab Test # 3
Lab Test # 4
Hgb/Hct #1
Hgb/Hct #2
Results
Results
Results
Hgb/Hct #3
.
Rationale for abnormal results
Rationale for abnormal results
Rationale for abnormal results
Rationale for abnormal results
(
2
)
.
INTRAVENOUS SOLUTION #1
INTRAVENOUS SOLUTION #2
Type
Lactate Ringers’ (main IV)
Type
500 ml NS (piggyback)
cc/hr
125
gtts/min
cc/hr
gtts/min
2 milliunits/minute via pump
Additives
Additives
30 U Oxytocin
Rationale for solution
Rationale for solution
.
Medication Name Generic/Trade
Classification
Major Actions
(why taking meds)
Dose/ Route Safe Range
Adverse Effects
Nursing Implications
Assessment Data Subjective/Objective
Nursing Diagnosis
Plan Outcome Criteria (Client Centered)
Interventions (Nurse Centered)
Rationale for Interventions (REFERENCED)
Evaluation
Assessment Data Subjective/Objective
Nursing Diagnosis
Plan Outcome Criteria (Client Centered)
Interventions (Nurse Centered)
Rationale for Interventions (REFERENCED)
Evaluation
Have you received a push notification like this?
Real Message: I just want your $$$
@DrWendyGuess
Hi John. Your order should be arriving on Thursday. Would you like to set up a date & time to install it? Just reply with your preferences. Wendy
Real Message: You care about the customer)
Or …. Has a note like this one
arrived just at the perfect moment?
@DrWendyGuess
Which Would YOU Rather Read?
Welcome. Wondering about the MyTalk.Rocks?
Link -
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Rock The Speaker
Send A Photo
Share Feedback
Ask Questions?
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@DrWendyGuess
How would it be for your clients
to feel like you’re a mind reader?
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Part 1: Design Campaign
What am I really delivering?
My guiding principles
Beyond the product…
For Support
To build Community
Improve Productivity.
Assume that you are a Healthcare Quality Specialist at a healthcare .docxjesuslightbody
Assume that you are a Healthcare Quality Specialist at a healthcare facility/organization preparing for an initial Joint Commission International accreditation visit in one year.
Discuss the value that accreditation brings to an organization.
Describe the steps and processes you will initiate and implement over a one-year period in preparation.
Include any key personnel and the risk prevention procedures you would be sure to put in place as well as your performance and quality improvement plans.
Embed course material concepts, principles, and theories (which require supporting citations) in your initial response along with at least three scholarly, peer-reviewed journal articles. Use academic writing standards and APA style guidelines.
.
Assignment
Your healthcare organization’s strategic plan includes the replacement of the information system currently in place for the electronic health record in the hospital and associated provider offices.
Please note: Life cycle of a system and NOT life cycle of a software. Be careful you do not focus on software.
You will prepare an audiovisual (You must use Kaltura) with a transcript (Word file) or PowerPoint presentation (12-20 slides) with speaker notes that address:
Title slide
Include an introduction. What is your topic and what are you going to address in the presentation.
The system life cycle process and the role of employees in each stage of the process.
Identify the process- use a visual or table (if you get it already made then make sure there is appropriate credit on the slide). In the speaker’s notes explain the process steps and how employees are engaged in each step. Key is what is the employee role in each step. The role will change by each step. Be specific.
There is an announcement with directions
How to use Kaltura
How to prepare the transcript from Kaltura
Note: The transcript must be a readable, Word file that matches the narrative or your speaker notes .
The presentation continued
The identification and roles of at least five internal stakeholders employed by the practice.
Identify the stakeholders by role and define how that role contributes to the life cycle process- why are they important to the process. A table is good for this. Note: Patients are not employed by the practice.
Identify the major stakeholders and why their role is important to the project
Once you identified the stakeholders there will be some that have more sway in the project than others- they are the major or power stakeholders. Identify which stakeholders are your major stakeholders and in the speaker note/narration, define why. Do not include the government nor insurance companies.
Project Management Tools
Explain the purpose of a minimum of four key project management tools planned for the project. (See the hints for project tools link.) Word, Excel, Power Point, Teams are not examples of Project management tools.
Consider the following tools (not exclusive):
Scope
Metrics to determine project success
Gantt charts
Budget
Critical pathway
Risks
Develop a Communication Plan for the Project.
Provide a specific, detailed plan with identified tasks and answer the “who, what, when, where, why, and how”. (A table is good for this. Review the information above on the how and what to include.) Do not define what a communication plan is but develop the actual communication plan. You want a specific, detailed plan, not definitions and vague concepts. You need to include in your communication plan:
Identified tasks
Think Who, what, when, why and how.
Communication Plan continued
Think of it as a table with specific details.
Who is doing what, when
Ex. Once a month the man.
ASSIGNMENT Planning an Effective Press ReleaseSelect a topic an.docxjesuslightbody
ASSIGNMENT: Planning an Effective Press Release
Select a topic and company for a mock press release and press conference. Choose one of the following:
1. Tesla
2. Uber
3. Pepsi
4. Instagram
5. Twitter
6. Netflix
7. A current US Senator announcing their bid for the US Presidency
Choose a newsworthy topic for your selected company.
What is new? Newsworthy?
(You can make something up or use real news.)
Prepare a press release to make the announcement and issue to the press.
Audience:
Who will you issue the press release to?
Who is your target audience?
.
Assume an African American character and write from the perspective .docxjesuslightbody
Assume an African American character and write from the perspective of the character. What would be the obstacles faced by people of color during the Great Depression or the war years? Explain the issues in your letter and ask for specific help on those matters. Also in a separate paragraph below your letter, explain why you chose to write what you did. What inspired you to write on the topics, situations or events that were discussed in your letter?
.
Assignment WK 8 Advocating for the Nursing Role in Program Design .docxjesuslightbody
Assignment WK 8 Advocating for the Nursing Role in Program Design and Implementation
As their names imply, the honeyguide bird and the honey badger both share an affinity for honey. Honeyguide birds specialize in finding beehives but struggle to access the honey within. Honey badgers are well-equipped to raid beehives but cannot always find them. However, these two honey-loving species have learned to collaborate on an effective means to meet their objectives. The honeyguide bird guides honey badgers to newly discovered hives. Once the honey badger has ransacked the hive, the honey guide bird safely enters to enjoy the leftover honey.
Much like honeyguide birds and honey badgers, nurses and health professionals from other specialty areas can—and should—collaborate to design effective programs. Nurses bring specialties to the table that make them natural partners to professionals with different specialties. When nurses take the requisite leadership in becoming involved throughout the healthcare system, these partnerships can better design and deliver highly effective programs that meet objectives.
In this Assignment, you will practice this type of leadership by advocating for a healthcare program. Equally as important, you will advocate for a collaborative role of the nurse in the design and implementation of this program. To do this, assume you are preparing to be interviewed by a professional organization/publication regarding your thoughts on the role of the nurse in the design and implementation of new healthcare programs.
To Prepare:
· Review the Resources and reflect on your thinking regarding the role of the nurse in the design and implementation of new healthcare programs.
· Select a healthcare program within your practice and consider the design and implementation of this program.
· Reflect on advocacy efforts and the role of the nurse in relation to healthcare program design and implementation.
The Assignment: (2–4 pages)
In a 2- to 4-page paper, create an interview transcript of your responses to the following interview questions:
·
Tell us about a healthcare program, within your practice. What are the costs and projected outcomes of this program?
·
Who is your target population?
·
What is the role of the nurse in providing input for the design of this healthcare program? Can you provide examples?
·
What is your role as an advocate for your target population for this healthcare program? Do you have input into design decisions? How else do you impact design?
·
What is the role of the nurse in healthcare program implementation? How does this role vary between design and implementation of healthcare programs? Can you provide examples?
·
Who are the members of a healthcare team that you believe are most needed to implement a program? Can you explain why?
Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019).
Health policy and politics: A nurse's guide (6th ed..
Assignment Title
Students Name
Course Title
Professors Name
Date of Submission
Introduction
Add Presentation Notes and Sources
2
Problem Statement
Analyze and define the problem to include possible political conflicts.
Add Presentation Notes and Sources
3
Risks and Challenges
Identify risks and challenges.
Add Presentation Notes and Sources
4
Alternatives and
Solution
s
Identify and construct policy alternatives and solutions.
Add Presentation Notes and Sources
5
Stakeholders and Key Roles
Identify stakeholders and key roles.
Add Presentation Notes and Sources
6
Identify funding opportunities, challenges, and budget cost factors, to include saving measures.
Funding and Budget
Add Presentation Notes and Sources
7
Criteria
Choose supportive and evaluative criteria.
Add Presentation Notes and Sources
8
Policy Benefits
Identify incentives, subsidies, and potential benefits.
Add Presentation Notes and Sources
9
Conclusion
Draw conclusions in a thorough summary, with lessons learned.
Add Presentation Notes and Sources
10
Sources
Follow the Credit to Authors and Sources Guidelines found in the Strayer Writing Standards (SWS).
.
Assignment WK 9Assessing a Healthcare ProgramPolicy Evaluation.docxjesuslightbody
Assignment: WK 9Assessing a Healthcare Program/Policy Evaluation
Program/policy evaluation is a valuable tool that can help strengthen the quality of programs/policies and improve outcomes for the populations they serve. Program/policy evaluation answers basic questions about program/policy effectiveness. It involves collecting and analyzing information about program/policy activities, characteristics, and outcomes. This information can be used to ultimately improve program services or policy initiatives.
Nurses can play a very important role assessing program/policy evaluation for the same reasons that they can be so important to program/policy design. Nurses bring expertise and patient advocacy that can add significant insight and impact. In this Assignment, you will practice applying this expertise and insight by selecting an existing healthcare program or policy evaluation and reflecting on the criteria used to measure the effectiveness of the program/policy.
To Prepare:
· Review the Healthcare Program/Policy Evaluation Analysis Template provided in the Resources.
· Select an existing healthcare program or policy evaluation or choose one of interest to you.
· Review community, state, or federal policy evaluation and reflect on the criteria used to measure the effectiveness of the program or policy described.
The Assignment: (2–3 pages)
Based on the program or policy evaluation you selected, complete the Healthcare Program/Policy Evaluation Analysis Template. Be sure to address the following:
· Describe the healthcare program or policy outcomes.
· How was the success of the program or policy measured?
· How many people were reached by the program or policy selected?
· How much of an impact was realized with the program or policy selected?
· At what point in program implementation was the program or policy evaluation conducted?
· What data was used to conduct the program or policy evaluation?
· What specific information on unintended consequences was identified?
· What stakeholders were identified in the evaluation of the program or policy? Who would benefit most from the results and reporting of the program or policy evaluation? Be specific and provide examples.
· Did the program or policy meet the original intent and objectives? Why or why not?
· Would you recommend implementing this program or policy in your place of work? Why or why not?
· Identify at least two ways that you, as a nurse advocate, could become involved in evaluating a program or policy after 1 year of implementation.
By Day 7 of Week 10
Submit your completed healthcare program/policy evaluation analysis.
Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019).
Health policy and politics: A nurse's guide (6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
· Chapter 7, “Health Policy and Social Program Evaluation” (pp. 116–124 only)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5409875/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029655418300617
i J LUUU^S
.
Assignment OverviewYou and a few of your fellow learners have be.docxjesuslightbody
Assignment Overview
You and a few of your fellow learners have been assigned to construct a presentation on one of the following groups:
Working with ableism or disability and lookism.
Each person working on the presentation is researching and contributing specific slides that analyze issues of power, privilege, and oppression as they pertain to the chosen group, as well as strategies and approaches for practice when working with these issues. This assignment will ask you to submit the presentation slides that you contributed to the presentation for an individual grade.
By successfully completing this assignment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following EPAs and specialized practice behaviors:
EPA Competency 1: Demonstrate Ethical and Professional Behavior.
C1.SP.B: Articulate and provide leadership in the application of the core values and ethical standards of the social work profession through an ethical problem solving model to aid in critical thinking and ethical decision making related to individuals, families, organizations, and communities to guide and inform ethical advanced generalist social work practice.
Related Assignment Criteria:
3. Discuss challenges that may arise from clients' cultures and from differences among people and cultural groups.
EPA Competency 1: Demonstrate Ethical and Professional Behavior.
C1.SP.C: Integrate the ethical and effective use of technology at all levels of advanced generalist social work practice with individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities.
Related Assignment Criteria:
1. Create slides that address chosen theme(s) related to culturally relevant practice.
EPA Competency 2: Engage Diversity and Difference in Practice.
C2.SP.A: Analyze dimensions and differentiation in diversity and apply the influence of relationships, intervention techniques, and technologies with diverse clients, families, groups, organizations, and communities.
Related Assignment Criteria:
2. Discuss theory applicable to the selected group.
4. Discuss techniques and best practices applicable to the selected group.
Assignment Description
Each learner creates 2–4 slides that discusses the selected group around one or more of the following themes:
Religion and spirituality.
Assignment Instructions
Complete the following:
Create 2–4 slides that address chosen theme (or themes) related to culturally relevant practice.
Discuss theory applicable to the selected group.
Discuss challenges to practice with the selected group.
Discuss techniques and best practices applicable to the selected group.
.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
Assignment Evaluating Firm Behavior and Industry Performance With.docx
1. Assignment: Evaluating Firm Behavior and Industry
Performance With Imperfect Competition
The components of each of the three market structures
(monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly) are
instrumental in determining and limiting the strategies that
individual firms can successfully implement. For example, an
industry that is a natural monopoly will not have to make as
many decisions about pricing strategy as an industry that is a
monopolistic competition. Or, if a firm is in an oligopolistic
market, those decisions will have to be weighed more heavily
against their competitors’ prices and features in order to remain
competitive.
With only a few exceptions, all industries are characterized by
some form of imperfect competition that prevents their long-run
equilibrium from exhibiting totally efficient resource use and
allocation. Among the reasons for imperfect competition are
product differentiation (e.g., differences among brands of the
same product), barriers to entry (e.g., economies of scale or
patents), market power (e.g., firms face downward sloping
demand curves), and a lack of perfect information (e.g., buyers
are not aware of the prices charged by all sellers).
In this Assignment, you will explain the relationship between
market characteristics of imperfect competition, firm behavior
and strategy, and the performance of the industries in which
they operate. You will define also corporate social
responsibility and explain the benefits from creating shared
value.
To prepare for this Assignment:
· Review this week’s Learning Resources.
· Review the Week 1 Optional Resources on graphing, if
needed.
· Refer to the Academic Writing Expectations for 1000-Level
Courses as you compose your Assignment.
By Day 7
2. Submit your responses to the following prompts.
· What distinguishes a natural monopoly from other
monopolies? What are the pros and cons of regulating natural
monopolies? Does your answer differ depending on the specific
product or industry being regulated? Your response should be at
least 75–150 words (1–2 paragraphs) in length.
· Assume Acme Corporation is a typical monopoly:
· Construct a graph illustrating Acme’s average and marginal
cost curves and the demand curve facing it. Identify profit
maximizing output and price, total revenues, total costs, and
total profits.
· Assume the economy moves into a recession and the demand
for Acme’s product falls. On the same graph, show the effect of
the recession on equilibrium price, output, and profits.
Your response should be one graph and at least 75 words (1
paragraph) that includes an explanation for the graph.
· Consider a local public utility, such as the water utility or
scavenger company, that is regulated. Provide a diagram or
graph illustrating the typical price and output set by regulators.
Then respond to the following questions:
· What might happen if the company was not regulated?
· To what extent does regulation lead to equilibrium price and
output levels that are consistent with production and allocation
efficiencies?
· Do you think the local community would be better served if
the industry was no longer regulated and entry was available to
any other company wanting to serve the community?
Your response should be at least 150–225 words (2–3
paragraphs) in length, including graph with an explanation.
· What are the key differentiating characteristics of a market
characterized by oligopoly versus monopolistic competition?
Provide one specific example of each type of industry and
defend your assignment of the industry to monopolistic
competition or oligopoly. Your response should be at least 75–
150 words (1–2 paragraphs).
3. · What makes the monopolistic competition model different
from the monopoly model? Explain how the differences affect
short- and long-run equilibrium. Your response should be at
least 75 words (1 paragraph).
· Use the following Payoff Matrix for Company A and Company
B, the only two companies that produce widgets, to answer the
following questions. Your response should be at least 150–225
words (2–3 paragraphs) in length.
· What is the expected outcome of this one-time (not repeated)
game? Defend your answer.
· How might your answer change if the game is repeated
indefinitely?
· To what extent does this example illustrate why firms in some
concentrated oligopolies exhibit cooperative or collusive
behavior even though they don’t explicitly collude?
Company B Lowers Price
Company B Does Not Lower Price
Company A Lowers Price
Company B’s Payoff: $100
Company A’s Payoff: $100
Company B’s Payoff: -$100
Company A’s Payoff: $1,000
Company A Does Not Lower Price
Company B’s Payoff: $1000
Company A’s Payoff: -$100
Company B’s Payoff: $500
Company A’s Payoff: $500
· Describe at least two benefits to companies implementing
corporate social responsibility (CSR) and shared value
strategies. Include at least two examples of companies that have
adopted CSR or shared value, and discuss how they benefited
from them. Your response should be at least 150–225 words (2–
3 paragraphs) in length.
Note: For each prompt, be sure to reference at least one
scholarly source to support your answer. Use the Walden
4. Undergraduate Paper Template, provided in this week’s
Learning Resources, to complete this Assignment.
Refer to the Week 4 Assignment Rubric for specific grading
elements and criteria. Your Instructor will use this grading
rubric to assess your work.
Element 1: Monopolies and Natural Monopolies--
Mastery 10.4 (8%) points
Student provides a thorough and detailed explanation of what
distinguishes a natural monopoly from other monopolies, what
the pros and cons of regulating natural monopolies are, and
whether his/her answer differs depending on the specific
product or industry being regulated. Several sources and
examples support thinking.
Exceptional 9.67 (7.44%) points
Student provides a detailed explanation of what distinguishes a
natural monopoly from other monopolies, what the pros and
cons of regulating natural monopolies are, and whether his/her
answer differs depending on the specific product or industry
being regulated. Several sources or examples support thinking.
There are one or two minor details missing.
Competent 8.84 (6.8%) points
Student provides an explanation of what distinguishes a natural
monopoly from other monopolies, what the pros and cons of
regulating natural monopolies are, and whether his/her answer
differs depending on the specific product or industry being
regulated. Some sources or examples support thinking. Some
details are missing and/or not fully developed.
Developing 7.8 (6%) points
Student provides an explanation with few details of what
distinguishes a natural monopoly from other monopolies, what
the pros and cons of regulating natural monopolies are, and
5. whether his/her answer differs depending on the specific
product or industry being regulated. There are issues with
organization, use of relevant sources, and/or the justifications in
the explanation. Many details are missing or lack clarity.
Marginal 6.76 (5.2%) points
Student provides a cursory or incomplete explanation of what
distinguishes a natural monopoly from other monopolies, few
details on what the pros and cons of regulating natural
monopolies are, and few details on whether his/her answer
differs depending on the specific product or industry being
regulated. Few sources or examples support thinking. Most
details are missing.
Unsatisfactory 3.64 (2.8%) points
Student makes an attempt but there is little to no evidence of
addressing the criterion.
Not Submitted 0 (0%) points
Student does not submit this element.
image1.wmf
How We Can Enhance Nurses’ Assertiveness: A Literature
Review
Ayako Okuyama1* Cordula Wagner2,3 and Bart Bijnen4,5
1Department of Total Health Promotion Science, Graduate
School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
2EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University
Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
3NIVEL Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research,
Utrecht, The Netherlands
4Institute for Education and Training, VU University Medical
Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
5Foreest Medical School, Medical Centre Alkmaar, Alkmaar,
The Netherlands
7. one population of nurses was assertive. The studies after 2000
suggested that nurses behave in a passive way,
conforming to the stereotype of a ‘nice’ nurse, and were less
likely to disagree with others. A sense of responsibility
for patients, managers’ leadership, organisational culture, and
relationship between colleagues were reported as
influencing factors of nurses’ assertiveness.
Conclusion : Recently, the number of nurses who are trained in
higher educational institutions has increased.
Despite this, nurses still experience some difficulties assessing
themselves. Nurses should understand their role at
the recent health care environment as a professional. Nurse
managers should take a leadership to avoid nurses’
concerns of voicing their opinions in order to improve nurses’
assertiveness.
Keywords: Assertiveness; Interdisciplinary communication;
Quality
of health care; Systematic review
Introduction
Nursing surveillance and monitoring activities are essential for
the
patient care [1]. Nurses require the competence of clinical grasp
(e.g.
what is happening to a patient) and clinical forethought (e.g.
prediction for patient condition) for providing patient
appropriate
care [2]. Nurses are expected to show clinical leadership at the
patient
bedside to provide direction and support to patients and the
health
care team for integrating the care they provide to achieve
positive
8. patient outcomes [3]. If necessary they assert their opinions to
other
team members for changing the care plan for their patients [2].
On the
other hand, it has been shown that those who are aware of a
problem
often either speak up and are ignored or do not speak up at all
[4,5].
Assertiveness is a style of communication that enables nurses to
build effective team relationships. Collaboration with other
team
members needs both a high level of assertiveness (meeting the
own
need) and a high level of cooperation (meeting the other’s need)
[6].
Assertiveness is described as expressing thoughts and feelings
without
denying the rights of others [7]. Nurses’ ability to be assertive
when
they are unsure or concerned about medical procedures, the
treatment
of patients, or symptoms of patients is key in reducing risk and
preventing major medical errors [8]. Assertive people inform
others of
their needs and feelings, and communicate their message
effectively
without causing offence to others [9]. When nurses act
assertively,
they are more likely to provide patients appropriate care, and in
doing
so, improve the quality of patient care [2,9].
Traditionally, nurses tend to be female and their role involves
assisting a doctor. As they play a supporting role, they are often
9. placed
lower in the medical hierarchy, and it makes nurses difficult to
assert
their own opinions for the patient care. Recently nurses’ role in
the
clinical setting is changing. Since the Institute of Medicine
published
the report of ‘The Future of Nursing: leading change, advancing
health’ in 2011, nurses are expected to act as partners with
other health
care professionals and to lead in the improvement and redesign
of the
health care system [10]. In addition, nurses are crucial in
preventing
medical errors, reducing rates of infection, and even facilitating
patients’ transition from hospital to home [10]. It means that
nurses
Nursing and Care Okuyama et al., J Nurs Care 2014, 3:5
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2167-1168.1000194
Review Article Open Access
J Nurs Care
ISSN:2167-1168 JNC, an open access journal
Volume 3 • Issue 5 • 1000194
mailto:[email protected]
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2167-1168.1000194
are expected to acquire assertiveness in order to work
effectively with
other health care professionals.
10. Lyndon conducted a literature review of nurses’ assertiveness
and
teamwork, and reported that two studies of assertiveness
showed
conflicting results [11]: Gerry in 1989 found that nurses rated
themselves more assertive outside of work than at work and
demonstrated a trend toward conflict avoidance [12], while
Kilkus in
1993 found that nurses had mean scores in the moderately
assertive
[13]. She concluded that findings regarding nurses’
assertiveness were
mixed [11]. She evaluated the results of the previous studies on
nurses’
assertiveness using only six articles, and did not take into
account the
changes of nurses’ work environment. Therefore, this review
aims at
evaluating the results of the previous studies on nurses’
assertiveness
each decade in order to discuss the possible ways for enhancing
nurses’
assertiveness.
Methods
This review was conducted as a part of systematic review for
health
care professionals’ voicing behaviour. In the process of the
literature
review, we found two types of articles pertaining to clinicians’
communication behaviour: the first focussed on speaking-up
behaviour related to patient safety (i.e. when clinicians are
aware of
risky or negligent actions of others within health care teams)
and the
11. second investigated the assertiveness of nurses more generally,
without
focusing on patient safety issues. This article summarises the
literature
on the latter type of assertiveness in nurses and discusses a
strategy to
enhance team communication. Our findings on speaking up
behaviours in situations related to patient safety are reported
elsewhere [14].
Search methods
Relevant articles published in English from 1946 until
December
2012 were searched using PubMED, MEDLINE, the Cumulative
Index
to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CIHNAL), Web of
Science,
and the Cochrane Library (date last searched 24 December
2012).
Combinations of terms were used to find articles related to
assertiveness (i.e. speak* up, speak* out, assertive*), inter-
professional
relations (i.e. inter-professional relations, doctor-nurse
relationships),
health personnel (i.e. health personnel, patient care team,
nursing-
supervisory, attitude of health personnel, professional role,
professional practice), and patient safety (i.e. risk management,
safety,
medical errors, malpractice, professional misconduct, quality of
health
care, outcomes and process assessment, program evaluation,
quality of
health care, outcome and process assessment, program
evaluation,
12. quality assurance, consumer satisfaction, doctor’s practice
patterns,
nurse’s practice patterns, practice management) . Medical
Subject
Headings were used where available. The search was conducted
with
the assistance of experts in the use of such databases.
Moreover, a manual search (that involved reading the title of
each
paper in the journal’s archives) was conducted to find relevant
papers
on organisational research and nursing management in the
Journal of
Nursing Management and the Journal of Organizational
Behavior. The
referenced articles listed in each of the selected publications
were also
examined.
To obtain a wide variety of research evidence, this review
prioritised
articles that appeared to be relevant to nurses’ assertiveness
rather than
particular study types or articles that met particular
methodological
standards [15]. Both quantitative and qualitative studies were
included
in this review. Articles that were selected for use in the review
either
described the assertiveness of nurses and relevant factors
related to
assertiveness in a clinical setting. In addition, articles which
evaluated
the assertive training using the comparative study design were
13. also
selected, while articles that described training programmes
without
any results or expert validation were excluded. Review article
of
nurses’ assertiveness were also excluded, and here original
articles
which mentioned in the review were used for the analysis. At
first, we
searched for assertive behaviour associated with doctors,
medical
residents, and nurses. However, we did not find any research
articles
on the assertive behaviour of doctors and medical residents,
using our
criteria. Therefore, this article deals with only the literature
concerning
assertive behaviour in nurses.
Two independent reviewers (AO, and a research assistant)
reviewed
the titles and abstracts of citations generated by the search to
assess
their eligibility for further review based on the selection
criteria. They
selected relevant articles for possible inclusion. Cohen’s kappa
was
calculated to assess the degree of agreement between both
reviewers.
The reviewers assessed all of the selected articles in relation to
the
criteria and decided independently which articles to include in
this
study. In the case of disagreement between the two reviewers,
the
article was discussed with the other two authors (CW, BB).
14. Search outcome
The initial search identified 2,941 citations. Most of the
excluded
2,649 articles were based solely on expert opinions and
commentary,
or did not study assertiveness in health care teams. In total, 292
articles
meeting the inclusion criteria were selected for detailed review
(Figure
1). Following a title and abstract review by the aforementioned
two
reviewers, Cohen’s kappa was calculated as 0.64.
Twenty articles dealt with the assertiveness of nurses. In
addition,
five other articles were retrieved from article reference lists,
and one
article was found using a manual search. In total, 25 studies in
26
articles were identified for this study. Nine articles (35%) were
published after the year 2000. Fifteen studies (60%) came from
the
U.S., and of the remaining ten, eight originated from Japan,
Australia,
Canada, and Ireland (two from each of these countries).
Quality appraisal
The following criteria were used to assess primary study
quality: (1)
the aims and objectives of the research are clearly stated, (2)
the design
is clearly specified and appropriate for the aims and objectives
of the
15. research, (3) the researchers provide a clear account of the
process by
which their findings were reproduced, (4) the researchers
include
enough data to support their interpretations and conclusions,
and (5)
the method of analysis is appropriate and adequately executed
[15]. In
addition, we evaluated the study on the training intervention
using the
modified Best Medical Education Coding sheet (e.g., study
design,
participants allocation, outcome level (Kirkpatrick level))[16].
The
results of the study appraisal are shown in each table.
Data abstraction
Two reviewers independently abstracted the data from the
selected
articles (e.g. study aim, design, method, results, and country
where the
study was conducted).
Synthesis
Nurses’ assertiveness may influence on the trend of the times
(e.g.
nurses’ work environment), therefore, themes emerged for each
decade that research on assertiveness was conducted. As a
result, the
Citation: Okuyama A, Wagner C, Bijnen B (2014) How We Can
Enhance Nurses’ Assertiveness: A Literature Review. J Nurs
Care 3: 194. doi:
10.4172/2167-1168.1000194
16. Page 2 of 9
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ISSN:2167-1168 JNC, an open access journal
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evidence was summarised per decade. A meta-analysis could not
be
conducted because of the heterogeneity of the data.
Figure 1: Article selection process.
Results and Discussion
Nurses’ assertiveness in the 1970s and 1980s
In this period, six articles that investigated nurses’
assertiveness met
our criteria and were thus selected (Table 1) [12,17-21].
According to
these researchers, nurses were less assertive, predominantly
because
they were female, experienced traditional training framed
within a
hierarchical structure, and perceived themselves as submissive
helpers.
Studies in this era investigated mainly the relationship between
individual characteristics (e.g., age, level of education, job
position)
and assertiveness. In this decade, the educational background of
nurses was regarded as a key factor in their assertiveness.
17. Nurses were
mainly educated at a nursing school (e.g., diploma programme),
while
doctors were educated at a higher level of academic success
than did
nurses. Nurses who accepted their professional role, had
confidence
based on their knowledge and nursing experience, showed more
assertiveness [12,18]. However, it should be noted that small
sample
sizes and a lack of a robust experimental design limit the
generalizability of these findings. In addition, four out of six
studies
were carried out in the U.S.. Assertiveness of nurses who have
different
cultural background can work differently in other countries.
Author (s),
Year, Country
Aim of study Sample size and
description
Measurements and analysis Main results Study appraisal*
Gerry [12] To explore nurses’
assertiveness at work and in
general life situations.
99 nurses from three
hospitals.
Combination of scales from the
Assertiveness Inventory, Rathus
Assertiveness Schedule,
College Self Expression Scale,
18. Pearson correlations. Semi-
structured interview: content
analysis.
Nurses are found to be less
assertive at work than in general life
situations. Senior nurses are more
assertive than staff nurses. Factors
which promote assertive are
knowledge, confidence, and
experience. Inhibitive factors are
traditional training and a hierarchical
structure.
1. Yes
2. Yes
3. Yes
4. Yes
5. Weak
Farley [17] To compare interpersonal
communication
86 nurses from 47
hospitals.
Power Orientation Scale, Social
Style Profile, t-test.
Nurse administrators held more
positive orientations to three of the
six power orientations, and were
19. perceived to communicate more
assertively than staff nurses.
1. Yes
2. Yes
3. Yes
4. Weak
5. Yes
Kinney [18] To examine the relationship
of conception and
personality.
101 nurses in a
university.
Nursing Role Conception Scale,
Ego Development Sentence
Completion Test, Personal
Attributes Questionnaire, Adult
Assertiveness was significantly
related to professional role
conception.
1. Yes
2. Yes
3. Yes
Citation: Okuyama A, Wagner C, Bijnen B (2014) How We Can
20. Enhance Nurses’ Assertiveness: A Literature Review. J Nurs
Care 3: 194. doi:
10.4172/2167-1168.1000194
Page 3 of 9
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Self-Expression Scale,
Spearman rank order correlation
analysis.
4. Weak
5. Weak
Athayde [19] To compare assertiveness
levels in two different cities.
116 nurses in San
Francisco and the
Huston.
8 original operating situations, a
nonparametric statistical test.
Nurses employed in San Francisco
were more assertive than those in
Houston. As a result of the small
study sample, a number of
21. demographic factors were not
consistently related to assertiveness
when subjects in the two cities were
compared. In both geographical
areas, a high level of assertiveness
was associated with collegiate
nursing education.
1. Yes
2. Weak
3. Yes
4. Yes
5. Yes/No
Gluck &
Charter [20]
To find nurses who need
continuing education for
interpersonal effectiveness.
A random sample of
125 nurses from 268
nurses at a VA
hospital.
16 Personality Factor
Questionnaire, ANOVA.
Nurses with 21 or more years’
experience were found to be
significantly less assertive than
22. nurses with one to five years of
experience.
1. Yes
2. Yes
3. Yes
4. Weak
5. Yes
Miller [21] To evaluate nurses’
assertiveness during nurse
practitioner training.
64 nurses. Rathus Assertive Scale,
Spielberger Sate-Trait Anxiety
Scale, Spence Helmreich
Attitude Toward Women Scale,
Bem Sex Role Inventory, t-test.
The nurse practitioner students
became more assertive during and
after the training.
1. Yes
2. Yes
3. Weak
4. Weak
5. Yes
23. Table 1: Characteristics of selected studies from the 1970s and
1980s
*Study appraisal: 1) the aims and objectives of the research are
clearly stated; 2) the researchers design is clearly specified and
appropriate for the aims and objectives of the research; 3) the
researchers provide a clear account of the process by which
their
findings were reproduced; 4) the researchers display enough
data to
support their interpretations and conclusions, and 5) the method
of
analysis is appropriate and adequately executed.
Author, Year,
Country
Aim of study Sample size and
description
Measurements and
analysis
Main results Study appraisal*
Poroch &
McIntosh [9]
To investigate the barriers
of assertiveness.
200 nurses randomly
sampled from a hospital.
24. Assertiveness Behaviour
Inventory Tool, original
Barriers to Assertive Skills in
Nurses, Pearson's
correlation, t-test, Chi-
squared statistic, ANOVA.
Nurses considered themselves to
have moderate to low assertiveness
skills. Junior nurses are more
assertive than senior nurses (t = 2.75,
p = 0.00). A significant negative
correlation was found between the
level of assertiveness and the
perception of barriers inhibiting
assertive behaviour (e.g. fear
punishment from colleagues and
uncertainty about the differences
between assertive and aggressive
behaviour).
1. Yes
2. Yes
3. Yes
4. Weak
5. Yes
Johnson [22] To examine the
relationship between
assertiveness and self-
esteem.
25. 164 nurses from
members of the NSW
Operating Theatre
Association in Australia
and the Australian
Institute of Radiography.
Rathus Assertiveness
Schedule, the Health
Employees Assertiveness
Scale, Rosenberg Self-
Esteem Scale, the Self-
Esteem Components Scale,
and demographic
characteristics, Pearson
correlation.
There were positive correlations
between each of the assertiveness
scales and each of the self-esteem
scales (p < 0.05).
1. Yes
2. Yes
3. Yes
4. Yes
5. Weak
Kilkus [13] To determine
assertiveness levels.
500 nurses randomly
26. from the list of active
licensees registered with
Rathus Assertiveness
Schedule, demographic
characteristics, ANOVA.
Majority of nurses in this study are
assertive. Nurses older 60 years old
were less assertive. Nurses who have
1. Yes
2. Yes
3. Yes
Citation: Okuyama A, Wagner C, Bijnen B (2014) How We Can
Enhance Nurses’ Assertiveness: A Literature Review. J Nurs
Care 3: 194. doi:
10.4172/2167-1168.1000194
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the Minnesota State
Board of Nursing.
higher levels of education were more
27. assertive.
4. Yes
5. Yes
Kruse [23] To compare the
assertiveness levels of
staff nurses and nurse
leaders.
200 staff nurses and 200
nurse leaders.
Rathus Assertiveness
Schedule, demographic
characteristics, t-test.
Staff nurses with a mean age of 40
years, employed full time, higher
educational level, possessed more
assertive behaviours than nurse
leaders did (t = 2.51, p = 0.02).
1. Yes
2. Yes/No
3. Weak
4. Weak
5. Yes
Lavin [24] To examine the
relationship between
28. assertiveness, self-
esteem, and management
style.
77 female registered
nurses at medical
surgical units in 10 acute
hospitals.
Cooper Smith Self Esteem
Inventory, Tennessee Self
Concept Scale, Assertion
Inventory, Thomas Kilmann
Conflict Mode Instrument,
correlation coefficient
analysis.
Assertiveness was positively related
with self-esteem and two conflict
management styles (collaboration and
competition).
1. Yes
2. Yes
3. Yes
4. Yes
5. Yes
Table 2: Selected study characteristics in the 1990s
*Study appraisal: 1) the aims and objectives of the research are
clearly stated; 2) the researchers design is clearly specified and
29. appropriate for the aims and objectives of the research; 3) the
researchers provide a clear account of the process by which
their
findings were reproduced; 4) the researchers display enough
data to
support their interpretations and conclusions, and 5) the method
of
analysis is appropriate and adequately executed.
Nurses’ assertiveness in the 1990s
In the 1990s, larger studies were conducted (Table 2)[10,13,22-
24].
A large study reported that nurses in the U.S. appeared more
assertive
than non-nurses (e.g. teacher) did [13]. This study demonstrated
that
at least one population of nurses (e.g. staff nurses) was
assertive, even
when the previous nursing literature assumed that nurses were
typically unassertive. In addition, there was a positive
correlation
between academic degree level and assertiveness [23]. This
indicates
that the academic degree level of nurses may affect their
assertiveness
in this era. Other studies indicated a positive relationship
between
assertiveness and self-esteem [21,24]. Self-esteem reflects a
person’s
overall emotional evaluation of his or her own worth. These
findings
support the role of confidence and self-esteem in enhancing the
assertiveness of nurses.
Nurses’ assertiveness after 2000
30. Researchers tended to focus on the assertive behaviour of nurses
at
work (Table 3) [25-30]. Nurses in fields such as midwifery were
found
to be more assertive than some of their colleagues [30]. They
suggested
that nurses behave in a passive way, conforming to the
stereotype of a
‘nice’ nurse, and were less likely to disagree with the opinions
of others
or to provide constructive criticism to others. Fear associated
with
communicating effectively in a work setting was not mediated
by age
or educational level. In addition, DeMarco et al. found that
nurses in a
non-staff role were more assertive than staff nurses [27], but
they did
not define a non-staff role. We therefore conclude that the
status and
experience of nurses can influence their assertiveness in health
care
settings.
Autho
r,
year,
Aim of
study
Sample
size and
Measurem
31. ents and
analysis
Main results Study
apprais
al*
count
ry
descriptio
n
Garon
[25]
To explore
nurses’
perceptions
of
assertivene
ss
33
registered
nurses in
California.
Focus
group
interviews,
thematic
content
analysis.
Taught at home,
32. culture and
language, doing
the right thing,
education,
relationship with
peers, managers
and administrative/
executives,
organisational
culture,
transmission and
reception, and
outcomes after
speaking up
influenced
assertiveness.
1. Yes
2. Yes
3. Yes
4. Yes
5. Yes
Wong
[26]
To test the
relationship
between
leadership
style and
communica
34. Outcomes,
structural
equation
analysis.
Authentic
leadership
significantly
influenced staff
nurses’ trust in
their manager and
work engagement,
which in turn
predicted voice
behaviour and
perceived unit
care quality (χ2 =
17.24, df = 11, p =
0.10, IFI = 0.99,
CFI = 0.99,
RMSEA = 0.045).
1. Yes
2. Yes
3. Yes
4. Yes
5. Yes
Citation: Okuyama A, Wagner C, Bijnen B (2014) How We Can
Enhance Nurses’ Assertiveness: A Literature Review. J Nurs
Care 3: 194. doi:
10.4172/2167-1168.1000194
35. Page 5 of 9
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ISSN:2167-1168 JNC, an open access journal
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DeMar
co [27]
To develop
a scale.
738
registered
nurses in
Massachus
etts.
Silencing
the Self
Scale,
Nurse
Workplace
Scale, and
demograph
ic items,
factor
analysis,
and t-test.
Silencing
36. behaviour is not
significantly
different by age (p
= 0.28) or
education (p =
0.11). Nurses in a
non-staff role had
lower scores than
did staff nurses (p
< 0.005).
1. Yes
2. Yes
3. Yes
4. Yes
5. Yes
Timmi
ns &
McCa
be [28]
To describe
the
assertivene
ss of
nurses and
midwives.
1500
nurses and
midwives
37. registered
with the
National
Nursing
Board of
Ireland.
Original
questionnai
re (44
items):
Assertive
behaviour
to indicate
the
frequency
with which
they use
them with
three
groups of
nursing
colleagues
(nursing
manageme
nt, medical
colleagues
and other
healthcare
staff),
demograph
ic
characterist
ics, open-
ended
questions
38. of
influencing
factors of
assertivene
ss, content
analysis.
Assertive
behaviour was
used more
frequently with
nursing/midwifery
colleagues than
with management/
medical
colleagues.
Responsibility to
patient and
knowledge
emerged as
supporting factors
for using assertive
behaviour.
Mangers, the work
atmosphere, and
fear were viewed
as obstacles.
1. Yes
2. Yes
3. Yes
4. Yes
39. 5. Yes
Timmi
ns &
McCa
be [30]
To describe
assertive
behaviour
and the
associated
factors.
27
registered
nurses
from
participants
of nursing
course,
pilot study.
Questionna
ire (44
items,
same as in
Timmins &
McCabe
2005a)
Nurses behave in
a passive way,
conforming to the
image of a ‘nice’
nurse. Colleagues
40. were frequently
reported as well as
management,
confidence and
the atmosphere in
the workplace as
facilitator of
assertive
behaviour.
1. Yes
2. Yes
3. Yes
4. Weak
5. Yes
Colleagues,
management and
atmosphere were
also reported as
militating factors.
Table 3 : Selected study characteristics after year 2000.
*Study appraisal: 1) the aims and objectives of the research are
clearly stated; 2) the researchers design is clearly specified and
appropriate for the aims and objectives of the research; 3) the
researchers provide a clear account of the process by which
their
findings were reproduced; 4) the researchers display enough
data to
support their interpretations and conclusions, and 5) the method
41. of
analysis is appropriate and adequately executed.
Several factors have been found as influencing factors of
nurses’
assertiveness. A sense of responsibility for patients and nursing
knowledge were correlated with levels of assertiveness [30]. In
addition, leadership qualities in managers, organisational
culture, and
relationships between colleagues play an important role in
fostering
assertiveness [26,30]. Managers’ leadership positively
influenced staff
nurses’ trust in their manager and their engagement in work,
which in
turn predicted assertiveness and quality of patient care [26]. In
addition to these factors, nurses expressed concern towards how
colleagues deal with their complaints and issues [25]. Staff
nurses
reported that they felt their message was ignored when they
expressed
themselves in an emotional way. As a result, they reported
feeling
disenfranchised and unimportant, which did not facilitate
assertiveness [25]. They also reported that they wanted to know
that
their concerns were taken seriously [25]. In order to enhance the
assertiveness of nurses, it is important for hospital managers
and nurse
managers to provide appropriate feedback to nurses regarding
their
communication. The home environment, education, and culture
can
all influence nurses’ attitudes towards communication [25]. For
example, assertiveness is less likely to be accepted in
traditional Asian
42. families, while American students are encouraged to be
assertive [25].
Hospital managers and senior staff members should thus
consider
cultural backgrounds when assessing the standard of
communication
of staff members.
Effectiveness of assertiveness training
To enhance assertiveness of nurses, the several training
programmes have been conducted through the decades (Table 4)
[31-39]. Most of the studies reported that nurses’ self-reported
assertiveness were improved after the intervention. However, no
studies have evaluated the assertiveness of nurses in a clinical
setting.
Future studies should therefore investigate the efficacy of
assertiveness
training in a clinical setting.
Author, year, country Sample size and
description
Measurements and analysis Main results Study appraisal*
Raica [31] Nurses (number
unknown).
Pre-post study design, originally developed
communication self-efficacy scale, t-test.
Outcome level: B. After training, the
communication self-efficacy scores increased
significantly in all dimensions.
1. Yes
43. 2. Yes
3. Weak
4. Weak
5. Yes
Citation: Okuyama A, Wagner C, Bijnen B (2014) How We Can
Enhance Nurses’ Assertiveness: A Literature Review. J Nurs
Care 3: 194. doi:
10.4172/2167-1168.1000194
Page 6 of 9
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ISSN:2167-1168 JNC, an open access journal
Volume 3 • Issue 5 • 1000194
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Yamagishi et al. [32] 26 nurses from an
urban hospital.
Pre-post study design, originally developed
assertion knowledge, Assertive Mind Scale,
Assertion Check List, Job Stress Brief
Questionnaire, Depression from Brief Job
Stress Questionnaire, Wilcoxon signed rank
test.
Outcome level: B to C. Assertion knowledge
and voluntary behaviour in assertive
44. behaviour had increased at post-training and
remained higher a month later, with regard to
job stress, mental workload also decreased.
1. Yes
2. Yes
3. Yes
4. Weak
5. Yes
Shimizu et al. [33] 45 nurses in a hospital. Pre-post study
design, Japanese version of
the Maslach Burnout Inventory, originally
developed Communication skill check-list, t-
test.
Outcome level: B. Personal accomplishment
and two communication skills such as
accepting valid criticism and negotiation of the
intervention group significantly improved five
months after the training (p < 0.05).
1. Yes
2. Yes
3. Yes
4. Yes
5. Yes
45. Freeman & Adams [34] 65 nurses in urban
hospitals.
Comparison with reference group, original
Behaviour Inventory Tool, Nurses'
Assertiveness Inventory, t-test.
Outcome level: B. Nurses who had extra
training with behavioural rehearsal of informal
modelling reported increased assertiveness
scores (p < 0.05).
1. Yes
2. Yes
3. Weak
4. Yes
5. Yes
Dunn & Sommer [35] 62 nurses in a medical
centre.
Pre-post study design, original Spinal Cord
Injury Assertiveness Inventory,
Rehabilitation Situations Inventory, ANOVA.
Outcome level: B. Nurses reported a
significant decrease in discomfort of
assertiveness.
1. Yes
2. Yes
46. 3. Yes
4. Yes
5. Yes
Lee & Crockett [36] 60 nurses in a hospital. Comparison with
reference group, Rathus
Assertiveness Schedule, Perceived Stress
Scale, ANOVA.
Outcome level: B. Nurses of training group at
both post training and four weeks later scored
significantly higher on the rating of
assertiveness than those in the alternate
treatment control group.
1. Yes
2. Yes
3. Yes
4. Yes
5. Yes
Kirkpatrick & Forchuk
[37]
24 nurses in a tertiary
care psychiatric facility.
Pre-post study design, original semantic
differential scale, Assertion Inventory, Power
47. Apprehension Scale, unknown analysis
method.
Outcome level: B. Assertive training does
change nurses’ perceptions of their
assertiveness, as well as functioning within a
nursing team and functioning within a
multidisciplinary team.
1. Yes
2. Yes
3. Yes
4. Weak
5. Weak
McIntyre et al. [38] 26 nurses in a hospital. Comparison with
reference group,
Assertiveness Self-statement Test, Rathus
Assertiveness Schedule, Adult Self-
expression Scale, t-test; Observation: two
Likert scales for self-rating and role-play
observation, ANOVA.
Outcome level: B. After training, intervention
group members significantly increased their
levels of assertiveness, as indicated on the
self-report tests (p < 0.05); role-play ratings
supported the self-report results (p < 0.05).
1. Yes
2. Yes
48. 3. Yes
4. Yes
5. Yes
Dunham & Brower1984,
USA [39]
59 nurses from a
practitioner
program.
Pre-post study design, Assertion Inventory,
original degree nurse attitudes towards
assertiveness, t-test.
Outcome level: B. The training had a
significant impact on attitude towards
assertiveness.
1. Yes
2. Yes
3. Weak
4. Yes
5. Yes
Table 4: Selected study characteristics of assertiveness training.
*Study appraisal: 1) the aims and objectives of the research are
49. clearly stated; 2) the researchers use comparative study design;
3) the
researchers provide a clear account of the process by which
their
findings were reproduced, including allocating the participants
appropriately; 4) the researchers display Kirkpatrick outcome
level (A
learners’ view on its intervention; B self-assessed modification
of
learner; C transfer of learning, in other words an objectively
measured
change in learner or observer knowledge or skills; D results in
terms of
a change in quality of patient care) and enough data to support
their
interpretations and conclusions, and 5) the method of analysis is
appropriate and adequately executed.
Citation: Okuyama A, Wagner C, Bijnen B (2014) How We Can
Enhance Nurses’ Assertiveness: A Literature Review. J Nurs
Care 3: 194. doi:
10.4172/2167-1168.1000194
Page 7 of 9
J Nurs Care
ISSN:2167-1168 JNC, an open access journal
Volume 3 • Issue 5 • 1000194
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2167-1168.1000194
The possible strategy for enhancing nurses’ assertiveness
Recently the number of nurses who educated at higher academic
50. level increased. The studies conducted after 2000 suggested that
nurses
behave in a passive way, conforming to the stereotype of a
‘nice’ nurse,
and were less likely to disagree with the opinions of others or to
provide constructive criticism to others. Nurses are expected to
help
bridge the gap between coverage and access, to coordinate
increasingly
complex care for a wide range of patients [10]. Nurse should
understand these roles as a professional and should be educated
nursing knowledge in order to provide patient appropriate care.
Several contextual factors were reported as influencing factors
of
nurses’ assertiveness, including leadership qualities in
managers,
organisational culture, and relationships between colleagues
[26,30].
Nurses concern towards how their colleagues react to their
issues and
complaints. It is very important to provide appropriate feedback
safety
in order to avoid fear for conflicts. Managers are expected to
show
leadership to provide a safe environment that enhances nurses’
trust.
Moreover, nurse’ personal also influence nurses’ assertiveness.
For
effective team working, we should respect the cultural
backgrounds of
other team members.
The present authors searched for English language articles, and
most of the studies that were included in the review were
51. carried out in
the U.S. Therefore, our findings cannot be simply generalised in
other
nurses’ communities with different cultural background. Nurses
may
have different roles in other countries. In addition, some
studies, in
particular studies conducted in 1970s and 1980s, have
significant
threats to validity including self-selection bias, response bias on
self-
reported measures. We should interrupt these results carefully.
Conclusion
This article provides an overview of the studies on nurses’
assertiveness. In the 1970s and 1980s, educational achievement
was
regarded as a key factor in nurses’ assertiveness. However, the
number
of nurses who are trained in higher educational institutions has
increased. Des pite this, nurses still experience some difficulties
to be
assertive themselves. Nurse should understand their role at the
recent
health care environment as a professional. Nurses’ concerns
about
their colleagues’ response to voice are also an important factor
for
deciding nurses’ voicing. Nurse managers should take a
leadership to
avoid nurses’ concerns about voicing their opinions with
respecting
nurses’ cultural background.
Acknowledgements
52. We would like to thank the pre-medical librarian Mr. Swa at
Osaka
University Life Sciences Library in Japan for assistance with
the
literature search. He did not receive compensation for his
efforts
beyond his usual salary.
Funding and Conflict Of Interest
This research received no specific grant from any funding
agency in
the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. No conflict of
interest has been declared by the authors.
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