All users of an electrical power system expect that the frequency and voltages are maintained within acceptable boundaries at all times. Some participants, mainly generating units, provide the necessary frequency and voltage control services, called ancillary services. Since these participants are entitled to receive a payment for the services provided, markets for ancillary services have been developed along with the liberalisation of electricity markets. However, current arrangements vary widely from a power system to another.
This thesis provides a comprehensive assessment of markets for frequency and voltage control ancillary services along three axes: (a) defining the needs for frequency and voltages, as well as specifying the ancillary services that can fulfil these needs; (b) assessing the cost of ancillary services for a producer; and (c) discussing the market design of an efficient procurement of ancillary services.
Such a comprehensive assessment exhibits several advantages: (a) stakeholders can quickly grasp the issues related to ancillary services; (b) participants benefit from a standardised method to assess their system; (c) solutions are proposed to improve current arrangements; and (d) theoretical limitations that need future work are identified.
1) Ancillary services are necessary to support power grid operations and maintain power quality, reliability and security. They include frequency support, reactive power support, and black start capabilities.
2) India's power grids currently face issues like frequent unplanned load shedding due to lack of flexibility and reserves. There is a need for ancillary services to harness available generation and relieve congestion.
3) The document proposes a framework for Frequency Support Ancillary Services (FSAS) in India utilizing fragmented generation capacity through competitive bidding on power exchanges. This aims to stabilize grid frequency and reduce load shedding.
1. The document discusses smart energy management algorithms developed by Dr. Milan Prodanović at IMDEA Energy in Madrid.
2. IMDEA Energy focuses on renewable energy technologies and is organized into six research units, including one on electrical processes that develops smart management techniques for power networks.
3. Future power networks will require flexible real-time management algorithms to integrate distributed generation, energy storage, active demand management, and electric vehicles while allowing for real-time energy trading.
The document discusses ancillary services and power supply in India. It notes that India currently has around 210 GW of installed capacity, with coal making up 56% of the generation mix. The country experiences persistent power deficits, with certain regions facing larger imbalances. Private sector contribution to installed capacity has grown in recent years. Ancillary services markets are expected to help meet the dynamic grid requirements, unlike traditional regulation-focused approaches. Key issues in designing ancillary services markets include regulations, supply and demand barriers, and ensuring sufficient market volumes.
Optimized Hybrid Phase Disposition PWM Control Method for Multilevel InverterIDES Editor
This paper presents a new variation of hybrid
phase disposition pulse width modulation technique suitable
for cascaded multilevel inverter. A hybrid PDPWM is
developed based on low frequency PWM and high
frequency Sinusoidal PWM. An optimized sequential
switching scheme introduced in this proposed method to
equalize electro static and electro magnetic stress among the
power devices. It is confirmed that the proposed technique
offers significantly lower switching losses and switching
transitions. Furthermore, the proposed hybrid PDPWM
offers better harmonic performance compared to its
conventional PWM counterpart. Simulation results are
included in this paper in order to confirm the effectiveness
of the proposed technique.
DVB-S2 is the second-generation specification for satellite broadcasting developed by DVB in 2003. It uses more advanced channel coding (LDPC codes) and modulation formats (QPSK, 8PSK, 16APSK, 32APSK) for improved transmission performance, achieving up to a 30% increase in capacity over DVB-S. DVB-S2 allows for backwards compatibility with DVB-S receivers and uses adaptive coding and modulation to optimize transmission for different users and conditions. It provides high flexibility to work with different input streams, modulation schemes, and satellite transponder characteristics.
This document presents a comparative investigation of a 7-level cascaded multilevel inverter using different multicarrier pulse width modulation techniques. It discusses the classification, operation, and modulation strategies of multilevel inverters including diode clamped, flying capacitor, and cascaded H-bridge topologies. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink are presented to analyze the total harmonic distortion for a 7-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter using phase disposition, alternate phase opposition disposition, and phase opposition disposition pulse width modulation techniques. The research aims to improve the output waveform quality and reduce switching losses of the 7-level inverter.
This chapter of the textbook covers amplitude modulation fundamentals, including:
- The basic concepts of how an information signal varies the amplitude of a carrier wave in AM.
- Modulation index and percentage of modulation, and the importance of avoiding overmodulation which causes distortion.
- How sidebands are generated above and below the carrier frequency during modulation.
- How AM signals can be represented in both the time and frequency domains.
- The calculation of power in AM signals and how power is distributed between the carrier and sidebands.
- An introduction to single sideband modulation as a more efficient form of AM that eliminates the carrier wave.
ZVxPlus Product Note: Nonlinear Extension Kit for R&S VNANMDG NV
The document describes an extension kit called the NM310 that adds nonlinear measurement capabilities to Rohde & Schwarz Vector Network Analyzers (VNAs) like the ZVA and ZVT models. The kit allows characterization of RF/HF components from 20 MHz to 24 GHz by measuring their harmonic behavior and response in both the time and frequency domains. Key benefits include full harmonic characterization, measurement of voltages and currents under realistic non-50 ohm conditions, and improved transistor modeling from small-signal to large-signal operation. The NM310 kit works with ICE software to enable complex nonlinear measurements and characterization of devices like diodes, transistors, and amplifiers.
1) Ancillary services are necessary to support power grid operations and maintain power quality, reliability and security. They include frequency support, reactive power support, and black start capabilities.
2) India's power grids currently face issues like frequent unplanned load shedding due to lack of flexibility and reserves. There is a need for ancillary services to harness available generation and relieve congestion.
3) The document proposes a framework for Frequency Support Ancillary Services (FSAS) in India utilizing fragmented generation capacity through competitive bidding on power exchanges. This aims to stabilize grid frequency and reduce load shedding.
1. The document discusses smart energy management algorithms developed by Dr. Milan Prodanović at IMDEA Energy in Madrid.
2. IMDEA Energy focuses on renewable energy technologies and is organized into six research units, including one on electrical processes that develops smart management techniques for power networks.
3. Future power networks will require flexible real-time management algorithms to integrate distributed generation, energy storage, active demand management, and electric vehicles while allowing for real-time energy trading.
The document discusses ancillary services and power supply in India. It notes that India currently has around 210 GW of installed capacity, with coal making up 56% of the generation mix. The country experiences persistent power deficits, with certain regions facing larger imbalances. Private sector contribution to installed capacity has grown in recent years. Ancillary services markets are expected to help meet the dynamic grid requirements, unlike traditional regulation-focused approaches. Key issues in designing ancillary services markets include regulations, supply and demand barriers, and ensuring sufficient market volumes.
Optimized Hybrid Phase Disposition PWM Control Method for Multilevel InverterIDES Editor
This paper presents a new variation of hybrid
phase disposition pulse width modulation technique suitable
for cascaded multilevel inverter. A hybrid PDPWM is
developed based on low frequency PWM and high
frequency Sinusoidal PWM. An optimized sequential
switching scheme introduced in this proposed method to
equalize electro static and electro magnetic stress among the
power devices. It is confirmed that the proposed technique
offers significantly lower switching losses and switching
transitions. Furthermore, the proposed hybrid PDPWM
offers better harmonic performance compared to its
conventional PWM counterpart. Simulation results are
included in this paper in order to confirm the effectiveness
of the proposed technique.
DVB-S2 is the second-generation specification for satellite broadcasting developed by DVB in 2003. It uses more advanced channel coding (LDPC codes) and modulation formats (QPSK, 8PSK, 16APSK, 32APSK) for improved transmission performance, achieving up to a 30% increase in capacity over DVB-S. DVB-S2 allows for backwards compatibility with DVB-S receivers and uses adaptive coding and modulation to optimize transmission for different users and conditions. It provides high flexibility to work with different input streams, modulation schemes, and satellite transponder characteristics.
This document presents a comparative investigation of a 7-level cascaded multilevel inverter using different multicarrier pulse width modulation techniques. It discusses the classification, operation, and modulation strategies of multilevel inverters including diode clamped, flying capacitor, and cascaded H-bridge topologies. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink are presented to analyze the total harmonic distortion for a 7-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter using phase disposition, alternate phase opposition disposition, and phase opposition disposition pulse width modulation techniques. The research aims to improve the output waveform quality and reduce switching losses of the 7-level inverter.
This chapter of the textbook covers amplitude modulation fundamentals, including:
- The basic concepts of how an information signal varies the amplitude of a carrier wave in AM.
- Modulation index and percentage of modulation, and the importance of avoiding overmodulation which causes distortion.
- How sidebands are generated above and below the carrier frequency during modulation.
- How AM signals can be represented in both the time and frequency domains.
- The calculation of power in AM signals and how power is distributed between the carrier and sidebands.
- An introduction to single sideband modulation as a more efficient form of AM that eliminates the carrier wave.
ZVxPlus Product Note: Nonlinear Extension Kit for R&S VNANMDG NV
The document describes an extension kit called the NM310 that adds nonlinear measurement capabilities to Rohde & Schwarz Vector Network Analyzers (VNAs) like the ZVA and ZVT models. The kit allows characterization of RF/HF components from 20 MHz to 24 GHz by measuring their harmonic behavior and response in both the time and frequency domains. Key benefits include full harmonic characterization, measurement of voltages and currents under realistic non-50 ohm conditions, and improved transistor modeling from small-signal to large-signal operation. The NM310 kit works with ICE software to enable complex nonlinear measurements and characterization of devices like diodes, transistors, and amplifiers.
Harmonic Analysis of Three level Flying Capacitor InverterMohd Esa
The aim of this paper is to determine the Total harmonic distortion (THD) of three phase three level flying capacitor inverter fed star connected R-L load. The modulation Techniques used is Phase Disposition Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (PD-SPWM) and Phase Opposition Disposition Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (POD-SPWM).The Modulation index is varied to analyze its effect on Current THD and Voltage THD.This paper also presents the comparison of PD-SPWM and POD-SPWM controlled Flying capacitor Inverter in terms of THD. The simulation result shows that PD-SPWM has better performance when compared to POD-SPWM. The simulation of circuit is done by using MATLAB/Simulink.
Huawei BSC traffic statistics system provides perfect measurement types and rich
counters, facilitating the network operators to learn about the BSC running status, to
locate the network problems and to optimize the network.
This document provides an overview of analog and digital electronics. It discusses key topics such as what electronics is, analog electronics, analog electronic components like diodes and their characteristics, applications of diodes in rectifiers and other circuits. It also discusses bipolar junction transistors, their structure, modes of operation and applications. Finally, it covers digital electronics topics such as logic operators, logic gates, types of logic gates and combinational logic circuits.
This document evaluates the performance of two control strategies for a cascade multilevel inverter (CMLI) based static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) for reactive power compensation and voltage regulation. The direct control scheme varies the modulation index at constant DC capacitor voltage, while the indirect control scheme varies the DC capacitor voltage at constant modulation index. The direct control scheme results in varying total harmonic distortion in the output voltage, while the indirect control scheme maintains a minimum harmonic distortion but has slower response due to varying the DC capacitor voltage. Simulation results on an 11-level CMLI STATCOM show that experimental results agree closely with simulations.
This document discusses low power high performance baud rate generators using MTCMOS voltage interface circuits. It compares feedback based and multi-VTH based voltage level converters that are used in baud rate generators to interface between circuits operating at different voltage levels. The multi-VTH level converters are found to offer significant power savings compared to feedback based converters. A baud rate generator is designed and simulated using different level converters in 90nm CMOS technology. The multi-VTH level converter LC5 provides the lowest power when used in the baud rate generator.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 6 from the textbook "Principles of Electronic Communication Systems". The chapter covers FM circuits, including frequency modulators, phase modulators, and frequency demodulators. Section 6-1 describes different types of frequency modulator circuits such as varactor diodes, reactance modulators, and voltage-controlled oscillators. Section 6-2 discusses phase modulator circuits that use varactors, transistors, and tuned circuits. Section 6-3 reviews common frequency demodulator or detector circuits like slope detectors, pulse-averaging discriminators, and quadrature detectors.
1) 3G networks combine developments in cellular networks, fixed-line networks, and the internet to provide flexible access to any service regardless of location.
2) First generation networks provided analog voice calls with low quality and security. Second generation networks like GSM introduced digital cellular and allowed data services.
3) A GSM network includes mobile stations, a base station subsystem with base transceiver stations and base station controllers, a network switching subsystem with mobile switching centers, home and visitor location registers, and connections to public switched telephone networks.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document describes modeling a multi-machine power system equipped with a hybrid power flow controller (HPFC) in LabVIEW software. It proposes two configurations of HPFC, termed HPFC1 and HPFC2. HPFC1 combines transfer function models of two series voltage source converters and an existing shunt capacitor. HPFC1 is simulated in LabVIEW and incorporated into the multi-machine system model to analyze its impact on transient stability. The document also outlines the modeling approach, control scheme, and parameters used for HPFC1 in the LabVIEW simulation.
This chapter of the textbook provides an overview of fundamental electronics concepts including gain, attenuation, decibels, tuned circuits, filters, and Fourier theory. It discusses how circuits manipulate signals through gain and attenuation. Key aspects covered include calculating gain and attenuation in decibels, the fundamentals of reactive components like capacitors and inductors in tuned circuits, the characteristics of series and parallel resonant circuits, and the basic types of passive and active filters. The chapter aims to review these essential electronics topics as background for further communication systems principles discussed in later chapters.
The document describes a satellite communication system that uses Wavelet Filtered Multi-tone (WFMT) modulation to provide advantages over traditional QPSK modulation. WFMT modulation has a lower peak-to-average ratio, allows for a programmable spectrum, and can compensate for distortions from the satellite transponder and multipath propagation in urban environments. It provides similar energy efficiency to QPSK and multipath immunity comparable to OFDM. Simulation results show the WFMT spectrum meets requirements and has a higher tolerance for delay than existing systems.
The PowerLogic Power Meter Series PM9 is a power monitoring unit that offers basic measurement capabilities for monitoring electrical installations. It monitors voltages, currents, power factors and energy values on 1-phase, 3-phase and 3-phase + neutral systems. There are three models - the PM9 for basic measurements, PM9P with pulse output, and PM9C with Modbus RS485 communication. All models have a backlit display, 72mm width, IEC 62053 measurement accuracy class, and monitor parameters for all three phases simultaneously.
Isae 2011 A HYBRID CONTROLLER DESIGN FOR KEEPING CONSTANT VOLTAGE AND CURREN...Pandu Sandi Pratama
This document summarizes a presentation on modeling and control of a gas metal arc welding (GMAW) system. [1] A proportional controller is proposed to maintain constant output welding voltage for the GMAW power supply. [2] A fuzzy-sliding mode controller is proposed for the wire feeding unit to keep the output welding current constant by adjusting the electrode feed rate. [3] Simulation results show the hybrid controller using these two controllers achieves better performance than a conventional PID controller in terms of rise time, settling time, and steady state error of the output current.
This document proposes a novel structure to improve the common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of circuits like current buffers and folded cascode amplifiers. The proposed structure uses only four transistors and a current source to deviate common mode signals without affecting differential mode signals. This improves the CMRR by at least 12dB while preserving the CMRR bandwidth, which is a novel technique. The structure was applied to both a current buffer and folded cascode amplifier based on simulation results, demonstrating its effectiveness in improving CMRR.
This document describes wiring diagrams and connector configurations for Alzatex timekeeping products. It includes details on serial connections, remote input wiring, and typical arrangements for connecting Timekeeper units to displays, relay modules, and distribution boxes using standard or crossover phone cords. The document also provides information on jumper settings for bi-directional data transfer and dual channel communication.
The document analyzes the bit error rate (BER) performance of the mobile WiMAX physical layer under different communication channels and modulation techniques. It simulates BER and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) using the Stanford University Interim (SUI) channel models, which model six different channel conditions for varying terrain types. The performance is evaluated for different data rates and modulation schemes like BPSK and OFDMA under the SUI channel models.
The document describes the design of a 10-bit, 50MS/s pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC) implemented in a 180nm CMOS process. Key aspects of the design include a flip-around track-and-hold amplifier, 1.5-bit per stage pipeline stages with gain of 2, and operational transconductance amplifiers optimized for power efficiency. Simulation results show the ADC achieves 9.64 effective bits, consumes 24.5mW of power, and has a figure of merit better than prior published pipelined ADCs of similar resolution and speed.
This document provides an overview of GSM fundamentals, including:
- The basic components of a GSM network including the mobile station, base station subsystem, network switching subsystem, and operation and maintenance subsystem.
- Identification numbers used in GSM including the mobile subscriber identification number, location area identification, cell global identification, and base station identification color code.
- Interfaces and protocols used between GSM network entities, including the Um, Abis, and A interfaces.
Common Mode Voltage reduction in Diode Clamped MLI using Alternative Phase Op...Mohd Esa
The main objective of this paper is to reduce the Common Mode Voltage (CMV) in the Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter (DCMLI).Three phase Y-connected RL load is connected to DCMLI. The common mode voltage exists between neutral point of Y-connected load and system ground.CMV causes premature failure of bearings of induction motor and is essential to reduce. In this paper, Alternative Phase Opposition Disposition SPWM technique is used to reduce common mode voltage. Two level, five level, seven level and nine level DCMLI are compared in terms of THD and CMV.The effect of a passive LC filter on THD was studied. The simulation of circuit is carried out by using MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation result portrays reduction in THD and CMV by using APOD-SPWM controlled higher level Inverters.
The document discusses the need for ancillary services markets in the Indian electricity context from a regulatory perspective. It outlines how electricity system operations require constant balancing of generation and load as well as management of power flows. This necessitates ancillary services to support reliable grid operations. The document also examines past practices in India for ancillary services and the role of regulators in facilitating ancillary services markets going forward to accommodate high renewable penetration and a transition away from UI mechanisms. It provides examples from Tamil Nadu to illustrate variability challenges from renewable energy.
The document discusses ancillary services in the Indian power system. It summarizes that in an unbundled power system, generation, transmission, distribution, system operation and supply become distinct activities, and services are transacted through markets and regulations. Ancillary services that support reliability, security and quality include real power balancing, reactive power and voltage control, scheduling and dispatch, system protection, and black start capabilities. The document discusses how some ancillary services are currently provided compulsorily or voluntarily in India, and proposals to establish ancillary power markets and improve frequency control.
The document proposes establishing an ancillary services market in India to help manage grid frequency. It discusses key characteristics of electricity and how ancillary markets fit within the overall electricity market structure. The proposed market would allow qualified generators to bid capacity available for frequency control. Selected generators would be directed by grid operators and paid based on schedules. The document discusses various design parameters for the market including eligibility criteria, auction types, setting the merit order stack, regulation types, and price discovery approaches.
The document appears to be a presentation on ancillary services or capacity when needed. It includes graphs showing electricity prices in Sweden from 1892-2000 and levels of reserve and demand response required in Sweden from 2011-2020. It also discusses capacity mechanisms in Europe, Scandinavia serving as a battery for urban Europe, and integration costs being a function of renewable energy penetration share.
Harmonic Analysis of Three level Flying Capacitor InverterMohd Esa
The aim of this paper is to determine the Total harmonic distortion (THD) of three phase three level flying capacitor inverter fed star connected R-L load. The modulation Techniques used is Phase Disposition Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (PD-SPWM) and Phase Opposition Disposition Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (POD-SPWM).The Modulation index is varied to analyze its effect on Current THD and Voltage THD.This paper also presents the comparison of PD-SPWM and POD-SPWM controlled Flying capacitor Inverter in terms of THD. The simulation result shows that PD-SPWM has better performance when compared to POD-SPWM. The simulation of circuit is done by using MATLAB/Simulink.
Huawei BSC traffic statistics system provides perfect measurement types and rich
counters, facilitating the network operators to learn about the BSC running status, to
locate the network problems and to optimize the network.
This document provides an overview of analog and digital electronics. It discusses key topics such as what electronics is, analog electronics, analog electronic components like diodes and their characteristics, applications of diodes in rectifiers and other circuits. It also discusses bipolar junction transistors, their structure, modes of operation and applications. Finally, it covers digital electronics topics such as logic operators, logic gates, types of logic gates and combinational logic circuits.
This document evaluates the performance of two control strategies for a cascade multilevel inverter (CMLI) based static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) for reactive power compensation and voltage regulation. The direct control scheme varies the modulation index at constant DC capacitor voltage, while the indirect control scheme varies the DC capacitor voltage at constant modulation index. The direct control scheme results in varying total harmonic distortion in the output voltage, while the indirect control scheme maintains a minimum harmonic distortion but has slower response due to varying the DC capacitor voltage. Simulation results on an 11-level CMLI STATCOM show that experimental results agree closely with simulations.
This document discusses low power high performance baud rate generators using MTCMOS voltage interface circuits. It compares feedback based and multi-VTH based voltage level converters that are used in baud rate generators to interface between circuits operating at different voltage levels. The multi-VTH level converters are found to offer significant power savings compared to feedback based converters. A baud rate generator is designed and simulated using different level converters in 90nm CMOS technology. The multi-VTH level converter LC5 provides the lowest power when used in the baud rate generator.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 6 from the textbook "Principles of Electronic Communication Systems". The chapter covers FM circuits, including frequency modulators, phase modulators, and frequency demodulators. Section 6-1 describes different types of frequency modulator circuits such as varactor diodes, reactance modulators, and voltage-controlled oscillators. Section 6-2 discusses phase modulator circuits that use varactors, transistors, and tuned circuits. Section 6-3 reviews common frequency demodulator or detector circuits like slope detectors, pulse-averaging discriminators, and quadrature detectors.
1) 3G networks combine developments in cellular networks, fixed-line networks, and the internet to provide flexible access to any service regardless of location.
2) First generation networks provided analog voice calls with low quality and security. Second generation networks like GSM introduced digital cellular and allowed data services.
3) A GSM network includes mobile stations, a base station subsystem with base transceiver stations and base station controllers, a network switching subsystem with mobile switching centers, home and visitor location registers, and connections to public switched telephone networks.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document describes modeling a multi-machine power system equipped with a hybrid power flow controller (HPFC) in LabVIEW software. It proposes two configurations of HPFC, termed HPFC1 and HPFC2. HPFC1 combines transfer function models of two series voltage source converters and an existing shunt capacitor. HPFC1 is simulated in LabVIEW and incorporated into the multi-machine system model to analyze its impact on transient stability. The document also outlines the modeling approach, control scheme, and parameters used for HPFC1 in the LabVIEW simulation.
This chapter of the textbook provides an overview of fundamental electronics concepts including gain, attenuation, decibels, tuned circuits, filters, and Fourier theory. It discusses how circuits manipulate signals through gain and attenuation. Key aspects covered include calculating gain and attenuation in decibels, the fundamentals of reactive components like capacitors and inductors in tuned circuits, the characteristics of series and parallel resonant circuits, and the basic types of passive and active filters. The chapter aims to review these essential electronics topics as background for further communication systems principles discussed in later chapters.
The document describes a satellite communication system that uses Wavelet Filtered Multi-tone (WFMT) modulation to provide advantages over traditional QPSK modulation. WFMT modulation has a lower peak-to-average ratio, allows for a programmable spectrum, and can compensate for distortions from the satellite transponder and multipath propagation in urban environments. It provides similar energy efficiency to QPSK and multipath immunity comparable to OFDM. Simulation results show the WFMT spectrum meets requirements and has a higher tolerance for delay than existing systems.
The PowerLogic Power Meter Series PM9 is a power monitoring unit that offers basic measurement capabilities for monitoring electrical installations. It monitors voltages, currents, power factors and energy values on 1-phase, 3-phase and 3-phase + neutral systems. There are three models - the PM9 for basic measurements, PM9P with pulse output, and PM9C with Modbus RS485 communication. All models have a backlit display, 72mm width, IEC 62053 measurement accuracy class, and monitor parameters for all three phases simultaneously.
Isae 2011 A HYBRID CONTROLLER DESIGN FOR KEEPING CONSTANT VOLTAGE AND CURREN...Pandu Sandi Pratama
This document summarizes a presentation on modeling and control of a gas metal arc welding (GMAW) system. [1] A proportional controller is proposed to maintain constant output welding voltage for the GMAW power supply. [2] A fuzzy-sliding mode controller is proposed for the wire feeding unit to keep the output welding current constant by adjusting the electrode feed rate. [3] Simulation results show the hybrid controller using these two controllers achieves better performance than a conventional PID controller in terms of rise time, settling time, and steady state error of the output current.
This document proposes a novel structure to improve the common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of circuits like current buffers and folded cascode amplifiers. The proposed structure uses only four transistors and a current source to deviate common mode signals without affecting differential mode signals. This improves the CMRR by at least 12dB while preserving the CMRR bandwidth, which is a novel technique. The structure was applied to both a current buffer and folded cascode amplifier based on simulation results, demonstrating its effectiveness in improving CMRR.
This document describes wiring diagrams and connector configurations for Alzatex timekeeping products. It includes details on serial connections, remote input wiring, and typical arrangements for connecting Timekeeper units to displays, relay modules, and distribution boxes using standard or crossover phone cords. The document also provides information on jumper settings for bi-directional data transfer and dual channel communication.
The document analyzes the bit error rate (BER) performance of the mobile WiMAX physical layer under different communication channels and modulation techniques. It simulates BER and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) using the Stanford University Interim (SUI) channel models, which model six different channel conditions for varying terrain types. The performance is evaluated for different data rates and modulation schemes like BPSK and OFDMA under the SUI channel models.
The document describes the design of a 10-bit, 50MS/s pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC) implemented in a 180nm CMOS process. Key aspects of the design include a flip-around track-and-hold amplifier, 1.5-bit per stage pipeline stages with gain of 2, and operational transconductance amplifiers optimized for power efficiency. Simulation results show the ADC achieves 9.64 effective bits, consumes 24.5mW of power, and has a figure of merit better than prior published pipelined ADCs of similar resolution and speed.
This document provides an overview of GSM fundamentals, including:
- The basic components of a GSM network including the mobile station, base station subsystem, network switching subsystem, and operation and maintenance subsystem.
- Identification numbers used in GSM including the mobile subscriber identification number, location area identification, cell global identification, and base station identification color code.
- Interfaces and protocols used between GSM network entities, including the Um, Abis, and A interfaces.
Common Mode Voltage reduction in Diode Clamped MLI using Alternative Phase Op...Mohd Esa
The main objective of this paper is to reduce the Common Mode Voltage (CMV) in the Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter (DCMLI).Three phase Y-connected RL load is connected to DCMLI. The common mode voltage exists between neutral point of Y-connected load and system ground.CMV causes premature failure of bearings of induction motor and is essential to reduce. In this paper, Alternative Phase Opposition Disposition SPWM technique is used to reduce common mode voltage. Two level, five level, seven level and nine level DCMLI are compared in terms of THD and CMV.The effect of a passive LC filter on THD was studied. The simulation of circuit is carried out by using MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation result portrays reduction in THD and CMV by using APOD-SPWM controlled higher level Inverters.
The document discusses the need for ancillary services markets in the Indian electricity context from a regulatory perspective. It outlines how electricity system operations require constant balancing of generation and load as well as management of power flows. This necessitates ancillary services to support reliable grid operations. The document also examines past practices in India for ancillary services and the role of regulators in facilitating ancillary services markets going forward to accommodate high renewable penetration and a transition away from UI mechanisms. It provides examples from Tamil Nadu to illustrate variability challenges from renewable energy.
The document discusses ancillary services in the Indian power system. It summarizes that in an unbundled power system, generation, transmission, distribution, system operation and supply become distinct activities, and services are transacted through markets and regulations. Ancillary services that support reliability, security and quality include real power balancing, reactive power and voltage control, scheduling and dispatch, system protection, and black start capabilities. The document discusses how some ancillary services are currently provided compulsorily or voluntarily in India, and proposals to establish ancillary power markets and improve frequency control.
The document proposes establishing an ancillary services market in India to help manage grid frequency. It discusses key characteristics of electricity and how ancillary markets fit within the overall electricity market structure. The proposed market would allow qualified generators to bid capacity available for frequency control. Selected generators would be directed by grid operators and paid based on schedules. The document discusses various design parameters for the market including eligibility criteria, auction types, setting the merit order stack, regulation types, and price discovery approaches.
The document appears to be a presentation on ancillary services or capacity when needed. It includes graphs showing electricity prices in Sweden from 1892-2000 and levels of reserve and demand response required in Sweden from 2011-2020. It also discusses capacity mechanisms in Europe, Scandinavia serving as a battery for urban Europe, and integration costs being a function of renewable energy penetration share.
Demand-Side Flexibility for Reliable Ancillary Services in a Smart Grid: Elim...Sean Meyn
A survey of our 2015 HICSS article (reference below), which is largely a survey of demand response technology developed at the University of Florida.
Presented at the Workshop on Electricity Markets and Optimization 27th of November 2014. Aalborg University, Denmark
@inproceedings{barbusmey14,
Address = {Kauai, Hawaii},
Author = {Barooah, Prabir and Bu\v{s}i\'{c}, Ana and Meyn, Sean},
Booktitle = {Proc. {48th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS)}},
Note = {(invited)},
Publisher = {University of Hawaii},
Title = {Spectral Decomposition of Demand-Side Flexibility for Reliable Ancillary Services in a Smart Grid},
Year = {2015}}
Ancillary Services in the United States: Independent System Operator (ISO) Pe...IPPAI
NREL is a national laboratory operated by the U.S. Department of Energy that focuses on energy efficiency and renewable energy. The document discusses ancillary services markets in the United States from the perspective of independent system operators. It provides an overview of the six largest ISOs in the US and describes the types of markets they operate including day-ahead energy, real-time energy, ancillary services, transmission rights, and capacity. The document also defines different types of ancillary services and how ISOs set requirements and procure these services.
Session 3: Impact on U.S. Ancillary Services Markets from Variable Renewable ...IPPAI
NREL is a national laboratory operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. This document summarizes a presentation given by Jaquelin Cochran of NREL on the impacts of variable renewable energy (VRE) like wind and solar on ancillary service markets in the United States. The presentation discusses how VRE is changing reserve requirements, frequency response needs, system inertia needs, and voltage control needs. It also explores how VRE can participate in these markets through improved forecasting and market rules that allow for deviations in output.
Financing and Bankability of Ancillary ServicesIPPAI
This document discusses regulatory and policy frameworks needed for ancillary services and alternative energy options in the Indian power sector. It focuses on financing and ensuring the bankability of ancillary services. Key points discussed include the working capital needs for ancillary services given limited capital expenditures, factors that drive lending decisions like revenue structure and certainty, expected ancillary services market structures and payment mechanisms in India, and how lenders are likely to view ancillary services businesses.
The document discusses the need to create a market for ancillary services to support the power grid. It outlines different procurement methods like compulsory provision, bilateral contracts, and spot markets. The preferred choice is a spot market on power exchanges due to transparency and competitiveness. The document then discusses contract specifications for standard exchange-based contracts, including delivery points, response times, settlement based on capacity or energy, and ensuring generators are paid for their services. It also covers initiation of delivery through forecasts, scheduling, and various provisions needed to support ancillary service generators.
Demand response programs across the country have many large facilities considering the deployment of energy storage technologies. Technologies developed for facility- and campus-scale energy storage show promise for managing short-term demand peaks as well as longer-period demand response events.
The presenter has investigated facility/campus-scale energy storage for efficiency program administrators in the US and recently completed a storage technology research report for an international consortium of utilities. This work has identified promising avenues for distributed storage. Currently, facility-scale storage has three primary uses: 1. power quality – the monitoring and regulation of voltage fluctuations, frequency disruptions, and harmonic distortions, 2. bridging power – short-term power supply for critical demands, often used to cover time periods in which emergency generators are powering up, 3. energy management – energy storage on a scale to support a facility/campus for extended periods of time. These systems can be responsive to utility demand programs and time-of-use rates to cut peak demand costs.
This presentation will include the technical properties of current storage systems, including flywheel, compressed air, and various battery technologies. The technical and market barriers associated with distributed storage, along with proposed paths for resolving said barriers, will also be discussed.
The Need for Regulatory & Policy Framework for Ancillary Services & Alternati...IPPAI
The document discusses the need for a regulatory and policy framework for ancillary services and alternative energy options in the Indian power sector. It defines ancillary services as support services that ensure reliable and stable power delivery. Ancillary services are classified into frequency control and network control services. The issues of stranded generation capacity, renewable energy variability, and peaking power requirements are also discussed. The document suggests examining the roles of grid operators and establishing protocols for ancillary service payments. It also promotes energy storage solutions and incentives to balance the grid and meet demand reliably.
The document discusses the need for a regulatory and policy framework for ancillary services and alternative energy options in the Indian power sector. It provides an overview of ancillary services and how they are classified. Frequency control, voltage control, and system restart ancillary services are described. The document also discusses how different technologies, including distributed energy resources, can provide ancillary services. It examines the scope to promote ancillary services in India, including through the use of generators and load serving entities. The conclusion advocates for the design of a market mechanism and proper policy framework to facilitate ancillary services provision.
L 1 ancillary electrical services ships lighting and maintenance of lighting ...yankee010
Ship's lighting requires considerable electric power and uses various light fittings to provide illumination for safety and comfort. Maintenance of these fittings includes replacing lamps, cleaning glass and reflectors, and ensuring watertight integrity. Common lamp types are incandescent and discharge, with incandescent most widely used. Navigation, signal, emergency and low location lighting have additional requirements. Periodic inspection and testing is important to maintain lighting performance.
The document discusses ancillary services markets in India. It describes five key ancillary services: voltage support, regulation and frequency response, energy imbalance, operating reserves, and black start capability. For each service, it is important to specify the nature, timing, suppliers, procurement, and charging mechanisms. Regulation and frequency response services are necessary to continuously balance generation and load to maintain a scheduled frequency of 50 Hz. Generators can provide these services through primary, secondary, and tertiary controls. The document also discusses considerations for establishing an ancillary services market in India.
Ecoult Energy Storage - Integrating Renewables into the GridEcoult123
This document discusses Ecoult's UltraBattery technology for managing variability in renewable energy sources using large-scale energy storage. The UltraBattery combines lead-acid battery and ultracapacitor technologies. It has applications that include smoothing fluctuations from wind and solar power, shifting solar energy to meet evening demand, and providing grid services like frequency regulation. Ecoult offers complete energy storage systems and a lifecycle management program called UBer that supports project development, installation, operation and maintenance.
Presentation from the New Mexico Regional Energy Storage & Grid Integration Workshop: Optimized Integration of PV with Battery Storage: A Real World Success Story, presented by Jon Hawkins, PNM
This document provides an overview of power trading concepts in India. It defines power trading as the transfer of surplus electricity from one utility to another with a deficit. Open access to transmission networks is key to enabling power trading. Bilateral contracts between buyers and sellers and trading on power exchanges are the two main mechanisms. Derivatives like futures, forwards and options are used to hedge risks associated with price volatility in power trading. Entities like PXIL, IEX and PTC play important roles in facilitating power trading in India.
A brief overview of PV market globally and regionally is presented and how it has disrupted the current network business model. Energy Storage has become a necessity as penetration of PV in the current network increases and created challenging ramping issues as the daily load curves have changed to what is now popularly called “Duck” curves. The value of energy storage in the network is presented, clearly demonstrating that maximum value is realised at end users, commercial and residential. Battery storage is one of the most practical option. Commercial battery technologies are presented, followed by selected case studies.
Pd 1995 10-2-the upfc a new approach to power transmission controlSudeepthg Sudeepth
The document describes a new approach to power transmission control called the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). The UPFC consists of two voltage-sourced inverters connected to a common DC link that allow real and reactive power to flow in either direction. It can independently control both the real and reactive power flows at the sending and receiving ends of a transmission line. This provides capabilities beyond existing approaches like thyristor-controlled series capacitors and phase angle regulators. Simulation results demonstrate the UPFC's performance under different system conditions.
IRJET- Improved IUPQC Controller to Provide Grid Voltage as a STATCOMIRJET Journal
This document discusses an improved controller for the integrated Unified Power Quality Conditioner (iUPQC) that expands its capabilities. The iUPQC can now provide reactive power support to regulate both the load bus voltage and grid side bus voltage, allowing it to function as a Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) on the grid side while still providing conventional UPQC compensation on the load side. Experimental results confirm the new functionality of the device. The iUPQC with the enhanced controller provides power quality compensation like a UPQC as well as reactive power and voltage regulation like a STATCOM.
This technical proposal summarizes the IPTV solution for Site 6, which includes a satellite dish, headend equipment in the main telecom room, and set-top boxes located at 126 IPTV points. Key components are an Anevia encoder to convert the analog signal to digital streams, a Dell server running the middleware, and Motorola set-top boxes. Network switches from HP are used to distribute video streams within the specified bandwidth limits to support the current and future needs of the site.
IRJET- Series and Shunt Compensation in UPFC using Cascaded Multilevel Invert...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a transformer-less approach for series and shunt compensation using a cascaded multilevel inverter. The key points are:
1) A cascaded multilevel inverter arrangement with H-bridge cells is used for reactive power compensation without using a transformer between the series and shunt converters. This eliminates issues associated with using transformers such as cost, size, losses and response time.
2) The series converter controls voltage to regulate active and reactive power flow while the shunt converter controls current to compensate for any active power flow between the converters. This ensures no active power is exchanged so no transformer is needed.
3) Control methods for the shunt voltage and series current compensation use PI controllers
DETECTION OF UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS IN TRANSMISSION LINES USING PHASOR MEASUREM...IRJET Journal
This document presents a new hybrid technique for detecting unsymmetrical faults in transmission lines using data from Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). The technique analyzes positive sequence voltage and current measurements from PMUs. It was tested on the IEEE 9 Bus System in MATLAB/Simulink. The results showed the effectiveness of using positive sequence voltage magnitudes to identify faults - a drop or change indicated the faulty area. When this approach failed, positive sequence current magnitudes were analyzed instead, with a maximum value pinpointing the nearest bus to the fault. The technique provides an accurate way to detect faults compared to conventional non-PMU methods.
This document discusses a study on using a Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) to improve power quality issues. The UPQC is a device that uses both series and shunt active power filters to compensate for voltage and current related problems simultaneously. The study uses MATLAB simulation to demonstrate how a UPQC model can reduce the total harmonic distortion (THD) in the source voltage, source current, and load voltage caused by nonlinear loads. Control strategies like synchronous reference frame (SRF) theory are applied to the UPQC operation. The document provides background on power quality issues like voltage sag, swell, harmonics, and waveform distortion. It also describes the basic configuration, design, and control methods of the UPQC using S
IRJET- Wireless Power Theft Monitoring System using ZigbeeIRJET Journal
This document describes a wireless power theft monitoring system using Zigbee. It aims to address the problem of power theft in India, where about 30% of electricity production is lost due to transmission losses and theft. The system monitors power consumption at the household level and communicates information to a controlling substation using Zigbee wireless transmission. This allows identification of authorized vs unauthorized power usage and helps control theft. The system was tested in an area of Chhattisgarh, India affected by power theft, with successful results in controlling and monitoring theft. It works by measuring household power usage and transmitting the data to the substation when needed via a Zigbee transmitter operating on battery backup.
EPCOS is a leading manufacturer of electronic components and modules that offers power quality solutions. Their broad portfolio includes capacitors, inductors, filters, sensors, and other components. EPCOS focuses on technologically demanding markets like communications, automotive, industrial, and consumer electronics. The document provides an overview of EPCOS' power factor correction product line, including capacitor series, controllers, switching devices, and reactors that can improve power quality by reducing reactive power and improving voltage stability. It also includes fundamentals of power factor correction and component selection guides.
EPCOS is a leading manufacturer of electronic components including capacitors, inductors, EMC filters, sensors and sensor systems, nonlinear resistors, and arresters. It focuses on technologically demanding markets in areas like information technology, automotive, industrial, and consumer electronics. EPCOS offers both standard components and application-specific solutions. It has global design, manufacturing and marketing facilities and is continually improving processes and quality management. EPCOS provides a broad portfolio of power factor correction capacitor series and components for optimizing power quality and factor.
The document discusses frequency control in power systems. It describes:
1) Primary frequency control, which is automatic and decentralized, with generation units adjusting output to maintain the generation-load balance in real-time following a disturbance.
2) Secondary load-frequency control, which is centralized and uses remote measurements to calculate a control level signal to modify generation unit outputs over time, restoring frequency to its reference value and balancing cross-border power exchanges.
3) Parameters for secondary control including the integral gain, control range, and constant λ, which according to Darrieus' Law should be set equal to the primary frequency characteristic for the control area to ensure only that area compensates for disturbances within it.
These energy transits constitute a flow going from the substations where the
power plants are connected to the substations where customers are connected;
it is conveyed through the transmission lines and cables and divided up
proportionally to the admittance, i.e. the impedance reciprocal (which is in
some way a marked preference for the "shortest route"). This energy flow is
materialised by the current conveyed through the facilities. The higher the
energy flow is, the greater the current intensities will be. These intensities may
increase, in particular when a facility has tripped following a fault occurrence.
The flow initially borne by this facility will be transferred to the neighbouring
facilities: this is the load transfer phenomenon.
This document provides an overview of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices. It discusses the history and need for FACTS, types of FACTS devices including SVC, STATCOM, SSSC, TCSC, and UPFC. It also covers the technical benefits of different FACTS devices for load flow control, voltage control, and stability. The document concludes with applications, future enhancements, and importance of FACTS devices for improving power transmission efficiency.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document provides specifications for an IPTV solution for Site 6 consisting of:
1) 130 Motorola VIP1003 set-top boxes for clients
2) An Octopus middleware server to integrate TV channels and video-on-demand
3) An Anevia Flamingo 660S encoder and IP streamer to convert satellite feeds to IP streams
4) Dell and HP servers to provide middleware and storage
5) HP networking switches capable of handling the bandwidth demands of the IPTV system.
This paper descriibes the performance of the Wavelet based Filtered Multitone(WFMT) modulation. The novel WFMT modulation was proposed in 2003 for improving characteristic of Wireless and DSL multicarrier systems.
IRJET- Improving Power Quality by using MC-UPQCIRJET Journal
This document discusses improving power quality by using a Multiconverter Unified Power Quality Conditioner (MC-UPQC). The MC-UPQC consists of one shunt voltage-source converter (VSC) and two or more series VSCs. It can be applied to adjacent feeders to simultaneously compensate for supply voltage imperfections and load current imperfections on the main feeder, as well as fully compensate supply voltage imperfections on other feeders. The converters are connected back-to-back on the DC side and share a common DC link capacitor, allowing power transfer between feeders. This configuration can compensate for sags/swells and interruptions in both feeders without battery storage. Simulation results will illustrate the performance
This document discusses the design and simulation of VHF antennas for fire station use. It begins with an abstract and introduction on the importance of antenna design and operation. It then covers various topics related to antenna design including antenna parameters, types of antennas, transmission line theory, and fixed site antennas. It also discusses simulations performed on VHF antennas for marine radios. The document concludes that the simulations matched theoretical predictions and antenna height impacts radiation patterns.
This document summarizes a review paper on using a Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) to improve power quality. The UPQC combines a shunt active power filter and series active power filter to eliminate both voltage and current distortions simultaneously. Various UPQC topologies are classified and described, including right/left shunt, interline, multi-converter, modular, multi-level, distributed, and distributed generation integrated configurations. Control strategies for the shunt and series active power filters are also discussed. The paper concludes that the UPQC is an effective custom power device for mitigating power quality issues related to harmonics and voltage sags/swells.
FUZZY LOGIC PROJECTS-POWER TRANSFORMER PROTECTION FOR FUZZYLOGIC-MAASTECHASHOKKUMAR RAMAR
This document describes a fuzzy logic based differential relay for power transformer protection. The system uses a microcontroller to monitor the primary and secondary currents of a power transformer and employs fuzzy logic to discriminate between internal faults and other factors that could cause a false tripping, such as magnetizing inrush currents. The design implements differential protection, overcurrent protection, overvoltage protection and undervoltage protection for the power transformer.
IRJET- Disturbance and Detection in Power Quality with ClassificationIRJET Journal
This document discusses a hybrid method for classifying power quality disturbances using wavelet transform and fuzzy logic. Various power quality disturbances like sag, swell, and interruption are generated and decomposed using wavelet transform. Features like energy and total harmonic distortion are extracted and fed into a fuzzy expert system for classification of disturbances. A wavelet-based denoising method is also proposed to remove noise before feature extraction, since noise can reduce classification accuracy. The fuzzy expert system uses if-then rules and linguistic variables to classify disturbances based on the extracted features. This hybrid method provides an effective way to detect, classify, and analyze power quality disturbances.
Similar to Assessment of Markets for Frequency and Voltage Control Ancillary Services (20)
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Link to the recordings: https://youtu.be/ZCFhmldvRA0
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https://youtu.be/aC0h4cXI9Ug
Energy efficiency first – retrofitting the building stock finalLeonardo ENERGY
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A link to the recording: https://youtu.be/4pw_9hpA_64
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Recording available at https://youtu.be/lPT1o735kOk
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(see updated version of this presentation:
https://www.slideshare.net/sustenergy/energy-efficiency-funds-in-europe-updated)
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14:00 Introduction to streamSAVE
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14:55 Country experiences: the added value of standardized methods (Elena Allegrini, ENEA, Italy)
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https://youtu.be/8RuK5MroTxk
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The report presented in this webinar provides an update of the European Energy Poverty Index, published for the first time in 2019, which shows the combined effect of energy and mobility poverty across Member States. Beyond the regular update of the index, the report provides analysis of the existing EU policy framework related to energy and transport poverty. France is used as a case study given the “yellow vest” movement, which was triggered by the proposed carbon tax on fuels.
Watch the recordings of the webinar:
https://youtu.be/i1Jdd3H05t0
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The recordings of this webinar can be watched via:
https://youtu.be/TS6PxIvtaKY
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The Super-efficient Equipment and Appliance Deployment (SEAD) Initiative Prod...Leonardo ENERGY
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Breuckmann eMobility GmbH develops innovative rotor casting technology called Zero Porosity Rotor (ZPR) for electric vehicle induction motors. ZPR uses laminar squeeze casting to produce rotors with zero porosity, allowing for superior mechanical properties, higher electrical conductivity, and maximum process stability compared to industry standard rotors. Key advantages of ZPR rotors include up to 12.5% higher maximum rotational speed, 35% higher electrical conductivity, and ability to withstand 25% higher circumferential bursting speeds. Breuckmann has partnerships for motor testing, slot geometry design, and received EU funding to develop high-speed motor concepts using its ZPR technology.
dynamic E flow GmbH provides high-tech electric machines and solutions for extreme applications. Their capcooltech® motor features direct winding cooling that enables current densities up to 100A/mm2 and overload capacities. Testing shows the capcooltech® design maintains temperatures 40°C lower and heats 10 times faster than conventional cooling. The direct cooling test bench demonstrates capcooltech® motors can achieve maximum power density, temperature resistance, precision, and dynamics even in harsh conditions like vacuum or high temperatures.
The need for an updated European Motor Study - key findings from the 2021 US...Leonardo ENERGY
The document calls for an updated assessment of the electric motor system market in Europe, as the existing data is over 20 years old. It notes several changes in the market since then, including new efficient motor technologies, lower costs for power electronics, and increased digitization. The document highlights findings from a recent 2021 US motor study, which found motors to be older than previously estimated and significant improvements in load factors and variable speed drive penetration compared to past studies. It concludes that a new comprehensive assessment is needed to identify large potential electricity savings and inform policies to accelerate market transformation.
Efficient motor systems for a Net Zero world, by Conrad U. Brunner - Impact E...Leonardo ENERGY
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Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to Production
Assessment of Markets for Frequency and Voltage Control Ancillary Services
1. Assessment of
Markets for
Frequency and
Voltage Control
Ancillary Services
Leonardo Energy webinar
2 October 2009
Yann Rebours
EDF R&D
yann.rebours@ieee.org
2. Introduction
2 - A Comprehensive Assessment of Markets for Frequency and Voltage Control Ancillary Services - Y. Rebours - 2 October 2009
3. Why controlling frequency and voltages?
All power system stakeholders need f and U within boundaries for:
Security of supply (e.g., by avoiding load shedding)
Behaviour and efficiency of equipments (e.g., by avoiding vibrations, overheating,
flickers…)
Security of equipments (e.g., by avoiding over-voltages or over-speeds)
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4. Frequency example
Lost of a nuclear unit (1300 MW) within the UCTE system
(disturbance from normal operation)
50 mHz
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5. Fundamentals of frequency control (f/P)
Pmax
Lmax
PL PP
50 Hz
0 49 Hz 51 Hz 0
Consumers Producers
f
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6. Voltage example
Voltage map in French Guyana
Malouin Suzini
ELA-CSG
93,9 kV 91,7 kV 91,8 kV
St Laurent
Kourou
94,6 kV 91,9 kV 92 kV
93,5 kV
93,3 kV
Etoile
Piquage
Balata Dégrad des Canes
TDF
95,5 kV
93,5 kV
Petit Saut
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7. Fundamentals of voltage control (U/Q)
voltage
U
distance
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
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8. Who can provide f / U control services?
Generating units
Loads
Network assets:
Lines
Transformers, …
Purpose-built devices:
Capacitor bank
FACTS
Synchronous compensator
Inertia wheel, …
These controls are called
ancillary services
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9. System services vs ancillary services
Power system
(e.g., real-time Ancillary services System services (e.g., f and U
adaptation of P AS SS within
and Q) (private goods) (public goods) boundaries)
Some users The other users
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10. Rationale for the thesis
Final goal: improve efficiency & maximise global welfare
Formulate and structure the AS issue from a global point of view
(3 axes)
Illustrate the theory by comparing systems
Increase knowledge relative to AS cost (de-optimisation cost)
Give the tools to improve current systems (e.g., give methods and
checklists)
Feed in the research: propose future work
This presentation : only an overview
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11. Summary
1. Introduction
2. Delivery of ancillary services
3. Cost of ancillary services
4. Procurement
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12. Delivery of ancillary
services
1. Quality
2. Quantity
3. Location
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13. 1. Specify the quality of AS
A perfect specification does not exist
Four definition levels are possible:
Elementary General
Functional
Practical
Standardized Precise
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14. 1. Functional definition
TSO Producer primary
f/P
Signal
secondary f/P P
Instructions
tertiary f/P operator
TSO Producer
Signal primary
secondary U/Q Q
U/Q
tertiary U/Q
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15. 1. Survey with the functional definition
Help for a common vocabulary
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16. 1. Practical definition
AS are technical products: they need more specs than energy only
The identification of the important parameters allows an inter-
system comparison
In Europe, standardisation is necessary (same recommendation
but different applications)
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17. 1. Standardised definition
Helps a practical and universal definition:
Does not rely on the input signal
Take into account dynamics
Does not depend on the type of provider (e.g. load or generating unit)
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18. 2. Define the quantity of AS
SS are a public good only the TSO can define the needs
A cost / benefit approach should be preferred
But difficult to estimate the value
because SS have a triple objective:
Security (e.g., avoid blackouts)
Quality (e.g., avoid over-voltages)
System utilisation (e.g., reduce losses)
In practice:
Inelastic demand
Minimizing provision cost (rational buyer)
Research:
Generally focused on VOLL
But VOLL does not consider quality + system utilisation
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19. 2. AS quantities in practice
Indicators have been proposed to compare systems
Give incentives to improve practices
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20. 2. Instantaneous frequency characteristic
Quality + quantity = frequency characteristic
Proposed
definition
Current
definition
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21. 3. Define the location of AS
Location is important because:
Congestions can make impossible AS delivery
An uniform distribution is desirable (in case of network islanding)
Regulation at the transmission level is more critical (meshed network)
For an optimal repartition:
Incentives to develop AS at the appropriate locations
Exchange systems to allow short term arbitrage between areas
Coordination at the owner boundaries (e.g., between distribution and transmission)
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22. Cost of ancillary
services
1. Cost components of ancillary services
2. Method to estimate the de-optimisation cost
3. Results on EDF Producer’s portfolio
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23. 1. Main cost components for a producer
Fixed costs
Investments in extra generating capacities
Workforce
Capacity reservation cost
De-optimisation
Opportunity cost
Utilisation cost
More fuel is used
Increased wear-and-tear
Very difficult to calculate precisely the AS cost
Many components
Interdependent time horizons
Hard to separate energy-only and AS costs
Costs very different from one country to another (energy-mix dependent)
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24. 2. Method to estimate the de-optimisation cost
Proposed method: easy & standard
Applied to EDF Producer over 879 days with operational data &
algorithm (from 09/2004 to 08/2007)
De-optimisation cost = CostD-1 dispatch with reserves
– CostD-1 dispatch without reserves
energy for loads
frequency control
G1 G2 G1 G2 G3 non-used capacity
without reserves with reserves
(cheaper dispatch) (more expensive dispatch)
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25. 2. The method in practice
1. APOGEE dataset with 2. APOGEE dataset with
OTESS initial constraints reserve demand = 0 MW
APOGEE
(EDF’s short-term dispatch
algorithm)
APOGEE dispatching 1 APOGEE dispatching 2
Other data for
correlation
OTESS Database
(Data management tool
developed during the thesis)
Web-based
interface
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26. 2. Advantages and limits of the method for EDF
Advantages of our study vs previous literature:
APOGEE takes into account many constraints (dynamics, hydro,
thermal…)
Actual day-ahead operational data as input
However, some limits in our study:
If hydro energy is provided, reserve is provided as well (historical constraint)
Water saving was not taken into account (days are considered as independent)
The precise management of hydro valleys was not considered
(only a global constraint for each reservoir)
Obviously, manual day-ahead re-dispatch is not modelled
Only short-term variable costs are considered
Therefore, the method gives a minimum cost (real cost is higher)
Further studies will be completed in 2009 to remove some limits
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27. 3. Results: the cost is not negligible
Up to 7,8 % of the dispatching cost
Therefore:
The reserve should be remunerated in order to avoid distortion of energy prices
An efficient procurement is essential
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28. 3. The de-optimisation cost is variable
During 54 % of the time, the cost changed by more than 20 %
from one day to the following
Allowing short-term arbitrage is thus essential
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29. 3. The cost is not seasonal
Low values from the PACF
It is difficult to apply the results over one period to another
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30. 4. Synchronous time control costs money
Because of time control, the reserve was modified by the French
TSO up to January 2009 (±150 MW)
This policy cost millions of euros/year in de-optimisation
Does the value of time control justify its cost? [Rebours et al (2009)]
ftarget = 50.01 Hz (27 days over 01/2005 - 07/2007) ftarget = 49.99 Hz (175 days over 01/2005 - 07/2007)
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31. Procurement of
ancillary services
1. Responsible entity for procurement
2. Matching supply and demand
3. Procurement methods
4. Structure of remuneration
5. Market clearing
6. Price caps
7. Give appropriate incentives
8. Metrics for market evaluation
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32. Eight fundamental features
Why a market is necessary?
AS are externalities (e.g., energy, transmission)
Cost is non negligible
So what design?
The thesis highlights eight fundamental features
Market designers (legislator, regulator, TSO…) should explain the
current choices regarding these features
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33. 1. Responsible entity for procurement
Only the TSO should be the responsible entity for procurement:
Knows the value of AS
Has enough incentive to optimize its demand
No barrier for new entrants
But :
Cost recovery problem
TSO is both consumer and provider of system services
Not necessarily enough incentives to optimize the procurement
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34. 2. Matching supply and demand
Over the long run:
Connecting conditions: not optimal, but it works
However, it is still linked to the security of supply issue (enough generating units)
How can we optimize this demand over the long run?
Over the short run:
An elastic demand is necessary
Incitation for participants to propose their capacities (e.g., with an attractive price)
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35. 3. Procurement methods
Use several methods in parallel is necessary
Trend: f/P: competition – U/Q: regulated
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36. 4. Structure of remuneration
Depends on the services because cost structures are different
An asymmetric remuneration is preferable (upward price ≠ downward price)
But if too complex, scoring can be difficult
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37. 5. Market clearing
Structure
Centralised (pool) or decentralised (exchange)?
Bidding
Sealed-bid first-price auction desirable, but under perfect competition assumption
Scoring
Difficult because multi-dimensional
Time coordination
Common clearing for energy / transmission / AS is essential
But difficult in a decentralised structure
Settlement
Always in debate: zonal or nodal?
Uniform or differentiated?
Clearing frequency
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38. 6. Price caps
Avoid price caps as much as possible
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39. 7. Give appropriate incentives
For cost allocation, the best:
Fixed cost: shared by all users (transmission tariff)
Reservation cost: based on the potential utilisation of users
Utilisation cost: “polluter” pays
Data transparency (e.g., how is the demand computed?)
Control of performance and behaviours. Give incentives to auto-
control
Penalties and rewards
39 - A Comprehensive Assessment of Markets for Frequency and Voltage Control Ancillary Services - Y. Rebours - 2 October 2009
40. 8. Metrics for market evaluation
Effective: are there enough SS?
Low cost to run the AS market
Economic efficiency. One indicator:
Data for 2004-5
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41. Conclusions
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42. The thesis in a nutshell
Needs for SS = quality / quantity / location
The thesis surveys various systems + proposes how to better specify
the needs for SS
Cost of AS = fixed / capacity reservation / utilisation
The thesis improves the knowledge on the de-optimisation cost by
proposing a standardized method + applying it on EDF’s portfolio
Market design = entity responsible / supply-demand / procurement
method / structure of payment / clearing / price cap / incentives /
assessing method
The thesis identifies, describes and analyses these features +
illustrates with examples + suggests some ways of improvements
42 - A Comprehensive Assessment of Markets for Frequency and Voltage Control Ancillary Services - Y. Rebours - 2 October 2009
43. Suggestions for future work
Regularly assess systems with the proposed framework
Draw the limit between negotiable and non-negotiable products
(why stability is not remunerated?)
Deepen the understanding of costs (AS cost + market cost)
Improve market design (e.g., long-term incentives, demand
elasticity, better allocation of costs, better data transmission…)
Facilitate the exchanges between areas:
Standardise products
Standardise markets
Co-ordinate energy / interconnections / AS
Develop alternative AS suppliers (e.g. loads, wind power…)
43 - A Comprehensive Assessment of Markets for Frequency and Voltage Control Ancillary Services - Y. Rebours - 2 October 2009
44. For further reading…
Technique:
"A Survey of Frequency and Voltage Control Ancillary Services—Part I: Technical Features", IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 22 (1), pp. 350-357, February 2007.
Y. Rebours, J. Pestourie, and E. Monnot, "Five Good Reasons to Abandon Synchronous Time
Control", presented at the IEEE Powertech, Bucharest, Romania, 2009.
Market design:
"A Survey of Frequency and Voltage Control Ancillary Services—Part II: Economic Features", IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 22 (1), pp. 358-366, February 2007.
"Fundamental design issues in markets for ancillary services", The Electricity Journal, vol. 20 (6), pp.
26-34, July 2007.
Thesis:
Y. Rebours, "A Comprehensive Assessment of Markets for Frequency and Voltage Control Ancillary
Services", PhD Thesis, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, The University of Manchester,
Manchester, U.K., 2008. Available:
http://www.eee.manchester.ac.uk/research/groups/eeps/publications/reportstheses/aoe/rebours_PhD
_2008.pdf
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45. Acknowledgments
Many thanks to all my colleagues who help me during this thesis
Special thanks to:
Daniel Kirschen who supervised this thesis
and Bruno Prestat who provided some slides presented here
45 - A Comprehensive Assessment of Markets for Frequency and Voltage Control Ancillary Services - Y. Rebours - 2 October 2009