This project involves designing a bicycle frame using finite element analysis software. The frame must withstand two load cases: 1) Vertical loads of 900N at the seat and 300N at the pedals when factoring in a dynamic load of 2. 2) A horizontal impact load of 1000N at the front dropout while constraining the rear dropouts. The report must include the maximum stress, margin of safety, and deflections for each member under each load case, as well as the total weight of the frame. Tubes with minimum 12mm diameters will be chosen to make the frame as light as possible.
Analysis of the stability and step steer maneuver of a linearized vehicle mod...saeid ghaffari
Analysis of the lateral dynamics of the vehicle (stability and step steer manoeuvre) of a Linearized vehicle model with roll motion is done in this project. considering a high double wishbone suspension for front and a semi-trailing arm suspension for rear, firstly we derive the roll camber coefficient and camber stiffness benefiting from a multibody dynamics simulation (MSC ADAMS) validated with experimental values. On the other hand, cornering stiffness and aligning moment are computed through the tire diagrams using Carsim software. Root loci of the system with the objective of investigating the vehicle stability as a function of the vehicle speed is plotted with varying the speed V. Furthermore, a step steer manoeuvre will be performed in which the time history of the variables and the trajectory with respect to the rigid vehicle model will be compared. In the last part, the effect of suspension stiffness and damping variation on the vehicle stability will be examined.
*Only the first ten pages of the project is presented here; if you are interested to study the rest of this document, please do not hesitate to contact e via saeid.ghaffari@studenti.polito.it.
Double lane change maneuver (rigid vehicle model and non predictive driver mo...saeid ghaffari
*Only the first five pages are presented here. If you are interested to study the rest of this project, feel free to contact me via saeid.ghaffari@studenti.polito.it.
This project is studying a double lane change maneuver according to ISO 3888 standard using a rigid vehicle model and non-predictive driver model. The vehicle speed is 80 km/h and the lane change should be followed without touching the lanes. Furthermore, the width of the lanes are given as a function of the vehicle width. A driver model is adopted which is represented by servomechanism having the yaw angle Ψ as input and the steering angle δ as output which is proportional to the error between the effective Ψ and the angle of the trajectory. The transfer function between the output δ and the input Ψ in the Laplace domain is given by the driver gain, the delay of the driver and the Laplace variable. Hence, the stability of the vehicle can be analysed plotting Root loci for different values of driver gain and driver delay. Side slip angle of the vehicle β, steering angle δ and yaw rate as a function of the time will be derived while the trajectory is plotted in XY plane.
Stability analysis of a Rigid Vehicle Modelsaeid ghaffari
The lateral stability of a two axle vehicle with open loop control will be studied in this project. A 3 dof model is adopted to evaluate the curvature gain and the root loci as a function of the vehicle speed V. Moreover, the dynamic response of the vehicle considering the step steer manoeuvre will be analysed according to the ISO norm. The side slip angle and the yaw rate are evaluated as a function of time, while the trajectory of the center of gravity G of the vehicle with respect to the inertial reference frame (OXY Z) is plotted during step steer maneuver. Inasmuch as the change of cornering stiffness on tires due to the different condition are small, we cannot see the difference between the trajectories, shedding light on the steering angles, however, we can understand what is happening in various conditions. In this study, both the effect of traction force on the front and rear axle and transversal load transfer on the front and rear axle are investigated.
*only the first 10 pages of the main project are presented here. If you are interested to go through the rest of this document please contact me via saeid.ghaffari@studenti.polito.it.
Assessing the torsional stiffness of a simplified ladder frame chassissaeid ghaffari
In this project we assess the torsional stiffness of a simplified ladder frame chassis in 3 different configurations regarding the connections between the cross members and longitudinal beams as well as the geometry of cross beams; simple cross beams, cross beams with cutted cross section and slotted cross beams are considered here. In order to obtain this goal a simplified model of the frame is built in Altair Hyperworks CAE software.
*only the first six pages of this project is presented here. If you are interested to study the rest of this work, please contact me via saeid.ghaffari@studenti.polito.it.
Machine design class requiring the students brainstorm ideas for a gearbox to lift a weight on a string. Accompanied with problems for each and expanding on them to develop and move to the next idea. Presentation also provides further explination
Analysis of the stability and step steer maneuver of a linearized vehicle mod...saeid ghaffari
Analysis of the lateral dynamics of the vehicle (stability and step steer manoeuvre) of a Linearized vehicle model with roll motion is done in this project. considering a high double wishbone suspension for front and a semi-trailing arm suspension for rear, firstly we derive the roll camber coefficient and camber stiffness benefiting from a multibody dynamics simulation (MSC ADAMS) validated with experimental values. On the other hand, cornering stiffness and aligning moment are computed through the tire diagrams using Carsim software. Root loci of the system with the objective of investigating the vehicle stability as a function of the vehicle speed is plotted with varying the speed V. Furthermore, a step steer manoeuvre will be performed in which the time history of the variables and the trajectory with respect to the rigid vehicle model will be compared. In the last part, the effect of suspension stiffness and damping variation on the vehicle stability will be examined.
*Only the first ten pages of the project is presented here; if you are interested to study the rest of this document, please do not hesitate to contact e via saeid.ghaffari@studenti.polito.it.
Double lane change maneuver (rigid vehicle model and non predictive driver mo...saeid ghaffari
*Only the first five pages are presented here. If you are interested to study the rest of this project, feel free to contact me via saeid.ghaffari@studenti.polito.it.
This project is studying a double lane change maneuver according to ISO 3888 standard using a rigid vehicle model and non-predictive driver model. The vehicle speed is 80 km/h and the lane change should be followed without touching the lanes. Furthermore, the width of the lanes are given as a function of the vehicle width. A driver model is adopted which is represented by servomechanism having the yaw angle Ψ as input and the steering angle δ as output which is proportional to the error between the effective Ψ and the angle of the trajectory. The transfer function between the output δ and the input Ψ in the Laplace domain is given by the driver gain, the delay of the driver and the Laplace variable. Hence, the stability of the vehicle can be analysed plotting Root loci for different values of driver gain and driver delay. Side slip angle of the vehicle β, steering angle δ and yaw rate as a function of the time will be derived while the trajectory is plotted in XY plane.
Stability analysis of a Rigid Vehicle Modelsaeid ghaffari
The lateral stability of a two axle vehicle with open loop control will be studied in this project. A 3 dof model is adopted to evaluate the curvature gain and the root loci as a function of the vehicle speed V. Moreover, the dynamic response of the vehicle considering the step steer manoeuvre will be analysed according to the ISO norm. The side slip angle and the yaw rate are evaluated as a function of time, while the trajectory of the center of gravity G of the vehicle with respect to the inertial reference frame (OXY Z) is plotted during step steer maneuver. Inasmuch as the change of cornering stiffness on tires due to the different condition are small, we cannot see the difference between the trajectories, shedding light on the steering angles, however, we can understand what is happening in various conditions. In this study, both the effect of traction force on the front and rear axle and transversal load transfer on the front and rear axle are investigated.
*only the first 10 pages of the main project are presented here. If you are interested to go through the rest of this document please contact me via saeid.ghaffari@studenti.polito.it.
Assessing the torsional stiffness of a simplified ladder frame chassissaeid ghaffari
In this project we assess the torsional stiffness of a simplified ladder frame chassis in 3 different configurations regarding the connections between the cross members and longitudinal beams as well as the geometry of cross beams; simple cross beams, cross beams with cutted cross section and slotted cross beams are considered here. In order to obtain this goal a simplified model of the frame is built in Altair Hyperworks CAE software.
*only the first six pages of this project is presented here. If you are interested to study the rest of this work, please contact me via saeid.ghaffari@studenti.polito.it.
Machine design class requiring the students brainstorm ideas for a gearbox to lift a weight on a string. Accompanied with problems for each and expanding on them to develop and move to the next idea. Presentation also provides further explination
A Study on how Spot Welds Affect the Stiffness of a Car Body T-jointsaeid ghaffari
* only the first 6 pages of this project is presented here. If you are interested to study the rest of this document please contact me via saeid.ghaffari@studenti.polito.it.
With respect to the importance of the T-joint in a vehicle body strength, this project aims to study the joint torsional and bending stiffness in the two main directions. Furthermore, the influence of the number of spot welds on the stiffness of the joint will be analysed benefiting from Altair Hyperworks (Hypermesh FEA software).
Assessing the Aerodynamic Performance of a Formula SAE Model by means of CFD ...saeid ghaffari
A simplified race car model is used in this project to analyse the aerodynamic performance of a Formula SAE car by means of CFD simulation. First, the simulation workflow in Star-CCM+ will be demonstrated. Then, before applying volumetric controls and prism-layer mesh refinement to obtain more accurate results, tools to judge solution convergence are introduced.
*the first six pages of this project are presented here. If you are interested to study the rest of this document, please contact me via saeid.ghaffari@studenti.polito.it.
This presentation contains:
1. Types of FLT
2. Specifications of FLT
3. Capacity rating of FLT
4. Turning Radius and Aisle Width
5. FLT Attachments
6. Power Rating Calculations for FLT
7. Battery rating & Selection
8. Energy calculation
Find Lecture Videos on my youtube channel -> https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1mGQxcNkyUjoQIYZaSFtPQ?view_as=subscriber
The requirement to provide balance for rotating systems is a vital component in ensuring long, reliable service. This document describes a graphical method that can be used to determine the out of balance forces of such a system and the correct size and position of the balance weight required to do this. A worked example of the method is shown.
A Study on how Spot Welds Affect the Stiffness of a Car Body T-jointsaeid ghaffari
* only the first 6 pages of this project is presented here. If you are interested to study the rest of this document please contact me via saeid.ghaffari@studenti.polito.it.
With respect to the importance of the T-joint in a vehicle body strength, this project aims to study the joint torsional and bending stiffness in the two main directions. Furthermore, the influence of the number of spot welds on the stiffness of the joint will be analysed benefiting from Altair Hyperworks (Hypermesh FEA software).
Assessing the Aerodynamic Performance of a Formula SAE Model by means of CFD ...saeid ghaffari
A simplified race car model is used in this project to analyse the aerodynamic performance of a Formula SAE car by means of CFD simulation. First, the simulation workflow in Star-CCM+ will be demonstrated. Then, before applying volumetric controls and prism-layer mesh refinement to obtain more accurate results, tools to judge solution convergence are introduced.
*the first six pages of this project are presented here. If you are interested to study the rest of this document, please contact me via saeid.ghaffari@studenti.polito.it.
This presentation contains:
1. Types of FLT
2. Specifications of FLT
3. Capacity rating of FLT
4. Turning Radius and Aisle Width
5. FLT Attachments
6. Power Rating Calculations for FLT
7. Battery rating & Selection
8. Energy calculation
Find Lecture Videos on my youtube channel -> https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1mGQxcNkyUjoQIYZaSFtPQ?view_as=subscriber
The requirement to provide balance for rotating systems is a vital component in ensuring long, reliable service. This document describes a graphical method that can be used to determine the out of balance forces of such a system and the correct size and position of the balance weight required to do this. A worked example of the method is shown.
7 Habits of Highly Effective YouTubers: Actionable Tactics to Step up Your Yo...BLASTmedia
7 Habits of Highly Effective YouTubers: Actionable Tactics to Step up Your YouTube Game Immediately - presented at New Music Seminar 2012 for musicians looking to promote their work on YouTube. Prepared and presented by Julie Perry, Vice President & Social Media Director at BLASTmedia
Presentation Date: June 20, 2012 at New Music Seminar, NYC
Accompanying video: http://youtu.be/yykJ6gxtGPM
How to drum up awareness, build an audience, and even generate revenue and sales using YouTube.
Presentation Date: June 20, 2012 This is an older video but is being uploaded to accompany the recently published video of the actual presentation.
Accompanying video: http://youtu.be/yykJ6gxtGPM
Design and Optimisation of Sae Mini Baja ChassisIJERA Editor
The objective is to design and develop the roll cage for All - Terrain Vehicle accordance with the rulebook of BAJA 2014 given by SAE. The frame of the SAE Baja vehicle needs to be lightweight and structurally sound to be competitive but still protect the driver. The vehicle needs to traverse all types of off-road conditions including large rocks, downed logs, mud holes, steep inclines, jumps and off camber turns. During the competition events there is significant risk of rollovers, falling from steep ledges, collisions with stationary objects, or impacts from other vehicles. Material for the roll cage is selected based on strength and availability. A software model is prepared in Pro-engineer. Later the design is tested against all modes of failure by conducting various simulations and stress analysis with the aid of ANSYS 13. Based on the result obtained from these tests the design is modified accordingly. A target of 2 is set for Yield Factor of Safety.
Analysis of main beam of bridge crane based on ANSYSIJRES Journal
In this paper, the beam of bridge crane is the research object. This paper introduced the main
structure of the bridge crane. Four kinds of work conditions are studied, and a finite condition analysis is
carried out based on ANSYS. According to the actual operating results and theoretical analysis on allowable
bending and allowable stress this paper confirmed that the stiffness safety of beam meets the design
requirements, and provided reliable basis and optimization of crane design.
Simulation and Static Analysis of an Off-Road Vehicle Roll CageIJMER
The SAE-BAJA competition is arranged every year with a purpose to have teams of
engineering students design, build and race a prototype of a four-wheel, one passenger, off-road
vehicle. The most important aspect of the vehicle design is the frame. The frame contains the operator,
engine, brake system, fuel system and steering mechanism, it must be of adequate strength to protect
the operator in the event of a rollover or impact. The roll cage must be constructed of steel tubing, with
minimum dimensional and strength requirements dictated by Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE).
Increased concern about the roll cage has created the importance of simulation and analysis thereby
predicting failure modes of the frame. In the present paper, we have used ANSYS to investigate the
response of the frame under various impacts. We considered a direct frontal impact and side impact
that results in a 4g horizontal loading, a rollover impact of 3g deceleration value, bump impact and
front torsional impact analysis with 3g deceleration value. The impact loading is simulated by
restricting displacements at certain locations, and applying discrete forces at various points on the
frame where the weight is concentrated. Throughout the analysis of roll cage more emphasis was given
on obtaining a allowable factor of safety and designed according to it.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Design analysis of the roll cage for all terrain vehicleeSAT Journals
Abstract We have tried to design an all terrain vehicle that meets international standards and is also cost effective at the same time. We have focused on every point of roll cage to improve the performance of vehicle without failure of roll cage. We began the task of designing by conducting extensive research of ATV roll cage through finite element analysis. A roll cage is a skeleton of an ATV. The roll cage not only forms the structural base but also a 3-D shell surrounding the occupant which protects the occupant in case of impact and roll over incidents. The roll cage also adds to the aesthetics of a vehicle. The design and development comprises of material selection, chassis and frame design, cross section determination, determining strength requirements of roll cage, stress analysis and simulations to test the ATV against failure. Keywords: Roll cage, material, finite element analysis, strength
Topology Optimization of Gears from Two Wheeler Gear Set Using Parametric StudyIOSRJMCE
: Gears are used to transmit motion from on shaft to another and it has wide variety of applications. One of the applications of gear is in automobile gear box. Gears generally fail when the working stress exceeds the maximum permissible stress. These stresses are proportional to the amount of power transmitted by the gears. This project intends to identify the magnitude of the stresses for a given configuration of a two wheeler gears transmitting power while trying to find ways for reducing weight of the gear. The philosophy for driving this work is the lightness of the gear for a given purpose while keeping intact its functionality thus reducing the material cost of the gear. Ease of incorporating the new feature for weight reduction over the existing process of manufacturing and the magnitude of volume of weight reduced could be considered as the key parameters for assessment for this work.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
1. ASSIGNMENT 5
INDIVIDUAL PROJECT 3
Assignment Date : 10 April, 2015 Due Date : 24 April, 2015
ASSIGNMENT ON USING FINITE ELEMENT SOFTWARE (TO BE DONE INDIVIDUALLY)
This project is concerned with design of a bicycle frame using aluminum tubes. The schematic
dimensions of the bicycle are shown below. The following two load cases should be considered.
(a) Vertical loads: When an adult rides the bike, the nominal load is estimated as a downward load
of 900 N at the seat position and a load of 300 N at the pedal crank location. When a dynamic
environment is simulated using the static analysis, the static loads are often multiplied by a
dynamic load factor G. In this design project, use G = 2. Use ball‐joint boundary conditions for
the front dropout (location 1) and sliding boundary conditions for the rear dropouts (location 5
and 6).
(b) Horizontal impact: The frame should be able to withstand a horizontal load of 1000 N applied to
the front dropout with rear dropouts constrained from any translational motion. For this load
case, assume the front dropout can only move in the horizontal direction. Use G = 2.
Choose aluminum tubes of various diameters for the various members of the frame shown in the
figure such that the bicycle is as light as possible. The minimum outside diameter is 12 mm and the
wall thickness is 2 mm. In addition to the dynamic load factor, use a safety factor of 1.5. Use failure
stress criterion base on yielding.
In your report, you must include the following for each load case:
1. For each member of the frame the maximum combined stress and the margin of safety (M.S.).
2. Nodal deflections at each joint should be given.
3. The weight of your frame.
Properties of Aluminum
Material property Value
Young’s Modulus (E) 70 GPa
Poisson’s Ratio (ν) 0.33
Density (ρ) 2580 kg/m3
Yield Strength (σY) 210 MPa