1. The study assessed the effect of aqueous extracts of mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) litter on the growth of rice seedlings.
2. Rice seeds were treated with two concentrations (0.1% and 1%) of P. juliflora aqueous extract and seed germination and seedling growth parameters were measured.
3. The results showed that except for some treatments at low concentrations, most treatments led to comparable or better growth of rice seedlings compared to the control, indicating that P. juliflora extract may not inhibit and could potentially promote rice growth.
Abiotic stress management for sustainable agriculturejayanta thokdar
Stress is an adverse force or a condition, which inhibits normal functioning in plants. An average of 50% yield losses in agricultural crops are caused by abiotic factors. To attain sustainability various crop management and breeding methods are employed to reduce impact of stress. Understand more about abiotic stress not only change our understanding of current environment, but also bring a plenty of benefits like improving sustainable agriculture and human beings living standards.
This document summarizes research on abiotic stress tolerance in cucurbit crops. It discusses the effects of drought, salinity, heat, and cold stress on cucurbits and mechanisms of tolerance. Two case studies are presented: 1) the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in improving watermelon tolerance to drought stress and 2) identification of novel microRNAs involved in salt stress response in two Cucurbita germplasm. The document concludes that grafting, beneficial microbes, and osmoprotectants can help cucurbits tolerate stress, and novel microRNAs may play an important role in salt stress response.
Improvement of Horticultural Crops for Abiotic Stress ToleranceEtalesh Goutam
This presentation was being presented by Etalesh Goutam (M.Sc. Horticulture; 2018-2020) in the master seminar at Department of Horticulture, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal) Uttarakhand- 246174
This document discusses breeding strategies for abiotic stress tolerance in vegetable crops. It begins by defining different types of environmental stresses plants face, with a focus on abiotic stresses like drought, waterlogging, heat, cold, and salinity. Conventional breeding methods are then outlined, including selection, hybridization, pedigree method, and backcross breeding. Specific strategies for breeding tolerance to drought, salinity, and waterlogging are covered in more detail. Screening criteria and sources of tolerance for different stresses in various vegetable crops are also provided. The document aims to provide an overview of approaches and considerations for developing stress-tolerant vegetable varieties through plant breeding.
This document discusses various types of abiotic stresses including salt tolerance, drought tolerance, waterlogging tolerance, heat tolerance, and cold tolerance. It defines each stress and describes the injury mechanisms, tolerance mechanisms, screening methods, and genes associated with tolerance. Salt tolerance mechanisms include cell membrane stability, osmotic adjustment, and ion accumulation. Drought tolerance is achieved through escape, avoidance, or tolerance. Waterlogging tolerance relies on phenology, morphology, and anaerobic metabolism. Heat and cold tolerance utilize membrane stability, osmoregulators, and molecular chaperones. The document provides details on screening rice, wheat, maize, chickpea and other crops for various abiotic stress tolerances.
The document discusses plant nutrition and mineral requirements. It explains that plants require certain chemical elements to complete their life cycle, deriving carbon from CO2 in air and obtaining minerals like water and nutrients from the soil through roots. Hydroponic culture is used to determine which chemical elements are essential for plant growth by growing plants in nutrient solutions and observing deficiency symptoms if a mineral is omitted.
This document discusses physiological processes in plants and their impact on crop productivity. It covers topics like photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, and translocation. Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy through light and dark reactions. Respiration breaks down organic compounds to produce energy. Transpiration and transpiration involve the movement of water and minerals in plants. These physiological processes are important determinants of crop yields. High leaf area ratio, leaf area duration, and optimal environmental factors like rainfall can increase agricultural productivity.
Abiotic stress management for sustainable agriculturejayanta thokdar
Stress is an adverse force or a condition, which inhibits normal functioning in plants. An average of 50% yield losses in agricultural crops are caused by abiotic factors. To attain sustainability various crop management and breeding methods are employed to reduce impact of stress. Understand more about abiotic stress not only change our understanding of current environment, but also bring a plenty of benefits like improving sustainable agriculture and human beings living standards.
This document summarizes research on abiotic stress tolerance in cucurbit crops. It discusses the effects of drought, salinity, heat, and cold stress on cucurbits and mechanisms of tolerance. Two case studies are presented: 1) the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in improving watermelon tolerance to drought stress and 2) identification of novel microRNAs involved in salt stress response in two Cucurbita germplasm. The document concludes that grafting, beneficial microbes, and osmoprotectants can help cucurbits tolerate stress, and novel microRNAs may play an important role in salt stress response.
Improvement of Horticultural Crops for Abiotic Stress ToleranceEtalesh Goutam
This presentation was being presented by Etalesh Goutam (M.Sc. Horticulture; 2018-2020) in the master seminar at Department of Horticulture, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal) Uttarakhand- 246174
This document discusses breeding strategies for abiotic stress tolerance in vegetable crops. It begins by defining different types of environmental stresses plants face, with a focus on abiotic stresses like drought, waterlogging, heat, cold, and salinity. Conventional breeding methods are then outlined, including selection, hybridization, pedigree method, and backcross breeding. Specific strategies for breeding tolerance to drought, salinity, and waterlogging are covered in more detail. Screening criteria and sources of tolerance for different stresses in various vegetable crops are also provided. The document aims to provide an overview of approaches and considerations for developing stress-tolerant vegetable varieties through plant breeding.
This document discusses various types of abiotic stresses including salt tolerance, drought tolerance, waterlogging tolerance, heat tolerance, and cold tolerance. It defines each stress and describes the injury mechanisms, tolerance mechanisms, screening methods, and genes associated with tolerance. Salt tolerance mechanisms include cell membrane stability, osmotic adjustment, and ion accumulation. Drought tolerance is achieved through escape, avoidance, or tolerance. Waterlogging tolerance relies on phenology, morphology, and anaerobic metabolism. Heat and cold tolerance utilize membrane stability, osmoregulators, and molecular chaperones. The document provides details on screening rice, wheat, maize, chickpea and other crops for various abiotic stress tolerances.
The document discusses plant nutrition and mineral requirements. It explains that plants require certain chemical elements to complete their life cycle, deriving carbon from CO2 in air and obtaining minerals like water and nutrients from the soil through roots. Hydroponic culture is used to determine which chemical elements are essential for plant growth by growing plants in nutrient solutions and observing deficiency symptoms if a mineral is omitted.
This document discusses physiological processes in plants and their impact on crop productivity. It covers topics like photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, and translocation. Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy through light and dark reactions. Respiration breaks down organic compounds to produce energy. Transpiration and transpiration involve the movement of water and minerals in plants. These physiological processes are important determinants of crop yields. High leaf area ratio, leaf area duration, and optimal environmental factors like rainfall can increase agricultural productivity.
Jauhar ali. vol 4. screening for abiotic and biotic stress tolerancesFOODCROPS
This document summarizes screening methods for salinity tolerance in rice. It describes different types of salinity stress based on electrical conductivity and sodium levels. It outlines salinity screening procedures using nutrient solutions of increasing salinity in greenhouses as well as on saline farm sites. Symptoms of salinity stress in rice are shown at different growth stages. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance in plants include ion exclusion, compartmentalization in tissues and cells, and secretion of salts. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with salinity tolerance were identified in introgression lines selected for drought tolerance, indicating shared genetic regions for these stresses.
Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plantsDr. Pritam Juvatkar
It provides significant information on the evolutionary history of plants which helps in better conservation of plant species.
It helps in crop domestication as it found high in vegetative content.
It also reveals information on how the plant genomes manage to succeed the effect of genome obesity.
Flowers become larger with thicker petals resulting in longer lasting flowers.
Increase fruits size than normal one.
Plant tissue culture:
Historical development of plant tissue culture, types of cultures, Nutritional requirements, growth and their maintenance.
Applications of plant tissue culture in pharmacognosy. For second year B.pharmacy
i) Breeding crops for resistance to insects, diseases, and abiotic stresses like drought is important to reduce yield losses and costs of control measures.
ii) Mechanisms of resistance include non-preference, antibiosis, tolerance, avoidance, and physiological or biochemical traits like hairiness, toxins, or proline accumulation.
iii) Sources of resistance come from cultivated varieties, germplasm collections, and related wild species, and screening is done under field or controlled conditions.
Genetic engineering for abiotic stress toleranceSachin Ekatpure
This document discusses various approaches for improving plant tolerance to abiotic stresses through transgenic methods. It summarizes 7 approaches: 1) Engineering genes for osmolyte biosynthesis like proline and glycine betaine, 2) Engineering genes encoding enzymes that scavenge reactive oxygen species, 3) Engineering genes encoding LEA proteins, 4) Engineering genes encoding enzymes with different temperature optima, 5) Engineering molecular chaperone genes, 6) Engineering transcription factor genes, and 7) Engineering plant cell membrane genes. For each approach, it provides examples of transgenic plants that were developed and their improved stress tolerance performances.
Secondary metabolites are organic compounds produced by plants and organisms that are not essential for growth or reproduction. They play important roles in defense against herbivores and pathogens. Approximately 1500 new secondary metabolite molecules are identified from plants each year, around 30% of which show some biological activity. Secondary metabolites have many applications in medicine, food, cosmetics, and other industries. Plant tissue culture is used to produce many important secondary metabolites in a controlled environment, as production from native plants can be limited by environmental and geographical factors. Common production methods include cell suspension cultures, hairy root cultures, and immobilized cell cultures. Factors like media composition, temperature, pH, and elicitors can influence metabolite yield. An example is the production
Stress and strain terminology, Nature of stress injury, resistance and causes of stress
Vajinder Pal Kalra Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana
1. Stress refers to adverse environmental conditions that negatively impact plant growth and development, while strain refers to the physical or chemical changes that occur in plants in response to stress.
2. Stress can cause direct injury to plants through damage to proteins, membranes and other structures, as well as indirect injury by disrupting metabolism.
3. Plants have developed various mechanisms of resistance and tolerance to stress, including avoidance, escape, and tolerance strategies that allow plants to survive under adverse conditions.
This document outlines the course details for BOT-121 Fundamentals of Crop Physiology. The course is worth 2 credits and covers topics such as plant cell structure, water and mineral uptake, photosynthesis, respiration, growth and development of crops. The course includes 16 lectures and 16 experiments. Key topics include transpiration, photosynthesis, mineral nutrition, plant growth regulators, and the physiological aspects of growth in important crops. The importance of crop physiology in agriculture is also discussed, noting its relevance to seed physiology, nutrient management, water use efficiency, and reducing post-harvest losses.
The genetic variations found in the in vitro cultured cells are collectively referred to as somaclonal variations.
The plants derived from such cells are referred to somaclones. Some authors use the terms calliclones and proto-clones to represent cultures obtained from callus and protoplasts respectively.
The growth of plant cells in vitro is an asexual process involving only mitotic division of cells. Thus, culturing of cells is the method to clone a particular genotype. It is therefore expected that plants arising from a given tissue culture should be the exact copies of the parental plant.
The occurrence of phenotypic variants among the regenerated plants (from tissue cultures) has been known for several years. These variations were earlier dismissed as tissue culture artefacts. The term somaclonal variations was first used by Larkin and Scowcraft (1981) for variations arising due to culture of cells, i.e., variability generated by a tissue culture. This term is now universally accepted.
As described elsewhere the explant used in tissue culture may come from any part of the plant organs or cells. These include leaves, roots, protoplasts, microspores and embryos. Somaclonal variations are reported in all types of plant tissue cultures.
In recent years, the term gametoclonal variations is used for the variations observed in the regenerated plants from gametic cells (e.g., anther cultures). For the plants obtained from protoplast cultures, proto-clonal variations is used.
this slide is tells us about general tissue culture history and history about discovery of plant tissue culture.
it include advantage of virus free planting
Breeding for improved drought tolerance in major crop (Maize, Sorghum, Red gram)bidush
This document discusses breeding methods for improved drought tolerance in major crops like maize, sorghum, and redgram. It begins with definitions of drought and describes past and present drought trends. It then discusses the effects of drought on various crops and their response mechanisms. Various sources of drought tolerance are identified in wild relatives. The genetics and quantitative trait loci governing drought tolerance are described for different crops. Methods for creating drought environments, phenotyping traits, and conventional and molecular breeding approaches for developing drought tolerant varieties are explained. Promising drought tolerant varieties and future strategies are also mentioned.
Somaclonal Variation: A new dimension for sugarcane improvementDr. siddhant
Plant tissue culture or micropropagation technique is the rapid method to multiply newly released cultivar in limited
time. Crop improvement by conventional method in vegetatively propagated crops like sugarcane is very difficult due to
its narrow genetic base and other limitations. Somaclonal variations are easily achieved in asexually propagated crops
like sugarcane and banana. Tissue culture derived variations are known as somaclonal variation. These variations play
an important role in crop improvement program. Genetic variations are heritable in next generation and important for
crop improvement, epigenetic changes are temporary ultimately reversible. Mutation breeding is also very advantageous
for improving a cultivar. Somaclonal variants of sugarcane are available for several traits like drought, salt tolerance, red
rot, eye spot disease, quality and quantity trait. Molecular marker techniques like RFLP, RAPD, AFLP and SSR etc. are
regularly used preferentially over traditional phenotypic or cytological methods.
This document discusses meristem culture and shoot tip culture techniques. It describes the three stages of meristem culture: establishment, multiplication, and root regeneration. Shoot tips less than 1 mm are excised and cultured on medium supplemented with hormones like cytokinins and auxins to promote growth. Meristem culture allows for virus elimination, micropropagation, genetic resource preservation, and facilitates international plant exchange. It is an effective method for producing disease-free plants.
Somaclonal variations refer to genetic or phenotypic variations that arise in plants produced through tissue culture. These variations can be heritable or non-heritable. Heritable variations are caused by pre-existing mutations in somatic cells or new mutations during tissue culture. Non-heritable variations are temporary phenotypic changes caused by epigenetic effects. Somaclonal variations can arise due to physiological, genetic, or biochemical causes like exposure to plant growth regulators, changes in chromosome number or structure, gene mutations, changes in DNA or protein levels, or alterations in metabolic pathways. While somaclonal variations can help crop improvement, selected variants may be genetically unstable and require extensive testing.
1) Shoot tip culture involves culturing the terminal portion of a shoot tip, comprising the meristem and developing leaves and stem tissue.
2) It is used to produce virus-free plants by removing viruses that cannot move between cells, for micropropagation, and to store plant genetic resources.
3) The protocol involves surface sterilizing and culturing small shoot tip explants through stages of culture establishment, shoot proliferation, and root regeneration. Factors like explant size and physiological condition affect the process.
Plant defense responses to herbivore insect attackGadad H S
Plants have evolved various defense responses to insect herbivore attack. They can recognize herbivore feeding and oviposition through compounds in oral secretions and eggs. This triggers early signaling events like membrane depolarization, calcium signaling, and reactive oxygen species production. Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades then activate jasmonic acid pathways to regulate the expression of direct and indirect defense genes. Direct defenses include production of toxic specialized compounds, hypersensitive response, reduced digestibility through proteinase inhibitors, and reallocation of resources away from the herbivore. Indirect defenses attract predators and parasitoids through herbivore-induced plant volatiles and extrafloral nectar secretions. Together, these complex signaling
The document discusses research on producing valuable compounds through plant tissue culture and fungal fermentation. Key points discussed include:
1) Production of anticancer compounds like camptothecin from tissue cultures of plants like Chonemorpha grandiflora.
2) Metabolic engineering of plant tissues through gene overexpression to enhance production of compounds, as shown with tropane alkaloid production in transgenic Scopolia parviflora hairy roots.
3) Optimization of nutrient media and growth conditions to maximize biosynthesis of commercially important compounds in plant tissues and fungi, such as for taxanes in Taxus and galanthamine in Leucojum aestivum shoot cultures.
The present study investigates the growth and developmental changes of Pearlmillet [(Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.)] and Ragi [Eleusine coracana (Gaertn )] under pot culture experiments with different concentrations of aqueous leaf extracts (5, 10, 20, 30 and 50g/l) of Teak. Teak leaf extracts showed an inhibitory and stimulatory effects on germination, seedling length, biomass, pigments and biochemical constituents of pearl millet and ragi. The 5g/l concentration of extract stimulated the seed germination, seedling growth and biochemical constituents of pearl millet and ragi.. The higher concentrations (10, 20, 30and 50g/l) showed an inhibitory effects in all the parameters studied in the two economically important cereals. The degree of retardation was dependent on the concentration of the Teak leaf extracts. Root length, Shoot length, Biomass and Biochemical constituents of ragi seedlings were highly reduced at 50g/l concentrations of aqueous leaf
extracts of Teak. Between pearl millet and ragi seedlings, more allelopathic influence was observed in ragi than pearl millet seedlings.
This document summarizes plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their benefits for sustainable agriculture. It discusses how PGPR colonize plant roots and promote growth through three main mechanisms: biofertilization, phytostimulation, and biocontrol. Biofertilization includes nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, and exopolysaccharide production. Phytostimulation involves the production of plant hormones like indole acetic acid, gibberellins, and cytokinins. Biocontrol refers to inducing systemic resistance in plants and producing antibiotics and lytic enzymes. PGPR are a promising alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which can harm the environment and public health. Their
Jauhar ali. vol 4. screening for abiotic and biotic stress tolerancesFOODCROPS
This document summarizes screening methods for salinity tolerance in rice. It describes different types of salinity stress based on electrical conductivity and sodium levels. It outlines salinity screening procedures using nutrient solutions of increasing salinity in greenhouses as well as on saline farm sites. Symptoms of salinity stress in rice are shown at different growth stages. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance in plants include ion exclusion, compartmentalization in tissues and cells, and secretion of salts. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with salinity tolerance were identified in introgression lines selected for drought tolerance, indicating shared genetic regions for these stresses.
Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plantsDr. Pritam Juvatkar
It provides significant information on the evolutionary history of plants which helps in better conservation of plant species.
It helps in crop domestication as it found high in vegetative content.
It also reveals information on how the plant genomes manage to succeed the effect of genome obesity.
Flowers become larger with thicker petals resulting in longer lasting flowers.
Increase fruits size than normal one.
Plant tissue culture:
Historical development of plant tissue culture, types of cultures, Nutritional requirements, growth and their maintenance.
Applications of plant tissue culture in pharmacognosy. For second year B.pharmacy
i) Breeding crops for resistance to insects, diseases, and abiotic stresses like drought is important to reduce yield losses and costs of control measures.
ii) Mechanisms of resistance include non-preference, antibiosis, tolerance, avoidance, and physiological or biochemical traits like hairiness, toxins, or proline accumulation.
iii) Sources of resistance come from cultivated varieties, germplasm collections, and related wild species, and screening is done under field or controlled conditions.
Genetic engineering for abiotic stress toleranceSachin Ekatpure
This document discusses various approaches for improving plant tolerance to abiotic stresses through transgenic methods. It summarizes 7 approaches: 1) Engineering genes for osmolyte biosynthesis like proline and glycine betaine, 2) Engineering genes encoding enzymes that scavenge reactive oxygen species, 3) Engineering genes encoding LEA proteins, 4) Engineering genes encoding enzymes with different temperature optima, 5) Engineering molecular chaperone genes, 6) Engineering transcription factor genes, and 7) Engineering plant cell membrane genes. For each approach, it provides examples of transgenic plants that were developed and their improved stress tolerance performances.
Secondary metabolites are organic compounds produced by plants and organisms that are not essential for growth or reproduction. They play important roles in defense against herbivores and pathogens. Approximately 1500 new secondary metabolite molecules are identified from plants each year, around 30% of which show some biological activity. Secondary metabolites have many applications in medicine, food, cosmetics, and other industries. Plant tissue culture is used to produce many important secondary metabolites in a controlled environment, as production from native plants can be limited by environmental and geographical factors. Common production methods include cell suspension cultures, hairy root cultures, and immobilized cell cultures. Factors like media composition, temperature, pH, and elicitors can influence metabolite yield. An example is the production
Stress and strain terminology, Nature of stress injury, resistance and causes of stress
Vajinder Pal Kalra Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana
1. Stress refers to adverse environmental conditions that negatively impact plant growth and development, while strain refers to the physical or chemical changes that occur in plants in response to stress.
2. Stress can cause direct injury to plants through damage to proteins, membranes and other structures, as well as indirect injury by disrupting metabolism.
3. Plants have developed various mechanisms of resistance and tolerance to stress, including avoidance, escape, and tolerance strategies that allow plants to survive under adverse conditions.
This document outlines the course details for BOT-121 Fundamentals of Crop Physiology. The course is worth 2 credits and covers topics such as plant cell structure, water and mineral uptake, photosynthesis, respiration, growth and development of crops. The course includes 16 lectures and 16 experiments. Key topics include transpiration, photosynthesis, mineral nutrition, plant growth regulators, and the physiological aspects of growth in important crops. The importance of crop physiology in agriculture is also discussed, noting its relevance to seed physiology, nutrient management, water use efficiency, and reducing post-harvest losses.
The genetic variations found in the in vitro cultured cells are collectively referred to as somaclonal variations.
The plants derived from such cells are referred to somaclones. Some authors use the terms calliclones and proto-clones to represent cultures obtained from callus and protoplasts respectively.
The growth of plant cells in vitro is an asexual process involving only mitotic division of cells. Thus, culturing of cells is the method to clone a particular genotype. It is therefore expected that plants arising from a given tissue culture should be the exact copies of the parental plant.
The occurrence of phenotypic variants among the regenerated plants (from tissue cultures) has been known for several years. These variations were earlier dismissed as tissue culture artefacts. The term somaclonal variations was first used by Larkin and Scowcraft (1981) for variations arising due to culture of cells, i.e., variability generated by a tissue culture. This term is now universally accepted.
As described elsewhere the explant used in tissue culture may come from any part of the plant organs or cells. These include leaves, roots, protoplasts, microspores and embryos. Somaclonal variations are reported in all types of plant tissue cultures.
In recent years, the term gametoclonal variations is used for the variations observed in the regenerated plants from gametic cells (e.g., anther cultures). For the plants obtained from protoplast cultures, proto-clonal variations is used.
this slide is tells us about general tissue culture history and history about discovery of plant tissue culture.
it include advantage of virus free planting
Breeding for improved drought tolerance in major crop (Maize, Sorghum, Red gram)bidush
This document discusses breeding methods for improved drought tolerance in major crops like maize, sorghum, and redgram. It begins with definitions of drought and describes past and present drought trends. It then discusses the effects of drought on various crops and their response mechanisms. Various sources of drought tolerance are identified in wild relatives. The genetics and quantitative trait loci governing drought tolerance are described for different crops. Methods for creating drought environments, phenotyping traits, and conventional and molecular breeding approaches for developing drought tolerant varieties are explained. Promising drought tolerant varieties and future strategies are also mentioned.
Somaclonal Variation: A new dimension for sugarcane improvementDr. siddhant
Plant tissue culture or micropropagation technique is the rapid method to multiply newly released cultivar in limited
time. Crop improvement by conventional method in vegetatively propagated crops like sugarcane is very difficult due to
its narrow genetic base and other limitations. Somaclonal variations are easily achieved in asexually propagated crops
like sugarcane and banana. Tissue culture derived variations are known as somaclonal variation. These variations play
an important role in crop improvement program. Genetic variations are heritable in next generation and important for
crop improvement, epigenetic changes are temporary ultimately reversible. Mutation breeding is also very advantageous
for improving a cultivar. Somaclonal variants of sugarcane are available for several traits like drought, salt tolerance, red
rot, eye spot disease, quality and quantity trait. Molecular marker techniques like RFLP, RAPD, AFLP and SSR etc. are
regularly used preferentially over traditional phenotypic or cytological methods.
This document discusses meristem culture and shoot tip culture techniques. It describes the three stages of meristem culture: establishment, multiplication, and root regeneration. Shoot tips less than 1 mm are excised and cultured on medium supplemented with hormones like cytokinins and auxins to promote growth. Meristem culture allows for virus elimination, micropropagation, genetic resource preservation, and facilitates international plant exchange. It is an effective method for producing disease-free plants.
Somaclonal variations refer to genetic or phenotypic variations that arise in plants produced through tissue culture. These variations can be heritable or non-heritable. Heritable variations are caused by pre-existing mutations in somatic cells or new mutations during tissue culture. Non-heritable variations are temporary phenotypic changes caused by epigenetic effects. Somaclonal variations can arise due to physiological, genetic, or biochemical causes like exposure to plant growth regulators, changes in chromosome number or structure, gene mutations, changes in DNA or protein levels, or alterations in metabolic pathways. While somaclonal variations can help crop improvement, selected variants may be genetically unstable and require extensive testing.
1) Shoot tip culture involves culturing the terminal portion of a shoot tip, comprising the meristem and developing leaves and stem tissue.
2) It is used to produce virus-free plants by removing viruses that cannot move between cells, for micropropagation, and to store plant genetic resources.
3) The protocol involves surface sterilizing and culturing small shoot tip explants through stages of culture establishment, shoot proliferation, and root regeneration. Factors like explant size and physiological condition affect the process.
Plant defense responses to herbivore insect attackGadad H S
Plants have evolved various defense responses to insect herbivore attack. They can recognize herbivore feeding and oviposition through compounds in oral secretions and eggs. This triggers early signaling events like membrane depolarization, calcium signaling, and reactive oxygen species production. Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades then activate jasmonic acid pathways to regulate the expression of direct and indirect defense genes. Direct defenses include production of toxic specialized compounds, hypersensitive response, reduced digestibility through proteinase inhibitors, and reallocation of resources away from the herbivore. Indirect defenses attract predators and parasitoids through herbivore-induced plant volatiles and extrafloral nectar secretions. Together, these complex signaling
The document discusses research on producing valuable compounds through plant tissue culture and fungal fermentation. Key points discussed include:
1) Production of anticancer compounds like camptothecin from tissue cultures of plants like Chonemorpha grandiflora.
2) Metabolic engineering of plant tissues through gene overexpression to enhance production of compounds, as shown with tropane alkaloid production in transgenic Scopolia parviflora hairy roots.
3) Optimization of nutrient media and growth conditions to maximize biosynthesis of commercially important compounds in plant tissues and fungi, such as for taxanes in Taxus and galanthamine in Leucojum aestivum shoot cultures.
The present study investigates the growth and developmental changes of Pearlmillet [(Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.)] and Ragi [Eleusine coracana (Gaertn )] under pot culture experiments with different concentrations of aqueous leaf extracts (5, 10, 20, 30 and 50g/l) of Teak. Teak leaf extracts showed an inhibitory and stimulatory effects on germination, seedling length, biomass, pigments and biochemical constituents of pearl millet and ragi. The 5g/l concentration of extract stimulated the seed germination, seedling growth and biochemical constituents of pearl millet and ragi.. The higher concentrations (10, 20, 30and 50g/l) showed an inhibitory effects in all the parameters studied in the two economically important cereals. The degree of retardation was dependent on the concentration of the Teak leaf extracts. Root length, Shoot length, Biomass and Biochemical constituents of ragi seedlings were highly reduced at 50g/l concentrations of aqueous leaf
extracts of Teak. Between pearl millet and ragi seedlings, more allelopathic influence was observed in ragi than pearl millet seedlings.
This document summarizes plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their benefits for sustainable agriculture. It discusses how PGPR colonize plant roots and promote growth through three main mechanisms: biofertilization, phytostimulation, and biocontrol. Biofertilization includes nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, and exopolysaccharide production. Phytostimulation involves the production of plant hormones like indole acetic acid, gibberellins, and cytokinins. Biocontrol refers to inducing systemic resistance in plants and producing antibiotics and lytic enzymes. PGPR are a promising alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which can harm the environment and public health. Their
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of three types of organic fertilizers called Wokozim on seed germination of guar plants. Guar seeds were treated with different concentrations of Wokozim fertilizers and a control of distilled water. The study found that two of the fertilizers, Wokozim power plus batches F1 and F2, increased guar seed germination rates with increasing concentration. However, the third fertilizer, Wokozim cotton liquid F3, decreased germination rates with increasing concentration and was toxic at higher concentrations, inhibiting seed germination. The organic fertilizers generally improved guar seed germination compared to the control, except for the toxic effects of higher concentrations of Wok
Insights of allelopathic, insecticidal and repellent potential of an invasive...Innspub Net
Sphaeranthus suaveolens is a weed from the family Asteraceae, it grows abundantly in wet areas and is most common in rice fields. The extracts from plants closely related to S. suaveolens have been reported to have allelopathic, insecticidal, antifeedant, repellent, and other biological activities. Currently, the use of synthetic chemicals to control weeds and insect pests raises several concerns related to the environment and human health. Extracts from plants with pesticidal properties can offer the best and an environmentally friendly alternative. Some of these extracts have been extensively tested to assess their applications as valuable natural resources in sustainable agriculture. This review article, therefore, explores the potential of S. suaveolens extracts in controlling insect pests and managing weeds by smallholder farmers.
This document discusses the role of chemical ecology, volatile compounds, and secondary plant substances in plant resistance to insects. It provides background on chemical ecology and how plant chemicals can affect insect behavior. Secondary plant metabolites like alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds adversely impact insect growth, development, and metabolism. Specific examples are given of compounds that act as feeding deterrents or have toxic effects on insects. The document also discusses how plant volatile compounds can attract or repel insects.
The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm and laboratory of Institute of
Sustainable Agrotechnology, University Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia, with the objective
toinvestigate the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of aqueous extract of mungbean on seed germination and
seedling growth of three crop species, mungbean, sweet corn and okra. Different treatments of mungbean
aqueousextracts (vegetative fresh, vegetative after 2 weeks drying, vegetative after 4 weeks drying, flowering
fresh, flowering after 2 weeks drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, flowering fresh, flowering after 2 weeks
drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, maturity fresh, maturity after 2 weeks drying, maturity after 4 weeks
drying and water as control) were used to test their effect on the test species. The experiment was randomly
distributed and according to Completely Randomized Design(CRD) with five replicates. The results showed the
fresh vegetative aqueous extract of mungbean had a significant effect (stimulatory) on germination percent and
growth parameters such as number of root, root length and shoot height, of the three crop species. The study
revealed that the aqueous extract of mungbean have different effects (inhibitory and stimulatory) on the
seedlings and the mode of action depends on the associated plant species.Our results suggest that the aqueous
extract of mungbean from the different growth stages and drying periods have an allelopathic effect.
“Antimicrobial activity of rhizospheric bacteria of Curcuma longa (Turmeric) ...IOSRJPBS
The present study was carried out to explore the production of antibiotics from soil microbes of medicinal Plant Curcuma longa (Turmeric). Soil samples of the Curcuma longa rhizosphere regions were collected from the different region in Akola City, Western Vidharbh region of Maharashtra. The bacterial culture from the soil samples were collected by the serial dilution and spread plate technique. The total 16 culture have been isolated from the soil samples and out of total 16 only 3 have been characterized which are potent isolates. These 3 isolates are active against the selected pathogens, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S.aureus. These samples were labelled as S1,S2 and S3. The characterized 3 cultures were identified as Bacillus megatherium, Pseudomonas fluroscenes and Globicitella sulfidifacein by using Bergey’s manual of systemic bacteriology. The Rhizospheric bacterial crude extract of Bacillus megatherium, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Globicatella sulfidifaciens were found to be more or less active against almost all tested pathogenic strains. Hence Curcuma longa can be employed as source of natural antimicrobials that can serve as an alternative to conventional medicines.It was concluded that the best activity have been shown by the Curcuma longa rhizospheric isolates (S2) which is of Pseudomonas fluorescens against all three human pathogenic organisms (E.coli , S.aureus , P.aeroginosa ). The activity of rhizospheric isolates was showing best results against S. aureus
This document discusses potential methods for controlling lethal yellowing disease (LYD) in coconut palms, which is caused by phytoplasma bacteria and spread by insect vectors. It first provides background on LYD and describes current control challenges like the inability to culture phytoplasma. Then it discusses several potential control approaches, including:
1. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system or entomopathogenic fungi to control the disease-causing phytoplasma bacteria or their insect vectors.
2. Breeding resistant coconut varieties, though current breeding efforts are outpaced by rising disease incidence.
3. Integrated pest management using traditional vector control plus novel techniques like manipulating symb
4 ijfaf nov-2017-2-allelopathic effect of eucalyptusAI Publications
Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were carried out at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Gezira, Sudan in season 2014/15 to study the allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh) leaf on seed germination and seedling growth of some poaceous crops. Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the allelopathic effects of leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus on seed germination of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench), millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.), maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum vulgare L.). Six concentrations (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) of the leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus were prepared from the stock solution (50 g / l). Treatments, for each crop, were arranged in completely randomized design with four replicates. The seeds were examined for germination at three days after initial germination. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus leaf powder on seedling growth of the same crops. The leaf powder of Eucalyptus was incorporated into the soil at rate of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0% on w/w bases in pots. Treatments, for each crop, were arranged in completely randomized design with four replicates. The experiments were terminated at 30 days after sowing and the plant height, number of leaves and root length of crop seedlings were measured as well as plant fresh and dry weight. Data were subjected to analysis of variance procedure. Means were separated for significance using Duncan`s Multiple Range Test at p 0.5. The results showed that the leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus significantly reduced seed germination of the tested poaceous crops and there was direct negative relationship between concentration and germination. Also, the results showed that incorporating leaf powder of Eucalyptus into the soil significantly decreased plant height, number of leaves and root length of crop seedlings as well as seedling fresh and dry weight. In addition, the reduction in seedling growth was increased as the leaf powder increased in the soil. Based on results supported by different studies, it was concluded that Eucalyptus has allelopathic effects on seed germination and seedling growth of the poaceous crops.
Matthew Merrigan, a junior at Pine Crest School, wrote a research proposal to examine the effects of environmental stressors on the genetic makeup of root nodules in legumes. He plans to grow five legume species in different soil types designed to represent various stressors. Root nodules will be harvested and the rhizobia sequenced and compared between soil types. Matthew hypothesizes that environmental stressors may cause mutations in nod genes, altering the rhizobial communities. The results could provide insights into how the environment shapes microbial diversity with implications for the legume-rhizobia symbiosis.
Matthew Merrigan, a junior at Pine Crest School, wrote a research proposal to examine the effects of environmental stressors on the genetic makeup of root nodules in legumes. He plans to grow five legume species in different soil types designed to represent various stressors. Root nodules will be harvested and the rhizobia sequenced and compared between soil types. The research aims to determine if environmental stressors cause mutations in nod genes responsible for the legume-rhizobia symbiosis. Future work could sequence specific nod factors to identify any mutations occurring from environmental stresses.
Nodulation, Growth and Yield Response of Five Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Wa...Premier Publishers
The experiment was carried out in the screen house of the Department of Crop, Soil & Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. The experimental layout was a 5 x 3 x 2 factorial combination with 3 replications given a total of 90 treatments. Seeds of five cowpea varieties namely: IT98K-205-8, Ife Brown, Oloyin Brown, IT98K-573-2-1 and IT96D-610 were sown in Plastic buckets of 7-liter capacity and were perforated at the bottom to allow for drainage and filled with top soil. Watering regimes of (500ml, 700ml and 900ml) were imposed and water was applied twice a week while cowpea plants were inoculated with 5g each of Rhizobia strain (Mesorhizobia loti) at seedling stage. Control set was maintained without inoculation. The effect of watering regimes on legume species was significant on nodulation, growth and yield characters of cowpea varieties evaluated. The results revealed marked varietal differences in plant growth, nodulation, yield and yield components. IT98K-573-2-1 and Oloyin Brown generally expressed superior performance in most measured parameters. Mesorhizobia inoculation significantly (p≤0.05) increased plant growth, nodulation, yield and yield components of cowpea. The interaction effect of variety, Mesorhizobia loti and watering regimes caused significant variations in the number of nodules, leaf area, number of seeds/pod and seed yield. The nitrogen and crude protein content in the leaf differed among the cowpea varieties evaluated. Application of mesorhizobium strain significantly increased seed yield of cowpea and caused substantial increase in nodulation and this subsequently affected the Nitrogen fixation potential of cowpea under varying soil moisture regimes.
Comparison of Resistance to Fusarium wilts disease in Seeded and Regenerated ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that compared the resistance to Fusarium wilt disease in seeded and regenerated sesame plants. The researchers established a system for regenerating sesame plants through tissue culture using different plant growth regulators, which resulted in somaclonal variation. Regenerated and seeded plantlets were compared for resistance after being inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum fsp sesami. Seeded plantlets displayed signs of susceptibility and died within 20 days, while regenerated plantlets resisted infection and continued growing despite being smaller and weaker initially. The results demonstrated that somaclonal variation through tissue culture induced resistance to Fusarium wilt in regenerated sesame plantlets.
The body of your paper addresses all of the required components, e.docxmehek4
The body of your paper addresses all of the required components, except the discussion of geography needs to be more focused. In terms of structure and organization, remember that your thesis statement should be reaffirmed in a conclusion that ties together the main points of the paper. I look forward to reading the final version. Final score here reflects a 5% penalty for not submitting an outline per the instructions.
Bob
(1.25 / 1.25) Outline Biodiversity and How it is Measured
Distinguished - Comprehensively and accurately outlines biodiversity and how it is measured.
(1.25 / 1.25) Outline How Biodiversity is important to Environmental Conservation
Distinguished - Comprehensively outlines how biodiversity is important to environmental conservation.
(1.25 / 1.25) Outline How Biological Evolution Affects Biodiversity
Distinguished - Comprehensively outlines how biological evolution affects biodiversity.
(1.25 / 1.25) Outlines How Competition and Ecological Niches Affect Biodiversity
Distinguished - Comprehensively outlines how competition and ecological niches affect biodiversity.
(1.25 / 1.25) Outline How Food Webs Affect Biodiversity
Distinguished - Comprehensively outlines how food webs affect biodiversity.
(0.8 / 1.25) Outline How Geography Affects Biodiversity
Below Expectations - Attempts to outline how geography affects biodiversity but outline does not convey course concepts and relevant information.
The response can be improved by identifying a direct link between geography and species diversity. Specifically, how does geography actually affect or influence biodiversity? Consider the impact of temperature and rainfall on species diversity.
(1.25 / 1.25) Outlines How Human Generated Pollution and Land-use Changes Affect Biodiversity
Distinguished - Comprehensively outlines how human generated pollution and land-use changes affect biodiversity.
(1.25 / 1.25) Outlines Varioius Techniques Utilized by Humans to Conserve Biodiversity
Distinguished - Comprehensively outlines varioius techniques utilized by humans to conserve biodiversity.
(1.14 / 1.5) Written Communication: Control of Syntax and Mechanics
Basic - Displays basic comprehension of syntax and mechanics, such as spelling and grammar. Written work contains a few errors, which may slightly distract the reader.
(1 / 1) APA Formatting
Distinguished - Accurately uses APA formatting consistently throughout the paper, title page, and reference page.
(1 / 1) Page Requirement
Distinguished - The paper meets the specific page requirement stipulated in the assignment description.
(1.5 / 1.5) Resource Requirement
Distinguished - Uses more than the required number of scholarly sources, providing compelling evidence to support ideas. All sources on the reference page are used and cited correctly within the body of the assignment.
Overall Score: 14.19 / 15
Running head: BIODIVERSITY
1
Biodiversity and Environmental Preservation
Cory Kuzdzal
EVN/300
4/10/2017
Robert W. Russell
- ...
AUTHORED BY: JOHANNA ELSENSOHN AND KELLY SEARS
By 2050, the world’s population is estimated to exceed 9 billion people. A challenge to this rising food demand is that crops will have to be grown on the same or less land as today. Additionally, global climate change is causing considerable uncertainty in the ability of the current food production system to adapt to an unknown future.
To address these issues sustainably, scientists from many disciplines have been investigating ways to increase crop yields and prepare for a changing climate. Considerable effort has focused on enhancing the traits of the crop plants themselves, to enhance their growth, make them resistant to disease, or tolerant to environmental stressors like drought or high salinity conditions. Conversely, a growing area of research is looking at how microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, influence these plant characteristics.
The relationship between plants and microorganisms is well known. However, researchers are still working to understand the full complexity and extent of interactions between the two groups. We have seen that microbes are important for plant nutrient acquisition, plant growth and protection against disease. Certain types of bacteria are commercially available and used to increase yields and decrease fertilizer use (Farrar et al. 2014).
Plant physiology is the study of how plants function at the cellular and biochemical level and how they respond to their environment. It includes studying plant structure and anatomy as they relate to function, energy sources for growth and development, water and nutrient uptake and movement, and plant responses to environmental stresses. Understanding plant physiology is important for agriculture as it provides insights into seed germination, seedling growth, mode of action of herbicides, nutrient requirements, photoperiodism, effects of plant growth regulators, post-harvest physiology, irrigation management, drought tolerance, and water use efficiency - all of which can help improve crop varieties and agricultural practices.
MULTIFACETED POTENTIAL OF EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES (WATER HYACINTH) LADENED WITH ...Dr Varruchi Sharma
Water hyacinth is an invasive aquatic plant that has spread widely and poses ecological issues. However, it also has potential value-added and therapeutic uses that could help address the invasion. It can be used for bioremediation to remove pollutants from wastewater. Its biomass can also be converted to biofuels like biodiesel and bioethanol, providing renewable energy. Additionally, extracts from water hyacinth have shown therapeutic effects, though more research is still needed to fully understand its medical applications. Utilizing water hyacinth for these beneficial purposes could help curb its invasion while providing useful products.
1. The study evaluated the effects of different soilless media (border soil, soil+sand mix, soil+peat mix, sand+peat mix) on growth, yield, and quality of cucumber plants.
2. The soil+peat mix resulted in maximum plant height, stem thickness, leaf area, and fruit quality compared to other media.
3. The results provide insights for improving cucumber cultivation practices and agricultural sustainability by identifying optimal soilless media.
This document discusses the role of phytohormones in helping plants overcome environmental stress. It begins by introducing the challenges posed by stresses like pollution, water scarcity, and salinization of soil. Plants have evolved mechanisms to perceive and respond to stresses, often involving phytohormones. The major phytohormones - auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene, abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and strigolactones - are discussed in terms of their roles in growth, development, and stress responses. Application of certain phytohormones can help mitigate stress effects and improve plant growth,
Production and Application of Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria as Biofertilize...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Soil microorganism plays an important role in regulating the levels of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur at the rhizosphere. Solubilization of macronutrient is an important aspect in plant growth and development research. Phosphorus is one of the vital nutrient required for optimum growth of plant. Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) plays an important role in increasing the phosphate uptake by the plants. Pikovskaya medium containing TCP or tricalcium phosphate helps in isolation of PSB from soil sample. Isolated strains were tested and screened by Halo zone formation and pH test. The selected strains showing marked decrease in pH and clear zone formation was selected for field trial. The objective of this study was to ascertain that PSBs isolated from the soil sample can be used as biofertilizer. Application of PSBs with a carrier mixed with maize seeds in the field of study and compared against a control field and against commercially available fertilizer showed that PSBs can improve the quality of soil and in turn improved the growth and development of the plants.
Similar to Assessment of effect of prosopis juliflora litter extract on seed germination and growth of rice (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process MiningLucaBarbaro3
Presentation of the paper "Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process Mining" given during the CAiSE 2024 Conference in Cyprus on June 7, 2024.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
This presentation provides valuable insights into effective cost-saving techniques on AWS. Learn how to optimize your AWS resources by rightsizing, increasing elasticity, picking the right storage class, and choosing the best pricing model. Additionally, discover essential governance mechanisms to ensure continuous cost efficiency. Whether you are new to AWS or an experienced user, this presentation provides clear and practical tips to help you reduce your cloud costs and get the most out of your budget.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...Tatiana Kojar
Skybuffer AI, built on the robust SAP Business Technology Platform (SAP BTP), is the latest and most advanced version of our AI development, reaffirming our commitment to delivering top-tier AI solutions. Skybuffer AI harnesses all the innovative capabilities of the SAP BTP in the AI domain, from Conversational AI to cutting-edge Generative AI and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). It also helps SAP customers safeguard their investments into SAP Conversational AI and ensure a seamless, one-click transition to SAP Business AI.
With Skybuffer AI, various AI models can be integrated into a single communication channel such as Microsoft Teams. This integration empowers business users with insights drawn from SAP backend systems, enterprise documents, and the expansive knowledge of Generative AI. And the best part of it is that it is all managed through our intuitive no-code Action Server interface, requiring no extensive coding knowledge and making the advanced AI accessible to more users.
leewayhertz.com-AI in predictive maintenance Use cases technologies benefits ...alexjohnson7307
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Assessment of effect of prosopis juliflora litter extract on seed germination and growth of rice
1. Food Science and Quality Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-6088 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0557 (Online)
Vol 2, 2011
Assessment of effect of Prosopis juliflora litter extract on
seed germination and growth of rice
Santosh Kumar Mehar (corresponding author)
Department of Botany, College of Sciences,
Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati
Ph.: +91 9490395548, Email: santsohkumar.1@rediffmail.com
Abstract
It has been reported that mesquite (Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.), which is widespread in Saudi Arabia, the
United States of America and India, inhibits the germination or growth of many plant species growing in its
vicinity, through by releasing allelopathic substances into the environment. Due to this Therefore, it has not
been put to good use despite enormous biomass production. The present study was attempted to observed
the effect of aqueous extract of mesquite on the growth of rice seedlings. For this To this end, two different
concentrations of an aqueous extract (0.1 and 1%) of the aqueous extract was were added as treatments and
various parameters of seedling growth like seed germination, root length, shoot length, length and total
number of adventitious roots, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot were recorded. We did not eliminate
the effect of microbial component in our treatments and during incubation (from lasting 1 day to one
week): the phyllosphere microflora had sufficient opportunity to influence the allelopathic outcome after
extract addition. The Our results indicated that except for some treatments, both at low concentrations;
most of the treatments had led to comparable or better growth of seedlings than did the control treatment.
Even when there was less reserve mobilization from seeds during germination; seedlings were able to make
up the loss in due course of time and showed better growth than control.
Key words: Allelopathy, Rice Seedling growth, Prosopis juliflora.
1. Introduction
De Candolle (1832) speculated that some plants specifically noxious weeds exude chemicals
from their roots that are detrimental to the growth of other plants. Later, Molisch (1937) coined the
term allelopathy using it in reference to indicate biochemical interactions, both detrimental and
beneficial, between all types of plants including microorganisms. The concept of allelopathy covered
both detrimental and beneficial reciprocal biochemical interactions. Rice (1974) however differed
from this concept initially and stressed that the term should be used for any direct or indirect harmful
effect of one plant (including microorganisms) on another, through production of chemical
compounds that escape into the environment. Supporting conceptually the same idea as put forth by
Rice, much of the research in allelopathy was centered around the concept of detrimental effects of
one plant on another, through release of chemicals in the environment. But, Khailov (1974) proved
that the effect of any given compound may be inhibitory or stimulatory determined largely by the
concentration of the compound in the surrounding medium. Returning back to Molisch’s idea, later
Rice (1979) also acknowledged the findings of Khailov and further added that many of the important
ecological roles of allelopathy have been overlooked because the concern of many of the researchers
was just for the detrimental effects of added chemicals.
Since allelopathy refers to the effect of a chemical compound added to the environment, it
differs from competition which involves the removal or reduction of some factor (such as water,
minerals, food and light) from the environment that is required by some other plant sharing the
habitat, wherein the factor that is reduced could be water, minerals, food and light. Even then the
confusion remained, this time between allelopathy and competition, because some biologists in some
cases, considered allelopathy to be part of competition. To lessen the confusion, the new term
‘interference’ (given by Muller, 1969) can be used which encompasses both allelopathy and
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competition. Recently Callaway (2002) has considered allelopathy as one form of non resource
interaction among plants.
During the 1970s, allelopathy was used to explain community processes and patterns (Muller,
1969, Rice, 1974, Whittaker & Feeny, 1971), and many times it has been suggested to contribute to
the ability of some exotic plant species to become dominant in invaded plant communities (Abdul-
Wahab & Rice 1967, El-Ghareeb 1991, Fletcher & Renney 1963, Osvald 1948, Vaughan & Berlow
1999, Ridenour & Callaway 2001). It is reported that the invader plants exude some allelochemicals
that are relatively ineffective against long time neighbours in their natural communities but to which
the plants in the invaded communities lack co - evolved tolerance (Callaway & Aschehoug, 2000).
One such plant which is reported to be both invasive and allelopathic (mostly in the detrimental
sense) is mesquite (Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC), which is widespread in Saudi Arabia, United States
of America and India. It is found to inhibit germination or growth of many plant species growing in
its vicinity, through the release of allelopathic substances into the environment (Al – Humaid
&Warrag, 1998, Pandit et al., 1995). Recently Reigosa et al. (1999) assessed the effect of six known
allelopathic phenolic compounds (p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, vanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic
acid, gallic acid and p-vanillin) on seeds of Chenopodium album, Plantago lanceolata, Amaranthus
retroflexus, Solanum nigrum, Cirsium sp. and Rumex crispus. They found that the effects of the
assayed allelochemicals on radicle growth and seed germination were very weak, and suggested that
allelochemical effects can only be important in special situations, mainly in combination with other
competitive effects.
There is suggestion that aqueous extracts derived from non-sterilized soil, leaf litter, and live
leaves soaked in water are more realistic and ecologically relevant (Orr et al., 2005) and that ground
and macerated materials are ecologically less meaningful (Inderjit & Callaway, 2003), for the reason
that they exaggerate the allelopathic effect.
Our earlier findings (Mehar et al., 2002 a, b, c, Mehar et al., 2003, Mehar et al., 2008,
Purohit et al., 2002, Sundaramoorthy et al., 2005) suggest that some of the allelopathic tree species
growing in the Indian desert increase the soil nutrient status, improve soil microbial biomass and
promote the growth of microbial groups. P. juliflora was found to promote the growth of microbial
groups with specific physiological capabilities like degradation of cellulose, lipid, lignin and proteins
even at very low soil moisture levels (Sundaramoorthy et al., 2010) and also promoted the activity of
soil enzymes in the similar low soil moisture conditions (unpublished data). Previously, Sen and
Chawan (1970) observed that the functioning of desert ecosystems is such that whatever toxic
substance is released imparts greater influence at the site of release as leaching does not take place
rapidly because of restricted rainfall. As a result of this, the toxic substances accumulate at higher
concentrations (much higher than in case of availability of water and proper leaching) and could well
be the reason why many of the trees in deserts are recognized as allelopathic. But the situation in
other non-desert ecosystems and areas is different and demands some study to evaluate it for use to
improve the organic matter content of the soil.
P. juliflora grows luxuriantly in all parts of India, producing abundant biomass which is not
put to any use, except for the pods which are fed to cattle; remaining tree biomass is in fact a
problem wherever it is growing, because the biomass is not usable hence people leave it undisturbed,
thereby there is no check to its spreading new areas also. Since the biomass is not used for any other
purpose, and the evidence is there that it can improve the soil nutrient content and microbial activity,
it should be tried in agricultural situations where proper irrigation would dilute the adverse chemical
effect of the litter on the crops. Keeping this in mind I have tried to study the effect of litter of P.
juliflora on rice, which is grown in submerged field conditions in the southern parts of the country. I
have taken Kurnool Sona (BPT 5204) variety of rice as test crop, which is quite popular among the
agrarians of the region and is cultivated in large parts of the Andhra Pradesh, India. To provide the
conditions as natural as possible, in laboratory incubations there was no attempt to prevent the
microbial effect, and the litter was incubated up to 7 days at room temperature to allow the microbes
to degrade it and release whatever intermediate degradation products could be formed during the
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process of decomposition. As reviewed earlier, for laboratory incubations generally macerated litter
and higher concentrations are taken, I have also used the powdered litter for preparation of aqueous
extracts to keep the detrimental allelopahthic effect towards the higher side. The hypothesis is that if,
in these relatively harsh incubation conditions, the seeds germinate and their growth is comparable
with the control treatment, than in field conditions the leaf litter from the mesquite could be used to
ameliorate the soil fertility, thereby reducing if not eliminating the need for chemical fertilizers.
2. Material and methods
Leaf litter in the form of mature leaves from mature trees of P. juliflora growing in and
around Sri Venkateswara University Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh was collected. After collection leaves
were air dried in shade at room temperature. Afterwards 10g of dried leaves were macerated in
200ml of distilled water and kept for incubation at room temperature for different durations i.e. from
1 to 7 days, these are referred as 1DE to 7DE i.e. 1 Day incubation extract to 7 Day incubation
extract, in the text hereafter. At the end of incubation the solution was filtered with double layer of
whatman no. 1 filter paper and the extract was stored at 4o C till use.
Two different dilutions viz. 0.1% and 1%, of the filtered extract were made using distilled
water for dilution and used for the experiment. Rice seeds were surface sterilized with 0.1%
mercuric chloride for 1 min., after which the seeds were washed with distilled water for several
times to remove residual mercuric chloride. Experiment was carried out by taking five seeds, and
placing them on a sheet of whatman no. 1 filter paper in petri dishes (10cm diameter), taking four
replicates for each treatment. The petri dishes were kept under light, illuminated with cool
fluorescent tubes (14.4 W m-2) at 28 ± 2.4o C with a 12hr light and 12hr dark photoperiods. On the
first day of incubation 5 ml of extract was added to completely wet the filter paper, thereafter 3ml
extract was added every day for 15 days.
Observations were made for eight days during the incubation period, and seed germination
rates were recorded taking due care to note the pattern of emergence of radicle and plumule, as to
what emerged first (radicle, plumule or both together). This was felt necessary, because in an earlier
screening experiment it was observed that at higher filtrate concentrations (25% and 50%) the seeds
germinated but the plumule instead of the radicle emerged first. Furthermore, it was observed that it
was the radicle that was worst affected by the treatments with higher concentration of extract. Most
of the seeds germinated within the first 5 days of incubation but the observation continued up to 8
days as seeds in some of the treatments germinated late also. After 15 days the seedlings were
collected and parameters like root length, shoot length, number of adventitious roots, length of
adventitious roots, fresh and dry weight of seedlings were recorded. Strip plot analysis was carried
out taking incubation days and concentration of extract as vertical and horizontal factors
respectively. The analysis of variance was carried out as per Gomez and Gomez (1984).
3. Results and discussion
Seed germination is a widely used parameter in allelopathic bioassays (Rice, 1984), and there
is suggestion to consider the growth of seedlings also which is more responsive to certain categories
of allelochemicals (Einhellig & Rasmussen, 1978). However, some workers found oven dry weight
of radicle (Leather & Einhellig 1985), root length and root weight to be more important (Cope, 1982,
Pederson, 1986). In the present study we have tried to include all these parameters to have an
understanding of the effect of P. juliflora litter on the growth and performance of rice seedlings.
Percent germination calculated on the basis of number of seeds germinating out of the total
seeds ranged from a minimum of 75% (2 DE, 1% filtrate) to 100% in some of the extract treatments
like (2 DE, 0.1% filtrate; 3 DE, 1% filtrate; 6 DE, 1% filtrate; and 7 DE, 0.1% filtrate; see Fig. 1).
Most of the treatments had comparable or slightly better germination performance than the control
treatment.
It was found that germination of seeds did not always result in emergence of the radicle first.
In the control treatment, also 55.5 % of the seeds showed the emergence of radicle first and the
remaining showed emergence of plumule first. But in remaining treatments the situation varied, 83.3
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% of seeds in 1 DE 0.1% treatment showed the first emergence of radicle but in longest incubation at
higher concentration (7 DE 1 %) none of the seed had radicle emerging first (Fig. 2).
Rice is a monocot plant and the main root is relatively short lived. In due course of time the
function of absorption of water and nutrients is taken over by adventitious roots. The number of
adventitious roots emerging out from the seedlings were recorded and the results show that they
varied from 1 to 10; hence they were divided in different frequency classes to have a better
understanding of the effect on growth. Although in control 50% of the seedlings had 2-4 adventitious
roots, on average, the most common frequency class was the one with frequency of adventitious
roots between 4-6 per seedling. This frequency class accommodated 38% of the seeds from all the
treatments, and only 0.8% of the seeds showed the highest number class i.e. 8-10 (Fig. 3) Significant
variation in the number of adventitious roots per seedling due to addition of the filtrate was caused
due to concentration of the treatments (P>1%).
Main root length varied from 3.9 cm (7 DE 1%) to 13 cm (2 DE 1%), while the shoot length
ranged from 7.1 cm (6 DE 0.1%) to 8.8 cm (5 DE 1%). Total number of adventitious roots were
recorded from each seedling and there lengths were also measured individually. 7 Days incubated
extract at the higher dose (7 DE, 1%) had maximum number of adventitious roots i.e. 55 and the
total length of adventitious roots was also maximum in the same treatment (118 cm). Root lengths
being an indicator of seedling growth, the root/shoot ratio values reflect the condition of seedling.
We observed that the ratio was minimum in 7 DE 1% treatment and maximum in the intermediate
incubation treatments viz. 2 DE 1% and 6 DE 0.1 %. The ratio of root length to total length of
adventitious roots indicated that when both the numbers and the total length of adventitious roots
were more, (7 DE 1% treatment), it resulted in minimum value for the ratio i.e. 0.03, while the
maximum ratio was recorded for 5 DE 1% treatment (Table 1).
Minimum shoot fresh weight was recorded in 6 De 0.1% treatment, where it contributed 37%
to the total seedling weight, and maximum values was recorded in 5 DE 1 % treatment (61% of the
total weight of seedling). Incubation period was found to cause significant variation in shoot fresh
weight (P>1%). The contribution of root fresh weight to total seedling weight was lower in both the
control and the other treatments also. The contribution of root fresh weight (total of main and
adventitious roots) ranged from 19% in 4 DE 1% treatment to 25% in 4 DE 0.1% and, 7 DE 1%
treatments. Here it should be noted that the later treatment had the maximum number and length of
adventitious roots. Seeds held from 31% (6 DE 0.1%) to 41% (3 DE 0.1%) of the total fresh weight
of seedling (Table 2).
The results obtained for dry weights suggested that some of the variations observed in the
seedling growth could be due to lack of reserve mobilization from the seeds during germination and
growth process. This is indicated by higher dry weight of the seeds. Shoot dry weight ranged from
0.007 g (control and 1 DE 1%) to 0.009 g in 5 DE 1% treatment. Root dry weight was minimum in 2
DE 0.1% and 6 DE 1% treatment (0.003 g) and rest of the treatments had higher values than this
(Table 2). It was also noted that although some of the treatments had higher values for seed dry
weight, it did not mean that those seedlings were severely affected, instead the comparison suggested
better growth than control in many of them, when other parameters like root length, shoot length,
root and shoot dry weight were considered together. This means that those seedlings which failed to
mobilize reserves from the seeds during germination in the initial period, made up the loss by using
the improved fertility coming from the added litter extract and synthesizing the biomass through
other physiological processes.
Orr et al. (2005) used both intact live leaves collected from living plants and also minced
leaves collected from the same source. They reported that the effect of minced leaves was not always
inhibitory, in fact there was reduction in the number of days to emergence for all species taken as
targets in the study and also the survival of seedling in some cases was marginally increased. The
stimulatory effect on germination and also on the growth of seedlings as observed in our study also
could be due to a fertilizing effect resulting from nutrient release from damaged or decayed tissue (as
P. juliflora is nitrogen fixing also). Similar observations were also reported by Simon and Seated
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(1999). There are other explanations also for the stimulatory effect like release of hormones such as
gibberellins that may stimulate germination (Brady & McCourt, 2003), or a release of toxic
compound that breaks down the seed coat (Cohn 1996).
Some of the studies have attributed the negative effect of litter on target plants to be caused by
soil microbes. Xingjun et al. (2005) studied the effect of Eupatorium adenophorum on the growth of
Broussonetia papyrifera and soil (nutrient content and microbial population). They found that
available N, P and K increased in the treatments. Moreover, when the allelopathic substances were
neutralized by use of activated carbon, it was noticed it had no significant effect on growth. The only
significant variation that they could find after application of allelopathic litter to the soil was that it
changed the composition of soil microbial community. Based on this observation they suggested that
the negative effect if any of the allelopathic plants on the target species is mediated due to change in
the composition of microbial communities, indicating that the microbes inhibiting the growth of
target species were promoted after the treatment. In our study we did not eliminate the effect of
phyllosphere microbes during the incubation of litter for sufficiently long durations. But we did not
notice significant negative effect of extract on seed germination and growth of seedlings.
One more argument put forth by Turner and Rice (1975) is that release of allelochemicals
occurs continuously, affecting the adventitious flora during different physiological stages of their
development and accumulating at certain times at concentrations high enough to reduce plant
development. In our study as mentioned in the materials and methods section, the extract addition
was continuous (3ml extract added each day), and in fact seedlings were exposed to increasingly
higher concentrations of extract. Hence, whatever reduction in growth parameters of seedlings was
there, could be attributed to the cumulative effect of extract addition which cannot be the case, when
the litter is added in the fields for a limited number of times. Hence I would suggest that the concept
of allelopathy should be looked at with broad perspective and attempts should be made to harness
the available biomass of allelopathic tree and herb species in the form of organic amendments to soil
so that we can reduce our dependence on the chemical fertilizers. For farmers with limited resources
it is otherwise also not possible to spare money for chemical fertilizers, besides search for
alternatives of chemical fertilizers becomes more pertinent when we take into account the adverse
effects of chemical fertilizers on soil microbial functioning.
4. References
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