Running head CRITIQUE QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS.docxtodd271
Running head: CRITIQUE QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS DESIGN
5
CRITIQUE OF QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS DESIGN
Critiquing Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Methods Studies
Adenike George
Walden University
NURS 6052: Essentials of Evidence-Based Practice
April 11, 2019
Critique of Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Method Design
Both quantitative and qualitative methods play a pivotal role in nursing research. Qualitative research helps nurses and other healthcare workers to understand the experiences of the patients on health and illness. Quantitative data allows researchers to use an accurate approach in data collection and analysis. When using quantitative techniques, data can be analyzed using either descriptive statistics or inferential statistics which allows the researchers to derive important facts like demographics, preference trends, and differences between the groups. The paper comprehensively critiques quantitative and quantitative techniques of research. Furthermore, the author will also give reasons as to why qualitative methods should be regarded as scientific.
The overall value of quantitative and Qualitative Research
Quantitative studies allow the researchers to present data in terms of numbers. Since data is in numeric form, researchers can apply statistical techniques in analyzing it. These include descriptive statistics like mean, mode, median, standard deviation and inferential statistics such as ANOVA, t-tests, correlation and regression analysis. Statistical analysis allows us to derive important facts from data such as preference trends, demographics, and differences between groups. For instance, by conducting a mixed methods study to determine the feeding experiences of infants among teen mothers in North Carolina, Tucker and colleagues were able to compare breastfeeding trends among various population groups. The multiple groups compared were likely to initiate breastfeeding as follows: Hispanic teens 89%, Black American teens 41%, and White teens 52% (Tucker et al., 2011).
The high strength of quantitative analysis lies in providing data that is descriptive. The descriptive statistics helps us to capture a snapshot of the population. When analyzed appropriate, the descriptive data enables us to make general conclusions concerning the population. For instance, through detailed data analysis, Tucker and co-researchers were able to observe that there were a large number of adolescents who ceased breastfeeding within the first month drawing the need for nurses to conduct individualized follow-ups the early days after hospital discharge. These follow-ups would significantly assist in addressing the conventional technical problems and offer support in managing back to school transition (Tucker et al., 2011).
Qualitative research allows researchers to determine the client’s perspective on healthcare. It enables researchers to observe certain behaviors and experiences amo.
DNP-816 Analysis & Applic of Health Data for ANPSTATISTICS QUIZ.docxgreg1eden90113
DNP-816: Analysis & Applic of Health Data for ANP
STATISTICS QUIZE
1. Which of the following research designs includes both an intervention and randomization?
Group of answer choices
Grounded theory research
Non-experimental research
Time series design
Experimental research
2. What is the initial question the researcher should ask when selecting a research design for a particular study?
Group of answer choices
What is the norm in the research topic area?
What type of data analysis techniques will be used?
What instruments will be used to measure the variables in the study?
What is the primary purpose of the study?
3. Which of the following research questions is the appropriate question for a correlational research design?
Group of answer choices
What is the experience of women with hyperthyroidism and resolution of sypmtoms after treatment?
What is the relationship between amount of exercise/week and arthralgia in women with estrogen receptor positive breast cancer who are being treated with an aromatase inhibitor?
What is the prevalence of heroin addiction amongst adults ages 18-45 in the Greater Cincinnati region?
In patients undergoing a total hip arthroplasty, which of the following treatments is most effective in the decolonization of MRSA: preoperative povidone iodine or posteroperative mupirocin?
4. Match the types of quantitative research listed below with the sample study titles.
Group of answer choices
Descriptive research
Correlational research
Quasi-experimental research
Experimental research
5. Bias is a term used to indicate that data in a study are being distorted or slanted away from reality by some influencing factor. Which of the following is true about bias in research?
Group of answer choices
Instruments that are valid for measuring the identified variables are a source of bias.
The researcher can not be a source of bias in a study because he/she is in control
Preconcieved ideas about what the finding of a study will be may lead to bias in intrepreting data.
It is the same as manipulation because the researcher determines the treatment to be given.
6. Manipulation is a term used in quasi and experimental research to mean:
Group of answer choices
An underhanded strategy designed to make subject behave as the researcher wants them to.
Controlling the environment in which the research takes place
An intervention or treatment introduced by the researcher to assess its impact on the dependent variable.
The ability of the researcher to be able to handle or use the equpiment needed to collect data in the study
7. We do not know whether the pattern of results found in our samples accurately reflects what is happening in the population or if it is the result of what type of error?
Group of answer choices
Representative
Distribution
Sampling
Mean
8. Extraneous variables may be controlled by:
Group of answer choices
Using a natural clinical setting
Selecting individuals that are relatively alike in relation to var.
An Internet questionnaire to identify Drug seeking behavior in a patient in t...Nelson Hendler
Drug seeking behavior in patients with little or no real pain, has led to the opioid crisis. Until now, there was no reliable method for detecting drug seeking behavior. The Pain Validity Test from www.MarylandClinicalDiagnostics.com can predict with 95% accuracy who will have medical test abnormalities, i.e. who has a valid complaint of pain, and predicts with 85%-100% accuracy who will not have any medical test abnormalities, i.e. who is faking and drug seeking. The Pain Validity Test has been admitted as evidence in over 30 legal cases in 8 states.
Pain Validity Test to detect drug seeking behaviorNelson Hendler
The Pain Validity Test predicts which patient will have medical test abnormalities with 95% accuracy, thereby validating their complaint of pain. The Pain Validity Test also predicts with 85%-100% accuracy who will not have medical test abnormalities, thereby detecting drug seeking behavior, faking and malingering.
Pain Validity Test identifies drug seeking behavior. Stop opioid abuse. Prote...Nelson Hendler
Physician prescribing practices are under constant scrutiny. An Internet questionnaire will predict if a patient will have a medical test abnormality with 95% accuracy, and 100% if the patient will not. This Pain Validity Test can be used to detect drug seeking behavior in patients, at a far high level of accuracy than tests currently in use (34.4%-48.2% accuracy).. The Pain Validity test has been admitted as evidence in 30 cases in 9 states.
Running head CRITIQUE QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS.docxtodd271
Running head: CRITIQUE QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS DESIGN
5
CRITIQUE OF QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS DESIGN
Critiquing Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Methods Studies
Adenike George
Walden University
NURS 6052: Essentials of Evidence-Based Practice
April 11, 2019
Critique of Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Method Design
Both quantitative and qualitative methods play a pivotal role in nursing research. Qualitative research helps nurses and other healthcare workers to understand the experiences of the patients on health and illness. Quantitative data allows researchers to use an accurate approach in data collection and analysis. When using quantitative techniques, data can be analyzed using either descriptive statistics or inferential statistics which allows the researchers to derive important facts like demographics, preference trends, and differences between the groups. The paper comprehensively critiques quantitative and quantitative techniques of research. Furthermore, the author will also give reasons as to why qualitative methods should be regarded as scientific.
The overall value of quantitative and Qualitative Research
Quantitative studies allow the researchers to present data in terms of numbers. Since data is in numeric form, researchers can apply statistical techniques in analyzing it. These include descriptive statistics like mean, mode, median, standard deviation and inferential statistics such as ANOVA, t-tests, correlation and regression analysis. Statistical analysis allows us to derive important facts from data such as preference trends, demographics, and differences between groups. For instance, by conducting a mixed methods study to determine the feeding experiences of infants among teen mothers in North Carolina, Tucker and colleagues were able to compare breastfeeding trends among various population groups. The multiple groups compared were likely to initiate breastfeeding as follows: Hispanic teens 89%, Black American teens 41%, and White teens 52% (Tucker et al., 2011).
The high strength of quantitative analysis lies in providing data that is descriptive. The descriptive statistics helps us to capture a snapshot of the population. When analyzed appropriate, the descriptive data enables us to make general conclusions concerning the population. For instance, through detailed data analysis, Tucker and co-researchers were able to observe that there were a large number of adolescents who ceased breastfeeding within the first month drawing the need for nurses to conduct individualized follow-ups the early days after hospital discharge. These follow-ups would significantly assist in addressing the conventional technical problems and offer support in managing back to school transition (Tucker et al., 2011).
Qualitative research allows researchers to determine the client’s perspective on healthcare. It enables researchers to observe certain behaviors and experiences amo.
DNP-816 Analysis & Applic of Health Data for ANPSTATISTICS QUIZ.docxgreg1eden90113
DNP-816: Analysis & Applic of Health Data for ANP
STATISTICS QUIZE
1. Which of the following research designs includes both an intervention and randomization?
Group of answer choices
Grounded theory research
Non-experimental research
Time series design
Experimental research
2. What is the initial question the researcher should ask when selecting a research design for a particular study?
Group of answer choices
What is the norm in the research topic area?
What type of data analysis techniques will be used?
What instruments will be used to measure the variables in the study?
What is the primary purpose of the study?
3. Which of the following research questions is the appropriate question for a correlational research design?
Group of answer choices
What is the experience of women with hyperthyroidism and resolution of sypmtoms after treatment?
What is the relationship between amount of exercise/week and arthralgia in women with estrogen receptor positive breast cancer who are being treated with an aromatase inhibitor?
What is the prevalence of heroin addiction amongst adults ages 18-45 in the Greater Cincinnati region?
In patients undergoing a total hip arthroplasty, which of the following treatments is most effective in the decolonization of MRSA: preoperative povidone iodine or posteroperative mupirocin?
4. Match the types of quantitative research listed below with the sample study titles.
Group of answer choices
Descriptive research
Correlational research
Quasi-experimental research
Experimental research
5. Bias is a term used to indicate that data in a study are being distorted or slanted away from reality by some influencing factor. Which of the following is true about bias in research?
Group of answer choices
Instruments that are valid for measuring the identified variables are a source of bias.
The researcher can not be a source of bias in a study because he/she is in control
Preconcieved ideas about what the finding of a study will be may lead to bias in intrepreting data.
It is the same as manipulation because the researcher determines the treatment to be given.
6. Manipulation is a term used in quasi and experimental research to mean:
Group of answer choices
An underhanded strategy designed to make subject behave as the researcher wants them to.
Controlling the environment in which the research takes place
An intervention or treatment introduced by the researcher to assess its impact on the dependent variable.
The ability of the researcher to be able to handle or use the equpiment needed to collect data in the study
7. We do not know whether the pattern of results found in our samples accurately reflects what is happening in the population or if it is the result of what type of error?
Group of answer choices
Representative
Distribution
Sampling
Mean
8. Extraneous variables may be controlled by:
Group of answer choices
Using a natural clinical setting
Selecting individuals that are relatively alike in relation to var.
An Internet questionnaire to identify Drug seeking behavior in a patient in t...Nelson Hendler
Drug seeking behavior in patients with little or no real pain, has led to the opioid crisis. Until now, there was no reliable method for detecting drug seeking behavior. The Pain Validity Test from www.MarylandClinicalDiagnostics.com can predict with 95% accuracy who will have medical test abnormalities, i.e. who has a valid complaint of pain, and predicts with 85%-100% accuracy who will not have any medical test abnormalities, i.e. who is faking and drug seeking. The Pain Validity Test has been admitted as evidence in over 30 legal cases in 8 states.
Pain Validity Test to detect drug seeking behaviorNelson Hendler
The Pain Validity Test predicts which patient will have medical test abnormalities with 95% accuracy, thereby validating their complaint of pain. The Pain Validity Test also predicts with 85%-100% accuracy who will not have medical test abnormalities, thereby detecting drug seeking behavior, faking and malingering.
Pain Validity Test identifies drug seeking behavior. Stop opioid abuse. Prote...Nelson Hendler
Physician prescribing practices are under constant scrutiny. An Internet questionnaire will predict if a patient will have a medical test abnormality with 95% accuracy, and 100% if the patient will not. This Pain Validity Test can be used to detect drug seeking behavior in patients, at a far high level of accuracy than tests currently in use (34.4%-48.2% accuracy).. The Pain Validity test has been admitted as evidence in 30 cases in 9 states.
Module 3 Assignment: Pinch Table Template
PINCH Table
Research Problem (identify a gap in the literature): Postpartum depression is a major concern that can sometimes be overlooked. Finding new ways to reach out to patients should be considered and investigated. Low-income patients may not have access to transportation, or they may have other reasons for not coming into their doctor appointments. “Low income and minority women are at particularly high risk for unrecognized and untreated postpartum depression” (Kim, Geppert, Quan, Bracha, Lupo, & Cutt, 2012, p. 123). There should be further research and alternatives studied to help provide options and interventions for patients in need of further assistance.
Author
Study Purpose
Sample (N=xx) and
Demographics
Study Design type (describe in detail)
& Variables (List variables and label as Research, IV, DV)
Measurement methods of variables (tools, surveys or scales)
Major Study Findings / Results
(include some statistics and whether they are significant or not)
Notes
Study: Screening for Postpartum Depression Among Low-Income Mothers Using an Interactive Voice Response System
H. G. Kim was a part of the Department of Psychiatry, Hennepin Women’s Mental Health Program, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis,
J. Geppert, T. Quan D. B. Cutts- Department of Pediatrics, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Y. Bracha- Center for Urban Health, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
V. Lupo-Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
“The purpose of this current study was to test the feasibility of using an automated phone screen for postpartum depression that low income mothers access remotely outside their clinic visits” (Kim, Geppert, Quan, Bracha, Lupo, & Cutt, 2012, p. 922).
Postpartum depression can affect 7-25% of new mothers within the first year after delivery of their baby (Kim et. al, 2012).
1,591 patients who recently delivered at Hennepin County Medical Center (HCMC) were approached.
1,013 (63.7%) signed consent to participate and completed the basic baseline demographic questionnaire. For initial sample, 70 mothers who were native-born Africans were not included in study due to lack of knowledge regarding their English literacy skills. 105 were also not included due to having private insurance. The final number of participants was 838, this included patients on Medical Assistance or who had no insurance. 324 study subjects used the automated phone screening system (Kim et. al., 2012).
The study was considered to be racially and ethnically diverse. -The study consisted of 26% African American, 51% Latina, 15% Caucasian, and 8% other.
-85% were >20 years old
-64% married
-50% had at least a high school diploma or GED
-38% were first time moms
-Most of the study participants were low-income: 74% were unemployed (Kim et. al., 2012).
-61 people out of 838 participated in the 3 month follow up s ...
PUBH6005: Epidemiology
Assignment- 3
Critical Appraisal Essay
Title: To find the association between use of tobacco and alcohol and head and
neck/ Oral Cancer in South East Asia.
Name of student: Rajwant Kaur
Student ID: 00275380T
Name of topic co-ordinator: Dr. Bhawna Gupta
Topic: PUBH6005: Epidemiology
Introduction
The major risk factors for head and neck cancers are tobacco and alcohol consumption. Smoking
and alcohol are independent risk factor for head and neck cancer. Tobacco use can be chewing
tobacco, snuff and smoking tobacco. At least 75% of head and neck cancers are caused by
tobacco and alcohol use (NIH 2017). In developing countries like Southeast Asia, tobacco is used
in many forms along with alcohol consumptions. Areca nuts and betel leaf with or without
tobacco also cause cancers Other factors also increase the vulnerability of people for cancers
such as low education, low family income, poor oral hygiene and environment (Priebe et al.,
2008).
Awareness is virtually non-existence in the developing countries of Southeast Asia and therefore
people with rising affluence tend to buy more of tobacco products and thus increase their risks
for cancer. To prevent the cancers, the health organizations and health professionals should
focus on educating the people through various means to quit habits of tobacco use and alcohol
consumption. Regular screening is also important to detect the cancer at early stage (Priebe et
al., 2008).
Methodology
Method:
Three selected papers were evaluated and explained by NHMRC form, in which level of evidence,
bias, confounding factors and chances, clinical impacts, applicability are defined. CASP
framework with checklist that can explain or support in analyzing and justifying the questions
and characteristics.
Search strategy:
Before commencing critical appraisal of studies, I did systematic review on our research question
about identifying the association between use of tobacco and alcohol and head and neck/ Oral
Cancer in South East Asia. Systematic reviews apply strategies for eliminating biases and random
errors. They adhere to a scientific design for offering reliable, reproducible and defensible
conclusions. The evidences use more rigorous methodology /designs that minimize bias.
Systematic reviews incorporate results of multiple studies (Guide, 2018).
The literature search covered the studies applying alternative terminologies, like the terms sed
for education on cancer include Recommendation, Internet-based intervention on cancer,
teletherapy, etc.
Databases:
The databases used in the research include (1) Cochrane Library (Cochrane Database of
Systematic Reviews), (2) CINAHL Plus with full text (3) MEDLINE via PubMed (4) EBSCOhost, (5)
Ovid, and (6) ProQuest. I searched 105 studies, out of which three studies are selected, which are
identifies as the most compatible with the rese ...
PUBH6005: Epidemiology
Assignment- 3
Critical Appraisal Essay
Title: To find the association between use of tobacco and alcohol and head and
neck/ Oral Cancer in South East Asia.
Name of student: Rajwant Kaur
Student ID: 00275380T
Name of topic co-ordinator: Dr. Bhawna Gupta
Topic: PUBH6005: Epidemiology
Introduction
The major risk factors for head and neck cancers are tobacco and alcohol consumption. Smoking
and alcohol are independent risk factor for head and neck cancer. Tobacco use can be chewing
tobacco, snuff and smoking tobacco. At least 75% of head and neck cancers are caused by
tobacco and alcohol use (NIH 2017). In developing countries like Southeast Asia, tobacco is used
in many forms along with alcohol consumptions. Areca nuts and betel leaf with or without
tobacco also cause cancers Other factors also increase the vulnerability of people for cancers
such as low education, low family income, poor oral hygiene and environment (Priebe et al.,
2008).
Awareness is virtually non-existence in the developing countries of Southeast Asia and therefore
people with rising affluence tend to buy more of tobacco products and thus increase their risks
for cancer. To prevent the cancers, the health organizations and health professionals should
focus on educating the people through various means to quit habits of tobacco use and alcohol
consumption. Regular screening is also important to detect the cancer at early stage (Priebe et
al., 2008).
Methodology
Method:
Three selected papers were evaluated and explained by NHMRC form, in which level of evidence,
bias, confounding factors and chances, clinical impacts, applicability are defined. CASP
framework with checklist that can explain or support in analyzing and justifying the questions
and characteristics.
Search strategy:
Before commencing critical appraisal of studies, I did systematic review on our research question
about identifying the association between use of tobacco and alcohol and head and neck/ Oral
Cancer in South East Asia. Systematic reviews apply strategies for eliminating biases and random
errors. They adhere to a scientific design for offering reliable, reproducible and defensible
conclusions. The evidences use more rigorous methodology /designs that minimize bias.
Systematic reviews incorporate results of multiple studies (Guide, 2018).
The literature search covered the studies applying alternative terminologies, like the terms sed
for education on cancer include Recommendation, Internet-based intervention on cancer,
teletherapy, etc.
Databases:
The databases used in the research include (1) Cochrane Library (Cochrane Database of
Systematic Reviews), (2) CINAHL Plus with full text (3) MEDLINE via PubMed (4) EBSCOhost, (5)
Ovid, and (6) ProQuest. I searched 105 studies, out of which three studies are selected, which are
identifies as the most compatible with the rese ...
Traditionally, physicians recruited clinical trial subjects, but pharmaceutical companies have become ever more involved through centralized campaigns. Physicians are vital to a trial and the pharmaceutical effort helps shift some of the recruitment demands away from the site to allow them to focus on the subjects. Thus, it is practical to understand if different recruitment methods could change or skew the study population. This study determines if differences or similarities occurred between subjects recruited by physicians and pharmaceutical companies. It discovered that some of both occurred. The pharmaceutical company efforts helped recruit potential subjects from the general population that were similar to subjects recruited by the physicians, but this particular campaign was limited by language which affected recruitment of Hispanic subjects. The social impact of this study provides insight about pharmaceutical company recruitment. Since the National Library of Medicine has indicated that clinical trials should reflect the broader diseased population, the efforts of the pharmaceutical company can help support the physicians’ efforts by recruiting from the broader population. Together, both efforts can create a global good by allowing the trial to reflect the population of post-approval use. These findings still raise a question about the proper balance between the two recruitment groups so that the intended characteristics of the diseased population are maintained. Because differences between physician and pharmaceutical recruited subjects can exist, the potential of one group to bias the trial results exist. As such, some analysis by recruitment method can help ensure that variations in the study population are minimal without skewing the data to create positive study results.
Into the Vast Unknown: Early Lessons from a PrEP Demonstration Project in Cis-gender Women in Southern California
Jill Blumenthal MD
August 25th, 2017
UCSD HIV & Global Health Rounds
Module 3 Assignment: Pinch Table Template
PINCH Table
Research Problem (identify a gap in the literature): Postpartum depression is a major concern that can sometimes be overlooked. Finding new ways to reach out to patients should be considered and investigated. Low-income patients may not have access to transportation, or they may have other reasons for not coming into their doctor appointments. “Low income and minority women are at particularly high risk for unrecognized and untreated postpartum depression” (Kim, Geppert, Quan, Bracha, Lupo, & Cutt, 2012, p. 123). There should be further research and alternatives studied to help provide options and interventions for patients in need of further assistance.
Author
Study Purpose
Sample (N=xx) and
Demographics
Study Design type (describe in detail)
& Variables (List variables and label as Research, IV, DV)
Measurement methods of variables (tools, surveys or scales)
Major Study Findings / Results
(include some statistics and whether they are significant or not)
Notes
Study: Screening for Postpartum Depression Among Low-Income Mothers Using an Interactive Voice Response System
H. G. Kim was a part of the Department of Psychiatry, Hennepin Women’s Mental Health Program, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis,
J. Geppert, T. Quan D. B. Cutts- Department of Pediatrics, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Y. Bracha- Center for Urban Health, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
V. Lupo-Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
“The purpose of this current study was to test the feasibility of using an automated phone screen for postpartum depression that low income mothers access remotely outside their clinic visits” (Kim, Geppert, Quan, Bracha, Lupo, & Cutt, 2012, p. 922).
Postpartum depression can affect 7-25% of new mothers within the first year after delivery of their baby (Kim et. al, 2012).
1,591 patients who recently delivered at Hennepin County Medical Center (HCMC) were approached.
1,013 (63.7%) signed consent to participate and completed the basic baseline demographic questionnaire. For initial sample, 70 mothers who were native-born Africans were not included in study due to lack of knowledge regarding their English literacy skills. 105 were also not included due to having private insurance. The final number of participants was 838, this included patients on Medical Assistance or who had no insurance. 324 study subjects used the automated phone screening system (Kim et. al., 2012).
The study was considered to be racially and ethnically diverse. -The study consisted of 26% African American, 51% Latina, 15% Caucasian, and 8% other.
-85% were >20 years old
-64% married
-50% had at least a high school diploma or GED
-38% were first time moms
-Most of the study participants were low-income: 74% were unemployed (Kim et. al., 2012).
-61 people out of 838 participated in the 3 month follow up s ...
PUBH6005: Epidemiology
Assignment- 3
Critical Appraisal Essay
Title: To find the association between use of tobacco and alcohol and head and
neck/ Oral Cancer in South East Asia.
Name of student: Rajwant Kaur
Student ID: 00275380T
Name of topic co-ordinator: Dr. Bhawna Gupta
Topic: PUBH6005: Epidemiology
Introduction
The major risk factors for head and neck cancers are tobacco and alcohol consumption. Smoking
and alcohol are independent risk factor for head and neck cancer. Tobacco use can be chewing
tobacco, snuff and smoking tobacco. At least 75% of head and neck cancers are caused by
tobacco and alcohol use (NIH 2017). In developing countries like Southeast Asia, tobacco is used
in many forms along with alcohol consumptions. Areca nuts and betel leaf with or without
tobacco also cause cancers Other factors also increase the vulnerability of people for cancers
such as low education, low family income, poor oral hygiene and environment (Priebe et al.,
2008).
Awareness is virtually non-existence in the developing countries of Southeast Asia and therefore
people with rising affluence tend to buy more of tobacco products and thus increase their risks
for cancer. To prevent the cancers, the health organizations and health professionals should
focus on educating the people through various means to quit habits of tobacco use and alcohol
consumption. Regular screening is also important to detect the cancer at early stage (Priebe et
al., 2008).
Methodology
Method:
Three selected papers were evaluated and explained by NHMRC form, in which level of evidence,
bias, confounding factors and chances, clinical impacts, applicability are defined. CASP
framework with checklist that can explain or support in analyzing and justifying the questions
and characteristics.
Search strategy:
Before commencing critical appraisal of studies, I did systematic review on our research question
about identifying the association between use of tobacco and alcohol and head and neck/ Oral
Cancer in South East Asia. Systematic reviews apply strategies for eliminating biases and random
errors. They adhere to a scientific design for offering reliable, reproducible and defensible
conclusions. The evidences use more rigorous methodology /designs that minimize bias.
Systematic reviews incorporate results of multiple studies (Guide, 2018).
The literature search covered the studies applying alternative terminologies, like the terms sed
for education on cancer include Recommendation, Internet-based intervention on cancer,
teletherapy, etc.
Databases:
The databases used in the research include (1) Cochrane Library (Cochrane Database of
Systematic Reviews), (2) CINAHL Plus with full text (3) MEDLINE via PubMed (4) EBSCOhost, (5)
Ovid, and (6) ProQuest. I searched 105 studies, out of which three studies are selected, which are
identifies as the most compatible with the rese ...
PUBH6005: Epidemiology
Assignment- 3
Critical Appraisal Essay
Title: To find the association between use of tobacco and alcohol and head and
neck/ Oral Cancer in South East Asia.
Name of student: Rajwant Kaur
Student ID: 00275380T
Name of topic co-ordinator: Dr. Bhawna Gupta
Topic: PUBH6005: Epidemiology
Introduction
The major risk factors for head and neck cancers are tobacco and alcohol consumption. Smoking
and alcohol are independent risk factor for head and neck cancer. Tobacco use can be chewing
tobacco, snuff and smoking tobacco. At least 75% of head and neck cancers are caused by
tobacco and alcohol use (NIH 2017). In developing countries like Southeast Asia, tobacco is used
in many forms along with alcohol consumptions. Areca nuts and betel leaf with or without
tobacco also cause cancers Other factors also increase the vulnerability of people for cancers
such as low education, low family income, poor oral hygiene and environment (Priebe et al.,
2008).
Awareness is virtually non-existence in the developing countries of Southeast Asia and therefore
people with rising affluence tend to buy more of tobacco products and thus increase their risks
for cancer. To prevent the cancers, the health organizations and health professionals should
focus on educating the people through various means to quit habits of tobacco use and alcohol
consumption. Regular screening is also important to detect the cancer at early stage (Priebe et
al., 2008).
Methodology
Method:
Three selected papers were evaluated and explained by NHMRC form, in which level of evidence,
bias, confounding factors and chances, clinical impacts, applicability are defined. CASP
framework with checklist that can explain or support in analyzing and justifying the questions
and characteristics.
Search strategy:
Before commencing critical appraisal of studies, I did systematic review on our research question
about identifying the association between use of tobacco and alcohol and head and neck/ Oral
Cancer in South East Asia. Systematic reviews apply strategies for eliminating biases and random
errors. They adhere to a scientific design for offering reliable, reproducible and defensible
conclusions. The evidences use more rigorous methodology /designs that minimize bias.
Systematic reviews incorporate results of multiple studies (Guide, 2018).
The literature search covered the studies applying alternative terminologies, like the terms sed
for education on cancer include Recommendation, Internet-based intervention on cancer,
teletherapy, etc.
Databases:
The databases used in the research include (1) Cochrane Library (Cochrane Database of
Systematic Reviews), (2) CINAHL Plus with full text (3) MEDLINE via PubMed (4) EBSCOhost, (5)
Ovid, and (6) ProQuest. I searched 105 studies, out of which three studies are selected, which are
identifies as the most compatible with the rese ...
Traditionally, physicians recruited clinical trial subjects, but pharmaceutical companies have become ever more involved through centralized campaigns. Physicians are vital to a trial and the pharmaceutical effort helps shift some of the recruitment demands away from the site to allow them to focus on the subjects. Thus, it is practical to understand if different recruitment methods could change or skew the study population. This study determines if differences or similarities occurred between subjects recruited by physicians and pharmaceutical companies. It discovered that some of both occurred. The pharmaceutical company efforts helped recruit potential subjects from the general population that were similar to subjects recruited by the physicians, but this particular campaign was limited by language which affected recruitment of Hispanic subjects. The social impact of this study provides insight about pharmaceutical company recruitment. Since the National Library of Medicine has indicated that clinical trials should reflect the broader diseased population, the efforts of the pharmaceutical company can help support the physicians’ efforts by recruiting from the broader population. Together, both efforts can create a global good by allowing the trial to reflect the population of post-approval use. These findings still raise a question about the proper balance between the two recruitment groups so that the intended characteristics of the diseased population are maintained. Because differences between physician and pharmaceutical recruited subjects can exist, the potential of one group to bias the trial results exist. As such, some analysis by recruitment method can help ensure that variations in the study population are minimal without skewing the data to create positive study results.
Into the Vast Unknown: Early Lessons from a PrEP Demonstration Project in Cis-gender Women in Southern California
Jill Blumenthal MD
August 25th, 2017
UCSD HIV & Global Health Rounds
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
1. Assessment of eating disorders
Comparison of interview and questionnaire data from a long-term
follow-up study of bulimia nervosa
Pamela K. Keel*, Scott Crow, Traci L. Davis, James E. Mitchell
Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Harvard University, Cambridge, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis,
and University of North Dakota and Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, USA
Abstract
Objective: This paper examines diagnostic agreement between
interview and questionnaire assessments of women participating in a
long-term follow-up study of bulimia nervosa. Methods: Women
(N = 162) completed follow-up evaluations comprising question-
naires and either face-to-face or telephone interviews. Results:
Consistent with previous research, rates of eating disorders were
higher when assessed by questionnaire than when assessed by
interview; however, rates of full bulimia nervosa were similar.
Overall diagnostic agreement was adequate for eating disorders
(k=.64) but poor for bulimia nervosa (k=.49), with greater agreement
between questionnaires and telephone interviews (k’s range: .67–
.71) than between questionnaires and face-to-face interviews (k’s
range: .35–.58). Conclusion: Findings support the possibility that
increased rates of eating pathology on questionnaire assessments
may be due, in part, to increased candor when participants feel more
anonymous. Questionnaire assessments may not be inferior to
interview assessments; they may reveal different aspects of
disordered eating. D 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Eating disorders; Bulimia nervosa; Assessment
Introduction
Because eating disorders are associated with lifetime
prevalence estimates between 0.5% and 3.0% of adolescent
and young adult women [1], community-based studies of
eating disorders require large samples in order to ensure
adequate power for analyses. This is particularly true for
studies wishing to evaluate eating disorders in males as well
as females, as only 10% of anorexia and bulimia nervosa
occur in men [1]. However, it is cumbersome and expensive
to conduct individual clinical interviews with large samples.
Thus, many large (e.g., > 1000 participants) community-
based studies of eating pathology in females and males
have relied on questionnaire assessments [2–7], although
there are some exceptions [8].
Questionnaire assessments of eating pathology have been
designed to reflect the DSM diagnostic criteria for eating
disorders [9–13]. Comparison of such surveys and inter-
view data suggests that these surveys demonstrate high
sensitivity (few false negatives) but lower specificity
(greater false positives) [10,12]. French and colleagues
[10] utilized a survey of disordered eating and dieting in a
school-based sample of adolescents and then conducted
a semistructured expert interview of eating pathology in a
subsample of 43 students. They used the percentage of all
cases that were identified by interviews and detected by
surveys (detection fraction) as a measure of survey sens-
itivity and they used the percentage of all cases identified by
survey and confirmed by interviews (confirmation fraction)
as a measure of survey specificity. The range for detection
fractions was 69.2–100% across the following behaviors:
dieting, vomiting, diet pills, laxatives, fasting and binge
eating, indicating that a very high percentage of cases
identified by interview were detected by the self-report
survey. Conversely, the range for confirmation fractions
was 13.6–66.6% for the following behaviors: dieting,
vomiting, diet pills, fasting and binge eating, indicating
only moderate confirmation of self-reported behaviors dur-
ing the interview. In a study utilizing a similar survey
0022-3999/02/$ – see front matter D 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
PII: S0022-3999(02)00491-9
* Corresponding author. 1320 William James Hall, 33 Kirkland Street,
Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Tel.: +1-617-495-5592; fax: +1-617-495-
4990.
E-mail address: pkeel@wjh.harvard.edu (P.K. Keel).
Journal of Psychosomatic Research 53 (2002) 1043–1047
2. measure, Leon et al. [12] found that self-report surveys
utilized to diagnose eating disorders (anorexia nervosa,
bulimia nervosa and EDNOS) demonstrated a 95% detec-
tion fraction and a 53% confirmation fraction when com-
pared to semistructured interviews. A combination of high
sensitivity and lower specificity would explain the increased
prevalence of eating disorders when assessed by question-
naire vs. interview [14].
Factors that may increase false positives on surveys
include failure to ask questions concerning necessary
diagnostic criteria, confusing questions or lay definitions
that differ from clinical definitions and are over-inclusive.
For example, women from the community described 42%
of their subjective binge episodes (assessed by the Eating
Disorders Examination clinical interview) as ‘‘binge epi-
sodes’’ even though these would not meet DSM-IV
criteria for a binge episode [15]. Unlike questionnaires,
interviews provide additional opportunities to clarify ques-
tions and ensure the application of clinical definitions.
However, explanations of low questionnaire specificity are
predicated on the assumption that clinical interviews are
superior to questionnaire assessments. French et al. [10]
posited that participants may provide more candid
responses on questionnaires because they feel greater
anonymity. This could explain the increased proportion
of individuals reporting disordered eating on surveys than
in interviews. If this were true, then data from previous
studies [10,12] could be interpreted as representing poor
sensitivity in interviews rather than poor specificity of
questionnaires. French et al. [10] concluded that more
research is required to understand whether respondents
over-report disordered eating on questionnaires or whether
they are ‘‘less willing to disclose such practices in a
private interview’’ (p. 45).
The purpose of this study was to compare diagnoses of
bulimia nervosa and eating disorders based on question-
naire and interview assessments in a large sample of
women diagnosed with bulimia nervosa more than ten
years previously. This sample provided a useful group to
study because rates of eating pathology would be higher
than in a community-based sample and greater balance in
the distribution of the dependent variable increases stat-
istical power. Further, interview assessments were con-
ducted both in person and over the telephone for this
sample. Mitchell et al. [16] suggested that participants
may be more willing to report eating problems over the
phone than in a face-to-face interviews. Thus, two levels
of perceived anonymity (face-to-face vs. telephone) were
present for interview assessments. All questionnaires were
completed in private within the same month of interview
assessment. If feelings of embarrassment or shame reduce
reporting of eating disorder symptoms in an interview
compared to a questionnaire, then we would predict a
higher level of agreement between questionnaires and
telephone interviews and than between questionnaires
and face-to-face interviews.
Methods
Subjects
Subjects for the present study were initially evaluated in
the University of Minnesota’s Eating Disorders Clinic and
diagnosed with bulimia nervosa between 1981 and 1987 as
part of one of two studies [16,17]. Follow-up assessments
occurred more than a decade after presentation (mean
[S.D.] length of follow-up = 11.5 [1.9] years). At baseline,
all subjects were required to meet DSM-III criteria for
bulimia, with the additional criterion of binge eating
coupled with self-induced vomiting or laxative abuse at a
minimum frequency of three times each week for 6 months
before evaluation. Additional baseline inclusion and exclu-
sion criteria for these subjects are presented in the original
papers [16,17]. Of the 222 subjects sought for participa-
tion, 22 (9.9%) could not be located, 1 (0.5%) was
deceased, 1 (0.5%) was severely disabled and 21 (9.5%)
either declined participation or did not complete participa-
tion before data collection ended. Thus, 177 women
participated in follow-up assessments representing 80.5%
of the total sample excepting those individuals unable to
participate due to death or disability. The ascertainment
rate was 90.1%. Subjects who participated did not differ
from subjects who did not participate on any baseline
variables (specific results are reported elsewhere [18]).
Mean age was 35.33 years (S.D. = 5.14). The sample was
predominantly Caucasian (99%) with only two non-Cau-
casian participants. Due to missing questionnaire data,
diagnoses could be generated from both interview and
questionnaire data for only 162 women. Thus, for the
purposes of comparison, all results are reported for these
162 women.
Procedure
Subjects completed questionnaires at home and partici-
pated in interviews that were conducted either in person or
by telephone. Written informed consent was obtained from
each subject prior to the interview at the time question-
naires were received. All interviews were conducted in
private by the first author or research assistant trained
using the DSM-IV SCID training tapes and supervision
was available from a licensed clinical psychologist. Inter-
views were audiotaped to determine reliability. Among the
162 participants for the current study, face-to-face inter-
views were conducted with 92 (57%) subjects and 70
(43%) completed telephone interviews. Among individuals
selecting telephone interviews, 74% lived either out of
state or more than a 3-h drive from the research office.
Analyses of eating disorder diagnostic status (EDDS) at
follow-up, as determined from interviews, revealed no
significant difference between face-to-face and telephone
interviews (c2
= 1.51, df = 1, P = .22). Additionally, no
significant differences were found between face-to-face
P.K. Keel et al. / Journal of Psychosomatic Research 53 (2002) 1043–1047
1044
3. and telephone interviews for current diagnoses of affective,
anxiety, substance use or impulse control disorders ( P-
values ranged from .19 to .44).
Measures
At follow-up assessment, subjects participated in Struc-
tured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, Axis I disorders
(SCID-I) [19] and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale Inter-
views (HDRS) [20]. Subjects also completed a series of
questionnaire assessments: Eating Disorders Questionnaire
(EDQ) [21], Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) [22], Multi-
dimensional Personality Questionnaire — Scale 8: Control/
Impulsiveness (MPQ) [23] and Weissman’s Social Adjust-
ment Scale — Self-Report (SAS-SR) [24]. Reliability esti-
mates across measures were generally high (Chronbach’s a
ranged from r = .82 to r = .98 for questionnaire assessments
and k’s ranged from .73 to 1.00 for interview assessments),
with the exception of the SAS-SR subscales. In the current
sample, Chronbach’s a for the SAS-SR subscales were:
work r = .77, social/leisure r = .78, extended family r = .67,
marital r = .74, parental r = .14 and family unit r = .60.
For both interview and questionnaire data, eating disor-
ders in the month of assessment were defined in two ways:
presence vs. absence of full bulimia nervosa and presence
vs. absence of any eating disorder (including anorexia
nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder and other
EDNOS) as used in analyses for previous papers from this
study [18,25]. Thresholds for diagnoses were held constant
between methods of assessment. DSM-IV criteria were
employed for a diagnosis of full bulimia nervosa. As
described previously [18], the minimum frequency of dis-
ordered eating behaviors for diagnosis of EDNOS was an
average of once per month for 3 months.
Data were analyzed using SPSS for Macintosh. Two sets
of analyses were planned. The first set of analyses compared
diagnostic agreement between questionnaire and interview
assessments using the k statistic, first for full bulimia
nervosa and then for any eating disorder. Then diagnostic
agreement between questionnaire assessments and face-to-
face interviews was compared to diagnostic agreement
between questionnaire assessments and telephone inter-
views. The second set of analyses evaluated the validity
of EDDS (defined as the presence vs. absence of any eating
disorder during the month of follow-up) by comparing
associations between EDDS based on questionnaires vs.
interviews and concurrent measures of Axis I disorders,
depression, body dissatisfaction, impulsivity and social
adjustment. Responses to at least 80% of scale items were
required for the subject’s data to be included in analyses.
Therefore, sample sizes for specific measures vary. When at
least 80% but fewer than 100% of items were present, scale
scores were prorated according to the following equation
(prorated scale score = number of items old scale score
number of responses). Thresholds for statistical significance
were set at a .05.
Results
Rates of eating disorders and diagnostic agreement
Based on questionnaire assessment, 22 women (13.6%)
met DSM-IV criteria for bulimia nervosa at follow-up and
Table 1
Associations between EDDS and other domains of outcome assessed by questionnaire
EDDS
Interview-based Questionnaire-based
Remission Disordered Remission Disordered
Axis I disorder No. (%) No. (%) c2
P No. (%) No. (%) c2
P
Affective 2 (1.8) 11 (22.4) 19.41 .00001 2 (2.4) 11 (14.7) 8.09 .004
Anxiety 19 (17.0) 6 (12.0) 0.65 .42 12 (14.1) 13 (16.9) 0.24 .63
Substance use 1 (0.9) 8 (16.0) 15.04 .0001 0 (0) 9 (11.7) 10.52 .001
Impulse control 2 (1.8) 7 (14.0) 9.83 .002 1 (1.1) 8 (10.4) 6.54 .01
Mean (S.D.) Mean (S.D.) t (df ) P Mean (S.D.) Mean (S.D.) t (df ) P
HDRS 4.18 (5.13) 7.82 (7.12) 3.26 (73)a
.002 3.73 (4.38) 7.04 (7.08) 3.53 (124)a
.001
BSQ 73.9 (29.9) 115.5 (34.2) 7.82 (159) .000 67.6 (25.5) 108.3 (35.5) 8.25 (135)a
.000
MPQ 17.05 (5.49) 13.66 (6.86) 3.27 (153) .001 17.38 (5.36) 14.49 (6.57) 2.97 (139)a
.003
SAS-SR 1.76 (0.33) 2.04 (0.55) 3.30 (65)a
.002 1.68 (0.29) 2.03 (0.49) 5.46 (122) .000
Work 1.49 (0.38) 1.84 (0.62) 3.64 (64)a
.001 1.47 (0.38) 1.74 (0.56) 3.54 (127)a
.001
Social/leisure 1.95 (0.52) 2.25 (0.66) 2.83 (75)a
.006 1.84 (0.43) 2.26 (0.64) 4.70 (130)a
.000
Extend family 1.59 (0.43) 1.80 (0.54) 2.61 (153)a
.01 1.51 (0.39) 1.82 (0.51) 4.25 (131)a
.000
Family unit 1.86 (0.65) 2.06 (0.91) 1.29 (58)a
.20 1.73 (0.59) 2.15 (0.83) 3.45 (117)a
.001
Parental 1.72 (0.51) 1.88 (0.81) 0.76 (21)a
.46 1.64 (0.51) 1.91 (0.64) 2.17 (79) .03
Marital 2.00 (0.60) 2.26 (0.86) 1.82 (61)a
.07 1.93 (0.60) 2.23 (0.77) 2.56 (126)a
.01
Because not all participants were married, had children or resided with a family unit, N 162 for these analyses.
a
Variance differed significantly between groups and separate variance was used to calculate t-statistic resulting in decreased degrees of freedom.
P.K. Keel et al. / Journal of Psychosomatic Research 53 (2002) 1043–1047 1045
4. 77 women (47.5%) met study criteria for any eating dis-
order. Based on interview assessment, 18 women (11.1%)
met DSM-IV criteria for bulimia nervosa at follow-up and
50 women (30.9%) met study criteria for any eating dis-
order. Diagnostic agreement for presence vs. absence of
bulimia nervosa was k =.49 between questionnaire and
interview assessments and k =.64 for eating disorders.
Diagnostic agreement for bulimia nervosa was higher for
questionnaires and telephone interviews (k =.67) than for
questionnaires and face-to-face interviews (k =.35). Simi-
larly, diagnostic agreement for eating disorders was higher
between questionnaires and telephone interviews (k =.71)
compared to agreement between questionnaires and face-to-
face interviews (k =.58).
Associations between eating disorder outcome and other
domains of outcome
Table 1 presents associations between EDDS assessed by
questionnaire or interview and concurrent measures of Axis
I disorders, depression, body dissatisfaction, impulsivity
and social adjustment. For both questionnaire and interview
assessments of EDDS, significant associations were found
with the presence of mood, substance use and impulse
control disorders and levels of depression, body dissatisfac-
tion, impulsivity and social adjustment. Similarly, EDDS
was not associated with presence of anxiety disorders for
either interview or questionnaire assessment of eating dis-
orders. Notably, EDDS was significantly associated with
self-reported social adjustment in the domains of marital,
parental and family functioning when eating disorders were
assessed by questionnaire but not when eating disorders
were assessed by interview. When both variables in con-
current associations were assessed by the same method
(e.g., both eating disorders and social adjustment were
assessed by questionnaire), test statistics and P-values
suggested somewhat stronger associations than when vari-
ables were assessed by different methods (e.g., eating
disorders were assessed by interview and social adjustment
was assessed by questionnaire).
Discussion
Similar to previous studies [14], questionnaires, when
compared with interviews, produced a higher rate of eating
disorders in a given sample. Reasons for increased false
positives on questionnaire assessments could have included
failure to ask required diagnostic criteria, misunderstood
questions and differences in lay vs. clinical definitions of
symptoms. However, none of these factors would explain
the greater diagnostic agreement we found between ques-
tionnaires and telephone interviews than between question-
naires and face-to-face interviews. Using cut-offs of k .60
as indicating fair or adequate agreement and k .70 as
indicating good agreement [26], agreement between ques-
tionnaires and telephone interviews could be characterized
as ‘‘fair to good,’’ and agreement between questionnaires
and face-to-face interviews could be characterized as ‘‘poor
to fair.’’ One factor that might explain this difference is an
increased willingness to disclose potentially shameful
behaviors when not directly faced with the person asking
about these behaviors. Thus, despite the limitations associ-
ated with self-report surveys, questionnaire assessments
may not be inferior to interview assessments. Findings
support the possibility that increased rates of eating patho-
logy on questionnaire assessments may be due, in part, to
increased candor when participants feel more anonymous.
Associations with concurrent measures of Axis I disor-
ders, depression, body dissatisfaction, impulsivity and social
adjustment, supported the validity of eating disorders diag-
nosed by either questionnaires or interviews. The differences
in association strengths observed when the same method was
used to measure different constructs vs. when different
methods were used to measure different constructs has been
observed before [27] and does not necessarily reflect the
superiority of one method of assessment over the other.
Findings from the present study challenge the position
that structured clinical interviews represent the ‘‘gold stand-
ard’’ in the assessment of eating disorders [14]. Although
researchers may feel greater confidence in diagnoses based
on direct interactions with research participants, validity of
these diagnoses may not differ significantly from those
generated by questionnaires. Noted drawbacks of question-
naire assessments remain valid; however, interview assess-
ments are not free from methodological limitations. These
include inter-rater variability, misunderstood responses, and
decreased perceived anonymity. Further, some of these
drawbacks are not encountered with questionnaires. Thus,
rather than concluding that studies that employ question-
naires to assess eating pathology are inferior to those that
employ interviews [14], researchers may more accurately
acknowledge the potential limitations inherent to each
assessment method as well as limitations associated with
the specific instruments utilized.
Limitations of the present study should be acknowledged.
First, questionnaires and interviews were not completed at
the same time. Although they were completed within a
month of one another, lowered agreement between these
methods could be due to differing time periods. Second, it is
possible that telephone and face-to-face interviews showed
differential agreement with questionnaires for reasons other
than perceived anonymity. Such reasons could include differ-
ences between how interviewers conducted face-to-face vs.
telephone interviews and differences between participants
who selected face-to-face vs. telephone interviews. Both
reasons seem unlikely because the same well-trained inter-
viewers who demonstrated high inter-rater reliability con-
ducted both types of interviews and there was no significant
association between eating disorder outcome and interview
type. A third limitation was that diagnostic agreement was
assessed between questionnaires and only one type of semi-
P.K. Keel et al. / Journal of Psychosomatic Research 53 (2002) 1043–1047
1046
5. structured clinical interview. Greater differences may have
emerged if other interviews and questionnaires were com-
pared. Finally, all women had confirmed diagnoses of
bulimia nervosa at baseline for which they sought treatment.
As such, these women would be better informed of what was
meant by ‘‘binge eating’’ than women drawn from a com-
munity sample, thus reducing the likelihood of misinter-
preted questions. This could limit generalizability of study
findings to follow-up studies of individuals with a history of
confirmed eating disorder diagnoses. However, recent ques-
tionnaires that include more precise questions for these
difficult-to-assess symptoms have demonstrated success in
community-based samples [28].
In addition to limitations, the present study also had
several strengths. First, the study included comparisons of
questionnaire and interview data from a large sample, and,
within this large sample, approximately half had completed
their interviews over the telephone. This allowed comparison
of agreement between questionnaires and interviews with
higher perceived anonymity (telephone interviews) vs.
lower-perceived anonymity (face-to-face interviews). Sec-
ond, the k statistic was used to evaluate diagnostic agreement.
Because this method corrects for chance agreement, it gives a
more accurate assessment of true agreement. Third, both
questionnaire and interview instruments demonstrated high
levels of reliability in this sample. This is important because a
measure cannot demonstrate good agreement with another
measure if it cannot demonstrate good reliability with itself.
In conclusion, questionnaire assessments may not be
inferior to interview assessments; they may reveal different
aspects of disordered eating. Findings support the possibil-
ity that increased rates of eating pathology on question-
naire assessments compared to interview assessments may
be due, in part, to increased candor when participants feel
more anonymous. This may represent an advantage to
using questionnaires to assess eating pathology. In addi-
tion, questionnaires provide an efficient means for collect-
ing data within studies employing very large samples.
Future work should continue efforts to develop convenient,
reliable and valid assessments of eating pathology by
determining whether these findings are replicated in a
community-based sample.
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