1. Presentation for Asian EFL International Conference
3rd of December, 2011
Takeshi SATO
Ryoko UNO
Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Japan

2. ・What does our native speaker fallacy
come from?
・How the native speaker fallacy manifest
on their discourse?

3. 
Phillipson (1992) designates ‘native
speaker fallacy’ as follows:
“[T]he ideal teacher is a native
speaker, somebody with native speaker
proficiency in English who can serve as a
model for pupils.” (p.193)

4. The notion that the
centre variants of
English should be
the norm for the
periphery
countries…
(Canagarajah 1999).
More opportunities
for NNSs to speak
English have been
increasing with NNSs .
(Jenkins 2000).
The ownership of
English no longer
belongs to NSs
(Widdowson 1994)

5. gender
age
status of
English in
their
countries
Native
Speakers
Fallacy
Length of
studying
English
Previous
experience of
staying
Anglophone
countries

6. No statistical relationship between NNSs’
native speaker fallacy and their external
factors
→ their internal factors such as their thoughts or
beliefs might be influenced.
But, how do we examine their inner thoughts or beliefs?

7.  Four interviews were conducted
 They are
▪ from Sri-Lanka(EOL), Japan(EFL) (without
NSF)
▪ and from Italy(EFL) and Hong Kong(EOL)
(with NSF)
 Obtained 4,549 words
 Found metaphorical expressions as to
(learning) English based on conceptual
metaphor theory (Lakoff & Johnson 1980)

8. “Metaphor is a device for seeing
something in terms of something else.”
(Burke, 1945 from Cameron 2010. p. 3)

9. • travelers
• obstacles
• destination
source domain:
journey
target domain:
love
• lovers
• difficulties
• goal
Mapping
Ex. We can't turn back now.

10. 
What kinds of metaphors do NNSs use?

What kind of belief toward English is
reflected in their metaphors?

11. 
4 types of the metaphorical expressions
were found from the data of those with
native speaker fallacy.

12.  ...not everybody has high standard
of proficiency, so…

13.  I still need something that I need
more vocabulary…

14.  I still do not understand the way, it's
quite long for me to
achieve…include Standard of
English.

15.  ...you can move upwards in the
society. It is not a kind of lingua
franca in Hong Kong.

16. NNSs need
more skills
Long journey to achieve
Native speaker
competence
as a goal / skill
/ certificate

17. NNSs with native speakers fallacy have
ICM(Lakoff, 1987)
Target
• certificate
domain
• skill
• status
• (Learning)
• journey
English
Source
domain
ICM

18. Native Speaker Fallacy may come not so
much from external factors as from the
thought or belief toward English or
Native speakers
 This might give us some implications of
our instruction.


19. 

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Cameron, L., & Maslen, R. (2010) Metaphor Analysis: research practice in applied
linguistics, social sciences and the humanities. London: Equinox Publishing.
Canagarajah, S. (1999) Interrogating the ‘Native Speaker Fallacy’: Non-Linguistic
Roots, Non-Pedagogical Results. In Braine, G.(ed.) Non-Native Educators in English
Language Teaching. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Ellis, R. (2008) Learner Beliefs and Language Learning. Asian EFL Journal,10(4).
p.7-25
Jenkins, J. (2000) The phonology of English as an International Language. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Lakoff, G. (1987) Woman, fire and dangerous thing. Chicago: Chicago University
Press.
Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. (1980) Metaphor we live by. Chicago: Chicago University
Press.
Quirk, R. (1990) Language varieties and standard language. English Today 21.
Sato, T., & Suzuki, A. (2007) Diagnosing Factors of the Preference for Center
Variants of English in English as a Lingua Franca Settings. The Journal of English as
an International Language. 2. p.50-64.
Widdowson,H,G. (1994) The Ownership of English. TESOL Quarterly 28(2), 377389.