This document discusses highly migratory fish stocks. It defines highly migratory species as tunas, marlins, sailfish and sharks according to the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. These species undertake long migrations across oceans for feeding or reproduction. Their migratory behavior makes them difficult to assess using standard stock assessment methods. The document discusses challenges in sampling migratory stocks and biases that can occur due to incomplete knowledge of migration routes and timing. It also describes methods used to study fish migrations including tagging and satellite tracking and provides an example of assessing a migratory mackerel stock in the North Atlantic.
This document provides an introduction to fish stock assessment and key concepts. It discusses the primary objective of fish stock assessment as determining the optimal exploitation level to achieve maximum sustainable yield. It defines the stock concept as a subset of a species inhabiting a particular area with consistent growth and mortality parameters. The document emphasizes that fish stock assessment should be performed separately for each identified stock.
NOAA scientists Jeffrey Polovina and Phoebe Woodworth-Jefcoats paper, "Fisher-Induced Changes in the Subtropical Pacific Pelagic Ecosystem Size Structure: Observations and Theory," was published in April 2013.
LindseyHamilton_NocturnalSurfScoterDistributionPoster_2015Lindsey Hamilton
1) The study tracked surf scoters in the Salish Sea using satellite transmitters to determine their nocturnal habitat use and movements between diurnal and nocturnal areas.
2) It found that surf scoters traveled farther on average in the South Puget Sound region and moved offshore at night to deeper waters compared to their diurnal foraging areas nearshore.
3) Logistic regression modeling revealed that minimum distance to shore, water depth, tidal current, and vessel traffic density were significant predictors of surf scoter nocturnal habitat preference, with preferences for deeper, more offshore areas with less vessel traffic.
This document summarizes a study examining the effects of spearfishing on lionfish populations in Roatan, Honduras. The study used transect surveys, roving diver surveys, and dive shop surveys to observe 293 lionfish at sites both within and outside the Roatan Marine Park, where spearfishing efforts have focused on controlling lionfish. The results showed no significant differences in lionfish abundance or behavior between the areas. However, there was evidence that spearfishing was excluding lionfish from shallow depths and influencing the habitat use of potential lionfish predators within the marine park. Overall, the study provided preliminary evidence that regular spearfishing of lionfish may be affecting their distribution and the behavior of native predatory fish species
This document discusses principles of animal distribution and barriers to animal distribution. It outlines several laws and principles that govern how animals are distributed, including that animals are generally found where they are best adapted, and barriers like oceans can prevent distribution to new areas. Barriers to distribution are categorized as extrinsic, like physical geographic barriers and climate, or intrinsic, stemming from animal behaviors. Different patterns of distribution are also described, such as continuous, discontinuous, and Arctic/polar distributions.
Bathymetric distribution concerns to the vertical range of organisms in space i.e. from the high Alpine peak to the abyssal depth of the sea. Primary conditions affecting, Three organic realms of bathymetric distribution of animals
This study used acoustic telemetry to track the vertical movement patterns and site fidelity of grey reef sharks at aggregation sites in Palau over two years. The key findings were:
1) Sharks displayed strong inter-annual residency at monitored sites, with greater attendance in summer than winter months.
2) Mean depths increased from 35m in winter to 60m in spring, correlating with increases in water temperature at 60m. Sharks descended deeper and used a wider depth range around full moons.
3) There were crepuscular cycles in mean depth, with sharks moving into shallower waters at dawn and dusk daily.
4) Cyclical vertical movement patterns appeared to optimize energetic budgets
This document provides an introduction to fish stock assessment and key concepts. It discusses the primary objective of fish stock assessment as determining the optimal exploitation level to achieve maximum sustainable yield. It defines the stock concept as a subset of a species inhabiting a particular area with consistent growth and mortality parameters. The document emphasizes that fish stock assessment should be performed separately for each identified stock.
NOAA scientists Jeffrey Polovina and Phoebe Woodworth-Jefcoats paper, "Fisher-Induced Changes in the Subtropical Pacific Pelagic Ecosystem Size Structure: Observations and Theory," was published in April 2013.
LindseyHamilton_NocturnalSurfScoterDistributionPoster_2015Lindsey Hamilton
1) The study tracked surf scoters in the Salish Sea using satellite transmitters to determine their nocturnal habitat use and movements between diurnal and nocturnal areas.
2) It found that surf scoters traveled farther on average in the South Puget Sound region and moved offshore at night to deeper waters compared to their diurnal foraging areas nearshore.
3) Logistic regression modeling revealed that minimum distance to shore, water depth, tidal current, and vessel traffic density were significant predictors of surf scoter nocturnal habitat preference, with preferences for deeper, more offshore areas with less vessel traffic.
This document summarizes a study examining the effects of spearfishing on lionfish populations in Roatan, Honduras. The study used transect surveys, roving diver surveys, and dive shop surveys to observe 293 lionfish at sites both within and outside the Roatan Marine Park, where spearfishing efforts have focused on controlling lionfish. The results showed no significant differences in lionfish abundance or behavior between the areas. However, there was evidence that spearfishing was excluding lionfish from shallow depths and influencing the habitat use of potential lionfish predators within the marine park. Overall, the study provided preliminary evidence that regular spearfishing of lionfish may be affecting their distribution and the behavior of native predatory fish species
This document discusses principles of animal distribution and barriers to animal distribution. It outlines several laws and principles that govern how animals are distributed, including that animals are generally found where they are best adapted, and barriers like oceans can prevent distribution to new areas. Barriers to distribution are categorized as extrinsic, like physical geographic barriers and climate, or intrinsic, stemming from animal behaviors. Different patterns of distribution are also described, such as continuous, discontinuous, and Arctic/polar distributions.
Bathymetric distribution concerns to the vertical range of organisms in space i.e. from the high Alpine peak to the abyssal depth of the sea. Primary conditions affecting, Three organic realms of bathymetric distribution of animals
This study used acoustic telemetry to track the vertical movement patterns and site fidelity of grey reef sharks at aggregation sites in Palau over two years. The key findings were:
1) Sharks displayed strong inter-annual residency at monitored sites, with greater attendance in summer than winter months.
2) Mean depths increased from 35m in winter to 60m in spring, correlating with increases in water temperature at 60m. Sharks descended deeper and used a wider depth range around full moons.
3) There were crepuscular cycles in mean depth, with sharks moving into shallower waters at dawn and dusk daily.
4) Cyclical vertical movement patterns appeared to optimize energetic budgets
Evidence for impacts by jellyfish on north searatupura
This study examines the potential impact of jellyfish on North Sea herring recruitment. It analyzes data on jellyfish and herring larval abundance in the North Sea from 1971-1986, excluding 1984. The study finds a positive correlation between jellyfish and herring larval abundance, indicating concurrence that could lead to competition. It also finds a negative relationship between survival of herring to age 0 and abundance of the jellyfish Aurelia aurita, suggesting this species may adversely impact herring populations. Finally, the study suggests climate variability, as measured by the North Atlantic Oscillation Index, may influence the impact of jellyfish on herring survival and recruitment through effects on jellyfish abundance.
The document discusses exploration of the ocean. It notes that while the ocean covers over 70% of the planet, over 80% of it remains unmapped and unexplored. Currently, less than 10% of the global ocean is mapped using modern sonar technology. NOAA is leading efforts to explore unknown regions of the ocean through scientific expeditions and hydrographic surveys to create nautical charts. The document also provides facts about the vastness and importance of oceans as well as 10 unusual deep sea creatures.
This study examined the population characteristics of horn sharks (Heterodontus francisci) along the coast of Carpinteria and the Northern Channel Islands in California. A total of 109 horn sharks were collected and measured from these areas between May and August 2004. The results showed a female-biased sex ratio of 1.4:1 across all sites. No significant differences were found in size or weight between sharks at island versus mainland sites. For male sharks, clasper length was found to increase rapidly with total length, indicating sexual maturity is reached at approximately 625 mm in total length.
The study examined the relationship between the size of sea rods and their location on reefs around San Salvador Island, Bahamas. Data was collected from 62 sea rods on the unprotected side of reefs and 29 sea rods on the protected side. Sea rods were significantly larger on the unprotected side, with an average size of 1679.39cm2, compared to 531.48cm2 on the protected side. The null hypothesis that location did not impact size was rejected. Larger sea rods on the unprotected side may be due to greater nutrient availability and water flow strengthening the rods. Further research with more precise measurements and additional reefs was recommended.
Long-range migration in insects : Mechanisms and monitoring techniquesmanjeet singh
It contains the detail about orientation and mechanism of flight of Aphid, Locust, Dragonfly and Monarch butterfly and migration monitoring techniques also described.
morris and glasgow 2001 wb 113-202-210 AMREJamin Glasgow
American Redstarts were studied during spring and fall migration on Appledore Island, Maine from 1990 to 1999. Several key differences were observed between seasons:
- In spring, males arrived earlier than females and adults arrived earlier than young birds. In fall, arrival times did not differ between males and females or adults and young.
- Recaptures of banded birds occurring at least one day after initial capture were more common in fall than spring.
- While minimum stopover lengths did not differ between seasons, recaptured birds increased in mass more significantly during fall stopovers compared to spring.
- Rates of mass increase estimated by regression, however, were greater during spring stopovers than fall.
Animals are not uniformly distributed across land and water due to factors like climate, food availability, shelter, and other species. Their distribution can be categorized as continuous, discontinuous, endemic, isolated, or bipolar. Continuous distribution means worldwide presence. Discontinuous distribution occurs when habitat is broken up, such as by oceans or changing land masses. Endemic distribution confines species to particular regions. Isolated and bipolar distributions restrict some animals only to specific isolated areas like Australia or polar regions.
66;road mortalities of amphibians hj 22(1)_pp_51-58_ms_11-55[1]Roger Meek
This study monitored amphibian roadkill over six years on low-traffic roads in western France. The common toad and agile frog made up the majority of roadkill at 39% and 25.4% respectively. Roadkill patterns were associated with amphibian migration and habitat near roads. Higher roadkill occurred near woodlands/wetlands and after rainfall, related to migration and foraging behavior. Traffic volume did not correlate with roadkill, but roadkill increased with longer amphibian migration distances.
This document summarizes a study that estimated the seasonal abundance and distribution of cetaceans off the coast of Southern California using data from 16 quarterly ship-based surveys between 2004-2008. The surveys covered an area of 238,494 km2 from nearshore waters to 700 km offshore. Abundance estimates were determined for the 11 most commonly encountered species based on 693 encounters, and were calculated separately for summer-fall and winter-spring periods as well as for shallow (<2000.5 m) and deep (≥2000.5 m) waters. Density estimates showed seasonal variations by depth for some species, with the highest densities generally occurring in summer-fall in shallow waters for species like blue whales and common dolphins.
Introduction to zoogeography and types of distributionMuhammad Yousaf
This document contain smart definitions about zoogeography and tells about the distribution and its types. This is studied in Master classes of zoology in AWKUM.
1) The study assessed the ecosystem services of the Southern Llano River in Texas by examining fish, invertebrate, and habitat characteristics.
2) A variety of sampling methods found 17 fish species present, with blacktail shiner and Guadalupe bass being most abundant. Invertebrate sampling identified several orders including mayflies and dragonflies.
3) Habitat measurements showed riparian vegetation ranging from 30-100% cover and suitable water quality parameters.
Reproductive biology of the milk shark Rhizoprionodon acutus (Rüppell, 1837) ...Sana_haroon
this is my presentation based on research paper title "Reproductive biology of the milk shark Rhizoprionodon acutus (Rüppell, 1837) from the Gulf of Suez, Red Sea, Egypt"
This was written by Amgad M. Shaaban et al., 2018
Which have Impact factor: 1.98
At what age does a fish attain a maturity
What is the perfect catchable or mark able size of the fish
It helps to calculate the life span and longevity of fish
It enables to estimate and compare growth rates of fish in different waters.
Good or bad growth can point out the suitability for rearing and stocking purposes
The timing of spawning migration of given species can be worked out .
A Quantitative Study of the Productivity of the Foraminifera in the SeaNicha Tatsaneeyapan
This study analyzed samples of the foraminifera Elphidium crispum taken monthly from tide pools and subtidal zones near Plymouth, England over 12 months. Chamber counts from over 500 individuals revealed life spans are usually 1 year in tide pools and 2 years including sexual and asexual phases below low tide. Growth is limited to spring and summer, and the subtidal zone saw 40% faster growth and 60% larger tests. Sexual and asexual reproduction occurred in March-April, with some asexual reproduction in September. Annual population increases were estimated at 30-fold in tide pools and 40-fold subtidally based on juvenile production and microspheric to megalospheric ratios. Populations exceeded 1
1. Many fish species migrate long distances for reasons of feeding or breeding. This movement is known as fish migration.
2. Common migratory fish species include cod, herring, salmon, eel, hilsa, stickleback, lampreys, and tuna.
3. There are different types of migration including alimentory (for food), gametic (for reproduction), climatic (for climate), and osmoregulatory migrations.
1) Fish migration involves the movement of fish from one area to another, usually for feeding or breeding purposes. Several species migrate long distances for spawning and feeding, including cod, herring, salmon, eel, and tuna.
2) There are different types of migration including alimentory (for food/water), gametic (for reproduction), climatic (for suitable climate), and osmoregulatory (for osmoregulation). Fish can migrate through drifting with water currents, random locomotory movement, or orientation swimming in a particular direction.
3) Migration patterns vary between species and include diadromous (between fresh and salt water), potamodromous (within fresh
WGC 2016 poster on RCA EFP fishing surveysSteve Rienecke
This study aimed to develop methods for commercial fishermen to target healthy rockfish stocks while minimizing catches of rebuilding species. Researchers used existing data and local knowledge to identify areas and tested fishing gear that achieved catch ratios of over 10 pounds of target species for every 1 pound of rebuilding species. Visual surveys confirmed the presence of rebuilding species where none were caught, indicating the gear was selectively catching target species. The methods showed potential for fishermen to profitably target rebuilt populations while protecting depleted species.
This document discusses different types of animal distribution patterns across space and time. It describes two major kinds of distribution - spatial distribution, which is the distribution of animals across different geographical regions, and geological distribution, which is the distribution of animals over geological time as revealed by fossils. The key spatial distribution patterns discussed are geographical/horizontal distribution, bathymetric/vertical distribution, and four types based on geographical range - cosmopolitan, discontinuous, isolated, and bipolar. Examples are provided for each distribution type.
AGE AND GROWTH OF THE ANTARCTIC FISH Chaenocephalus aceratus based on OTOLITH weight, microstructure and TL frequency; some relations with Pseudochaenichthys georgianus.
The document summarizes a study comparing amphibian diversity and abundance in two 30-year-old artificial ponds on a university campus. While both ponds contained the same 7 species, one "open" pond had higher abundances of American Bullfrog and Gray Tree Frog tadpoles, while the other more forested "covered" pond contained more Eastern Tiger Salamander larvae and Plains Leopard Frog tadpoles. Overall, both ponds provided suitable habitat for amphibians but differed in abundances of some species, indicating wetland restoration should aim to create different habitat types.
This document summarizes the reproductive biology of the flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus). Key points include:
- M. cephalus spawns in marine waters from late January to February after migrating from estuaries for spawning.
- Maturity is reached at 16cm length. Gonad development peaks from October to January as indicated by increasing gonadosomatic index values.
- Fecundity ranges from 0.4 to 8.2 million eggs depending on size, with larger fish producing more eggs.
- Sex ratio in spawning stocks favors males at 1.99:1.
Evidence for impacts by jellyfish on north searatupura
This study examines the potential impact of jellyfish on North Sea herring recruitment. It analyzes data on jellyfish and herring larval abundance in the North Sea from 1971-1986, excluding 1984. The study finds a positive correlation between jellyfish and herring larval abundance, indicating concurrence that could lead to competition. It also finds a negative relationship between survival of herring to age 0 and abundance of the jellyfish Aurelia aurita, suggesting this species may adversely impact herring populations. Finally, the study suggests climate variability, as measured by the North Atlantic Oscillation Index, may influence the impact of jellyfish on herring survival and recruitment through effects on jellyfish abundance.
The document discusses exploration of the ocean. It notes that while the ocean covers over 70% of the planet, over 80% of it remains unmapped and unexplored. Currently, less than 10% of the global ocean is mapped using modern sonar technology. NOAA is leading efforts to explore unknown regions of the ocean through scientific expeditions and hydrographic surveys to create nautical charts. The document also provides facts about the vastness and importance of oceans as well as 10 unusual deep sea creatures.
This study examined the population characteristics of horn sharks (Heterodontus francisci) along the coast of Carpinteria and the Northern Channel Islands in California. A total of 109 horn sharks were collected and measured from these areas between May and August 2004. The results showed a female-biased sex ratio of 1.4:1 across all sites. No significant differences were found in size or weight between sharks at island versus mainland sites. For male sharks, clasper length was found to increase rapidly with total length, indicating sexual maturity is reached at approximately 625 mm in total length.
The study examined the relationship between the size of sea rods and their location on reefs around San Salvador Island, Bahamas. Data was collected from 62 sea rods on the unprotected side of reefs and 29 sea rods on the protected side. Sea rods were significantly larger on the unprotected side, with an average size of 1679.39cm2, compared to 531.48cm2 on the protected side. The null hypothesis that location did not impact size was rejected. Larger sea rods on the unprotected side may be due to greater nutrient availability and water flow strengthening the rods. Further research with more precise measurements and additional reefs was recommended.
Long-range migration in insects : Mechanisms and monitoring techniquesmanjeet singh
It contains the detail about orientation and mechanism of flight of Aphid, Locust, Dragonfly and Monarch butterfly and migration monitoring techniques also described.
morris and glasgow 2001 wb 113-202-210 AMREJamin Glasgow
American Redstarts were studied during spring and fall migration on Appledore Island, Maine from 1990 to 1999. Several key differences were observed between seasons:
- In spring, males arrived earlier than females and adults arrived earlier than young birds. In fall, arrival times did not differ between males and females or adults and young.
- Recaptures of banded birds occurring at least one day after initial capture were more common in fall than spring.
- While minimum stopover lengths did not differ between seasons, recaptured birds increased in mass more significantly during fall stopovers compared to spring.
- Rates of mass increase estimated by regression, however, were greater during spring stopovers than fall.
Animals are not uniformly distributed across land and water due to factors like climate, food availability, shelter, and other species. Their distribution can be categorized as continuous, discontinuous, endemic, isolated, or bipolar. Continuous distribution means worldwide presence. Discontinuous distribution occurs when habitat is broken up, such as by oceans or changing land masses. Endemic distribution confines species to particular regions. Isolated and bipolar distributions restrict some animals only to specific isolated areas like Australia or polar regions.
66;road mortalities of amphibians hj 22(1)_pp_51-58_ms_11-55[1]Roger Meek
This study monitored amphibian roadkill over six years on low-traffic roads in western France. The common toad and agile frog made up the majority of roadkill at 39% and 25.4% respectively. Roadkill patterns were associated with amphibian migration and habitat near roads. Higher roadkill occurred near woodlands/wetlands and after rainfall, related to migration and foraging behavior. Traffic volume did not correlate with roadkill, but roadkill increased with longer amphibian migration distances.
This document summarizes a study that estimated the seasonal abundance and distribution of cetaceans off the coast of Southern California using data from 16 quarterly ship-based surveys between 2004-2008. The surveys covered an area of 238,494 km2 from nearshore waters to 700 km offshore. Abundance estimates were determined for the 11 most commonly encountered species based on 693 encounters, and were calculated separately for summer-fall and winter-spring periods as well as for shallow (<2000.5 m) and deep (≥2000.5 m) waters. Density estimates showed seasonal variations by depth for some species, with the highest densities generally occurring in summer-fall in shallow waters for species like blue whales and common dolphins.
Introduction to zoogeography and types of distributionMuhammad Yousaf
This document contain smart definitions about zoogeography and tells about the distribution and its types. This is studied in Master classes of zoology in AWKUM.
1) The study assessed the ecosystem services of the Southern Llano River in Texas by examining fish, invertebrate, and habitat characteristics.
2) A variety of sampling methods found 17 fish species present, with blacktail shiner and Guadalupe bass being most abundant. Invertebrate sampling identified several orders including mayflies and dragonflies.
3) Habitat measurements showed riparian vegetation ranging from 30-100% cover and suitable water quality parameters.
Reproductive biology of the milk shark Rhizoprionodon acutus (Rüppell, 1837) ...Sana_haroon
this is my presentation based on research paper title "Reproductive biology of the milk shark Rhizoprionodon acutus (Rüppell, 1837) from the Gulf of Suez, Red Sea, Egypt"
This was written by Amgad M. Shaaban et al., 2018
Which have Impact factor: 1.98
At what age does a fish attain a maturity
What is the perfect catchable or mark able size of the fish
It helps to calculate the life span and longevity of fish
It enables to estimate and compare growth rates of fish in different waters.
Good or bad growth can point out the suitability for rearing and stocking purposes
The timing of spawning migration of given species can be worked out .
A Quantitative Study of the Productivity of the Foraminifera in the SeaNicha Tatsaneeyapan
This study analyzed samples of the foraminifera Elphidium crispum taken monthly from tide pools and subtidal zones near Plymouth, England over 12 months. Chamber counts from over 500 individuals revealed life spans are usually 1 year in tide pools and 2 years including sexual and asexual phases below low tide. Growth is limited to spring and summer, and the subtidal zone saw 40% faster growth and 60% larger tests. Sexual and asexual reproduction occurred in March-April, with some asexual reproduction in September. Annual population increases were estimated at 30-fold in tide pools and 40-fold subtidally based on juvenile production and microspheric to megalospheric ratios. Populations exceeded 1
1. Many fish species migrate long distances for reasons of feeding or breeding. This movement is known as fish migration.
2. Common migratory fish species include cod, herring, salmon, eel, hilsa, stickleback, lampreys, and tuna.
3. There are different types of migration including alimentory (for food), gametic (for reproduction), climatic (for climate), and osmoregulatory migrations.
1) Fish migration involves the movement of fish from one area to another, usually for feeding or breeding purposes. Several species migrate long distances for spawning and feeding, including cod, herring, salmon, eel, and tuna.
2) There are different types of migration including alimentory (for food/water), gametic (for reproduction), climatic (for suitable climate), and osmoregulatory (for osmoregulation). Fish can migrate through drifting with water currents, random locomotory movement, or orientation swimming in a particular direction.
3) Migration patterns vary between species and include diadromous (between fresh and salt water), potamodromous (within fresh
WGC 2016 poster on RCA EFP fishing surveysSteve Rienecke
This study aimed to develop methods for commercial fishermen to target healthy rockfish stocks while minimizing catches of rebuilding species. Researchers used existing data and local knowledge to identify areas and tested fishing gear that achieved catch ratios of over 10 pounds of target species for every 1 pound of rebuilding species. Visual surveys confirmed the presence of rebuilding species where none were caught, indicating the gear was selectively catching target species. The methods showed potential for fishermen to profitably target rebuilt populations while protecting depleted species.
This document discusses different types of animal distribution patterns across space and time. It describes two major kinds of distribution - spatial distribution, which is the distribution of animals across different geographical regions, and geological distribution, which is the distribution of animals over geological time as revealed by fossils. The key spatial distribution patterns discussed are geographical/horizontal distribution, bathymetric/vertical distribution, and four types based on geographical range - cosmopolitan, discontinuous, isolated, and bipolar. Examples are provided for each distribution type.
AGE AND GROWTH OF THE ANTARCTIC FISH Chaenocephalus aceratus based on OTOLITH weight, microstructure and TL frequency; some relations with Pseudochaenichthys georgianus.
The document summarizes a study comparing amphibian diversity and abundance in two 30-year-old artificial ponds on a university campus. While both ponds contained the same 7 species, one "open" pond had higher abundances of American Bullfrog and Gray Tree Frog tadpoles, while the other more forested "covered" pond contained more Eastern Tiger Salamander larvae and Plains Leopard Frog tadpoles. Overall, both ponds provided suitable habitat for amphibians but differed in abundances of some species, indicating wetland restoration should aim to create different habitat types.
This document summarizes the reproductive biology of the flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus). Key points include:
- M. cephalus spawns in marine waters from late January to February after migrating from estuaries for spawning.
- Maturity is reached at 16cm length. Gonad development peaks from October to January as indicated by increasing gonadosomatic index values.
- Fecundity ranges from 0.4 to 8.2 million eggs depending on size, with larger fish producing more eggs.
- Sex ratio in spawning stocks favors males at 1.99:1.
! 1!A Scientific Review of the Physiology of Pacific Salmotroutmanboris
! 1!
A Scientific Review of the Physiology of Pacific Salmon Migration
B. C. McKinney1
1 Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, One University
Boulevard, Bluffton, South Carolina 29909, USA
Abstract For many generations, humans have altered practically every
ecosystem in the entire world. The footprint humans leave behind on ecosystems
on Earth has continuously matted the ecosystems and critical habitat in which all
species on Earth depend on for survival. When considering Pacific and Atlantic
salmon populations, the array of human caused stressors is responsible for the
population depletions across the United States and Canada. This review will
coordinate the impacts of river impoundments (i.e., hydropower systems) on
upstream and downstream migration as well as visit the impacts of natural and
human caused change on the quality of habitat in which salmonids inhabit through
all life stages.
Introduction
A variety of teleost species are classified within the Family Salmonidae under the Order
Salmoniformes. Salmonidae is comprised of a variety of trouts (Salmo spp.), chars (Salvelinus
spp.), graylings (Thymallus spp.), taimen (Parahucho spp.), and salmons (Salmo &
Oncorhynchus spp.). The anatomy of this family is similar to other ray-finned fish having
dorsal, pelvic, pectoral, anal, and dorsal fins, however they possess an additional fin posterior to
the dorsal called the adipose fin.
Salmonid lifecycles are very complex and have been a topic of research for many
generations (Briggs, 1953; Holmes & Stainer 1966; Vronskiy, 1972; Thompson & Sargent, 1977;
Healy, 1980; McCormick &Saunders, 1987; Murray & Rosenau, 1989; Nehlson et al., 1991). In
recent findings, the introduction of telemetry techniques and field sampling routines have given
! 2!
researchers insight about the duration, timing, and patterns of homing and staying (Healy, 1980;
Giorgi et al., 1997; Walker et al., 2016). Through the protection of the Endangered Species Act
(ESA) select Pacific salmon populations have been granted protection by federal regulations in
relation to the habitat that is essential to their survival (USNMFS 1995). In this review, relevant
available published literature will be compiled to discuss a variety of explanations towards the
physiology and morphological complexities associated with Pacific salmon.!
Overview of Salmon Biology
In this section, emphasis will focus on the evolutionary history of Salmon (see Groot &
Margolis, 1991, Hendry et al., 2000, and Waples et al., 2007 for more details). North America’s
populations of Pacific Salmon consist of five distinct species: chinook salmon (Onchorhynchus
tshawytscha), pink salmon (O. gorbusha), chum salmon (O. keta), coho salmon (O. kisutch), and
sockeye salmon (O. nerka). Pacific salmon are uniquely characterized as anadromous
(migratory) and semelaparous (i.e., die after spawning) spe ...
This document discusses key concepts in population ecology, including estimating patterns of survival, survivorship curves, age distribution, rates of population change, and dispersal. It provides examples of how these concepts can be studied, such as using life tables to construct survivorship curves and estimate net reproductive rate. Dispersal is explored in the contexts of climate change, changing food supply, and dispersal within river systems.
This study examined painted turtle spatial ecology at three ponds in Carbon County, Pennsylvania. Trapping data from 220 turtles showed that 28 (12.73%) migrated between ponds, with most movements occurring in summer and between Kingfisher Pond and other ponds. Radio tracking of 5 turtles in Mallard Pond found they remained there and favored deeper areas. Simulated nests showed 17% predation within a week at 50m from ponds, with predators including dogs, coyotes, and deer.
This study analyzed 3 years of photo identification surveys of bottlenose dolphins in Cape May, NJ to understand habitat use and occurrence patterns of mothers and calves. Young-of-year (calves) were present in 36% of groups with 20 or fewer individuals and less frequently in larger groups. While groups with calves occupied nearshore waters around Cape May Island similarly to other groups, they seemed to avoid the Atlantic ocean-side inlet due to boat traffic. This suggests Cape May provides important habitat for bottlenose dolphin mothers and calves throughout the summer months.
Acoustic tags can provide information about fish populations beyond just presence/absence. If detections are uniformly spaced with high precision, fish behaviors like moving towards and away from objects, holding positions, defecating, downstream migration, fish passage, searching, and predator avoidance can be assessed. Examples showed tagged fish exhibiting these behaviors as detected by multiple precisely positioned hydrophones.
Fish Behavior in relation to Longlines.pptxSakshi Patil
This document summarizes research on the behavior of fish in relation to longline fishing. It discusses how fish locate and respond to odor plumes from baited hooks, and the factors that influence their behavior such as feeding motivation, environmental conditions, learning, and previous experiences. Key factors that affect catch rates include bait type, hook design, current, temperature, time of day, and the fish's size and hunger level. The document provides details on the sensory systems fish use to detect chemicals from baits and how they navigate odor plumes.
Otoliths are bony structures in fish that record chemical signatures from the surrounding environment over time. Analysis of otolith microchemistry can be used to identify fish stocks, determine habitat use and migration patterns. Elements like strontium and barium deposited in otoliths vary between freshwater, estuarine and marine environments. This allows distinguishing anadromous fish that migrate between habitats and tracking their movements. Studies have used this technique to study life histories of species in Amazonian rivers and identify nursery areas of herring. Otolith microchemistry is a valuable tool for answering ecological questions about fish.
Interactions and space-use overlap between satellite-tracked blue sharks and ...ecologiaazul
This study used satellite tracking of blue sharks and vessel monitoring data from longline fishing boats to analyze interactions between the two in the northeast Atlantic Ocean. 32 blue sharks were tagged with satellite transmitters and their movements were mapped. 103 longline fishing boats were also tracked over several years. The results showed spatial and temporal overlap between some of the sharks and fishing locations. Specifically, 5 of the 17 successfully tracked sharks spent at least one day in areas with longline fishing activity, with one shark spending up to 3 days in risky areas. Two sharks were actually caught by surface longlines during the study. This analysis provides insights into how pelagic fishing fleets and shark distributions interact that could inform management strategies to reduce bycatch.
Similar to Assesmnt of highly migratory stock (20)
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
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Assesmnt of highly migratory stock
1. Assesment of Highly Migratory
fish Stock
Presented by:
Olik Jomang
M.F.Sc 1st year
Dept. FRM
2. Introduction
• The term highly migratory species (HMS) has its origins in
Article 64 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the
Sea (UNCLOS). The Convention does not provide an
operational definition of the term, but in an annexure
(UNCLOS Annexure 1) it has lists the species considered highly
migratory by parties to the Convention.
• The list includes: tuna and tuna-like species (albacore, bluefin,
bigeye tuna, skipjack, yellowfin, blackfin, little tunny, southern
bluefin and bullet), pomfret, marlin, sailfish, swordfish, saury
and ocean going sharks, dolphins and other cetaceans
• This is a legal definition rather than a scientific definition
based on the actual migratory behaviour of the species.
3. • Some of these species may only occur and/or be caught
within EEZs but the available global database does not allow
distinguishing between catches made on the high seas and
those made within EEZs.
• Highly migratory species are therefore discussed without
regard to stocks or occurrence within EEZs or on the high seas,
except for tunas and some tuna-like species for which more
detailed data are available
4.
5. • High sea fish stock produce 10% of the world food supply.
• These high trophic level oceanodromous species undertake
migrations of significant but variable distances across oceans
for feeding, often on forage fish, or reproduction, and also
have wide geographic distributions. Thus, these species are
found both inside the 200 mile exclusive economic zones and
in the high seas outside these zones.
• Highly migratory species can be compared with straddling
stock and transboundary stock. Straddling stock range both
within an EEZ as well as in the high seas. Transboundary stock
range in the EEZs of at least two countries. A stock can be
both transboundary and straddling.
6. General Assumption while Classical Stock Assessment
and Migratory fish stock Assessment
• Several methods presented so far are often insufficient when
applied to migratory or schooling fish stocks.
• General assumption :We can take representative random
samples of the stock.
• Migratory Species: Horizontal or vertical migration to areas
not covered by the fleet or normal fishing gears,it is usually
not possible to sample such stocks during these periods.
• Lead to gaps in the samples ,its is also possible that the
sample taken represent different parts of the stock and in
such case it is likely that the data may misinterpreted.
7. The concept and study of migration
• Harden Jones (1968) :Defined migration as class of movement which impels
migrants to return home to the region from which they started migrated or a
systematic type of movement of individuals belonging to a stock.
• He recognize three type of migratory movement:
1. Drifting with currents
2. Random locomotory movemnts and
3. Oriented locomotory movement.
• Dingle (1980): Has opined that accedental or unintentional movement can not be
included in the definition of migration.
• Random movement are not considered migration in context of stock assessment
because the interest of the subject is in type of migration that create bias for a
length frequency sampling programme.
• Predictatable e.g for some stock we can predict at which time and where high
concentration can be found.
• For stock assessment purposes , the explanation of why fish migrate is of little
importance .The important thing is to know where the fish are at which time of the
year.
8. Bias create by migration
1. Daily vertical migration(e.g at the bottom during day and in the water
column during night)
2. Daily horizontal migration e.g skipjack tuna has been observed to move
away and return to a precise location each day(Yuen,1970)
3. Spawning migration
4. Size dependent vertical migration of adults(skipjack tuna,the younger
year classes occur in surface schools,whereas the older specimens move
to greater depths)
5. Size dependent horizontal migration (i.e larger specimens move to
deeper waters ,while
6. Migration of juvenile,they may remain in the upper layers day and night
whereas the adults are at the bottom during the day
10. • However, numerous HMS exhibit spatial and temporal
overlap, which creates management challenges since large
quantities of non target HMS are often caught incidentally.
• The various HMS captured may not have the same intrinsic
population growth rates or carrying capacities; therefore,
their populations may not exhibit the same responses to a
given level of fishing effort.
• Since fishers often seek productive stocks, non target
species may be depleted at a rate faster than target
species, thus sustainable management of all stocks may
require a reduction of effort well below that which
maximizes yield of the target species.
11. Bias when migration route is not
known
• Assumption:The migration patten is not known but believed
that the entire stock is on the fishing ground all year round.
• In this case ,while doing sampling for estimation of growth
parameters ,the important data for the first half year of the
life are not available.
• Then here one may wrongly explain the absence of small fish
as overexpliotation of the stock.
• And an obvious misinterpretation can be mortality
12.
13. Study of Migration route
• Tagging: The classical way to study movement of fish is a taggging
programme.
• Identification tag are attached externaly or placed in the body
cavity ,the fish is measured and released at a known spot.If
successful,may provide a lot of useful information on the net
displacements between the point of release and the point of
recapture.
• Demerit:Do not provide information on what has happened in
between those moments and points.
• Sophisticated acoustic and radio tags allow continous observations
of the movemnt of single fish as followed from a research vessel.
• Latest models of tags record the compass bearing and tilt angle of
an individual fish
14. • Pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs) is an archival tag (or data
logger) that is equipped with a means to transmit the
collected data via satellite.
• Its major advantage is that it does not have to be physically
retrieved like an archival tag for the data to be available
making it a viable, fishery independent tool for animal
behavior studies.
• They have been used to track movements of ocean sunfish,
marlin, blue sharks, bluefin tuna, swordfish and sea turtles.
15. • The Annual-Return Matched Sample Methods
• Its is a method for the estimation of growth parameters and
mortality rates of migratory stocks.
• The method is based on the assumption that a fish stock
follows a predictable migration route.If this migration route is
known (e.g from taggings) in the time and space we are in a
position to follow the cohort and to match samples from the
same cohort.
16. Hyphothetical Model
Area B(summer) Area C (Autumn)
Area A (Spring) Area D(Winter)
A,B,C,D symbolize geographical area.We assume the stock to
undertake the same migration each year.
17. General Matched Samples Method
• This method assumes that we have knowledge or a
hypothesis of the migration route in time and space , and
therefore are able to match samples so that they originate
(or can be hypothesized to originate ) from the same
cohort.
• To illustrate the feature of the general matched samples
method for estimation of total mortalities a simple
hypothetical example was conducted.This simplified
example deals with one cohort migrating through three
area,A,B, and C .
• From A the cohort moves to B and then to C where its stays
for a while ,its moves back to B where it started in A
19. Case study
• Seasonally migrating species sometimes migrate earlier in the season, the
older and bigger fish first.
• The problem is analysed in well documented studies of a stcok of North
Atlantic mackerel,Scomber scomrus.
• The size dependent migration of this stock has been demonastrated by
Darson(1986) and Eltink (1987)
• The stock lives in north and west of the United Kingdom and Ireland
• The main migration route :The stock undertake annual migration from the
“over-wintering area “ to the spawning area “ , from spawning area to
feeding area and from feeding area back to the over –wintering area
• The total distance travel:500-1000 nautical miles per year.
• Spawning: March to july
• Sampling: Monthly basis and age,length and maturity stages were
recorded.
20.
21. • Scomber scombrus is a species of temperate water thus
relatively easy to read the age from the otoliths.
• The findings of Dawson (1986) and Eltink (1987) were based
on random samples caught by commercial as well as research
vessels on the spawning ground during spawning period.
22.
23. • The migration from the over wintering area to
spawning was found found to be occur in an
age size succession in which the old fish arrive
before young .
24. • Fig 11.6.3 (from Dawson,1986) illustrates bias problems when
estimating growth parameters for a migratory stock.
• The five growth curves were each estimated by the matched
sample methods.
• The data from the beginning of the spawning period (March)
produce a curve for large slow-growing larger fish compared
to the data collected at the end of he spawning period ,which
give a sleeper curve with a smaller L infinity.
25.
26. Conclusion
• In marine ecosystems, highly migratory species (HMS) are
characterized as having vast geographical distributions, with
extensive individual migrations often spanning entire oceans.
Dispersal on this scale can promote ocean-wide population
connectivity, resulting in many HMS exhibiting genetic
homogeneity.
• From a biological perspective, these species often comprise a
single unit stock within an ocean basin. Since single stocks can
be distributed throughout multinational and international
waters (as with the tunas [Family Scombridae]), sustainable
management of these harvested stocks requires cooperation
between all fishing nations
27. Reference
• Dawson.1986.estimation of growth parameters of highly
migratory fish stock of Scomber scomrus of United kingdom
and ireland.
• FAO .1994.World review of highly migratory species and
straddling stocks, FAO Fisheries Technical paper 337, Rome
• FAO .2002. conservation and management of shared fish
stock, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 465,rome
• FAO.2003.Fish Stock Assessment Manual,FAO Fisheries
Technical Paper 393,Rome
• FAO .2006. The state of world highly migratory, straddling and
other high seas fishery resources and associated species, FAO
fisheries Technical Paper 495,Rome