The document summarizes ASHRAE standards and guidelines for building energy audits. It defines energy audits as processes that identify efficiency opportunities to reduce energy use, costs, and improve indoor environmental quality. The document outlines the basic steps of an energy audit and differences between audits and energy labeling. It also describes three levels of audits defined by ASHRAE with increasing detail, from walk-through (Level 1) to detailed analysis (Level 3).

1. ASHRAE Standards & Guidelines for
Building Energy Audits
6/5/2017
Konstantinos Laskos
Civil Engineer, BEMP, BEAP
Energy Planning & Savings Consultant
Triantafyllos Triantafyllopoulos
Mech. Engineer @ Menerga
ASHRAE Hellenic Chapter
President Elect 2016-2017

2. ASHRAE and other entities have defined energy audits as processes in which
engineering service providers identify and recommend efficiency opportunities to
clients. The objectives of an energy audit are to identify and develop measures
that:
1. will reduce the energy use and/or cost of operating a building
1. and/or will improve the indoor environmental quality experience by the
occupants.
Definition
What is Energy Audit ?

3. What is Energy Audit ?
In a Nutshell
1. How much energy are they using?
2. Where are they using it?
3. Are they using it effectively?
4. How can they use it more effectively?

4. What is Energy Audit ?
Basic Steps
1. Collect and analyze historical energy use.
2. Study the building and gather data on its operational characteristics and indoor
environmental quality.
3. Identify potential measures that will reduce the energy use and/or cost and/or
will improve the occupants’ indoor environmental quality.
4. Perform an engineering and economic analysis of potential modifications.
5. Prepare a list of appropriate measures and group measures into bundles that will
capitalize on potential synergies and cost reductions.
6. Prepare a report to document the analysis process and results.

5. energy audit
Energy Audit vs Energy Labeling
Basic Differences
predefined opera/on
real opera/on
energy labeling
vs

6. Energy Audit vs Energy Labeling
Basic Differences
energy use for “condi/oned”
spaces for :
hea/ng
cooling
ven/la/on
DHW
ligh/ng
energy labeling energy audit
vs
hea/ng
cooling
ven/la/on
DHW
interior ligh/ng
energy
use for :
exterior ligh/ng
plug-loads
motors
refrigera/on
etc

7. ASHRAE Standard 211P:
Standard for Commercial Building Energy Audit

8. ASHRAE Standard 211P:
Standard for Commercial Building Energy Audit
This standard applies to all buildings except:
• single-family houses,
• multifamily structures of three stories or fewer above grade,
• manufactured houses (mobile homes), and
• manufactured houses (modular).
Scope

9. ASHRAE Standard 211P:
Standard for Commercial Building Energy Audit
Levels of Energy Audits
Level 1:
Walk -Through
Analysis
Level 2: Energy Survey Analysis
Level 3: Detailed Analysis of
Capital Intensive ModificaEons

10. ASHRAE Standard 211P
Preliminary Energy Use Analysis (PEA)
• Calculate the total annual building energy use, and divide by the
gross floor area to obtain the Energy Use Intensity (EUI) i.e. kWh/
m2.
• Calculate total annual building energy cost and divide by gross floor
area to obtain the Energy Cost Index (ECI) i.e. €/m2.
• Benchmark the building’s normalized energy consumption relative to
that of similar (peer) buildings for a minimum of 12 consecutive
months (up to three consecutive years shall be used as available).
Benchmarking

11. ASHRAE Standard 211P
Level 1 Energy Audit
Facility Site Survey
• Conduct a walk-through survey of the facility to accompanied by the
building operator or maintenance staff member. Become familiar with
its construction, equipment, operation, equipment schedules and
maintenance.
• Identify major energy-using systems, processes, and equipment. Gather
control strategies and equipment information of major components
from nameplates, as-built drawings, or other means.
• Identify operating problems, malfunctioning equipment, maintenance
costs, and maintenance needs.
• Interview the owner and/or operator and occupants to identify current
space usage, special problems (especially relating to thermal comfort or
indoor air quality).

12. ASHRAE Standard 211P
Level 1 Energy Audit
Identify Low-Cost & No-Cost Energy Efficiency Measure Recommendations
• Changes to lighting and HVAC (e.g., thermostats) controls, to reduce
lighting and HVAC in areas that are unoccupied or unused for substantial
periods of time.
• Implementation of routines (and logs) to improve the efficiency of
operations, or maintenance of such improvements after tune-ups.
• Education of building operators and/or occupants.

13. ASHRAE Standard 211P
Level 1 Energy Audit
Identify Potential EEM Capital Recommendations
Identify potential capital-expensed EEMs including a preliminary
qualitative estimate of the level of potential costs and energy cost
savings.
Review EEMs with Owner’s Representative
Provide to the owner or their appropriate representative a list of
identified measures, their brief descriptions, their qualitative impact,
and approximate level of economic return. Receive feedback.

14. ASHRAE Standard 211P
Level 2 Energy Audit
The Level 2 audit shall follow upon, and take into consideration the
findings of, a Level 1 audit and also incudes the following additional steps*:
Breakdown of the annual total energy cost by component
*If no separate Level 1 audit has been conducted, shall comply with all the
procedural requirements for a Level 1 audit.

15. ASHRAE Standard 211P
Level 2 Energy Audit
Facility Site Survey - Determine key operating parameters
Determine Operations:
Setpoints
• Space temperature
• Space humidity
• Space lighting levels
• Hot water supply setpoint controls
• Chilled water supply setpoint controls
• Supply air temperature setpoint controls
• DHW storage and delivery temperatures
• Fan system flow controls
• Economizer controls
• Minimum outdoor airflow rates
• Carbon dioxide levels

16. ASHRAE Standard 211P
Level 2 Energy Audit
Facility Site Survey - Determine key operating parameters
Determine Operating:
Schedules
• Occupied or unoccupied hours in controlled zones
• Space temperature setpoint schedules
• Lighting occupancy schedules and controls
• Warm-up and cool-down periods
Equipment efficiencies*:
*Equipment performance
characteris/cs shall take into
account part-load
or seasonal efficiencies
• Combustion efficiency
• Cooling equipment efficiency
• Energy recovery efficiency
• Pump efficiency
• Fan efficiency

17. ASHRAE Standard 211P
Level 2 Energy Audit
Conduct end-use breakdown
Based on:
1. A calculated method that estimates energy
use according to the size, load, method of
control and efficiency of equipment, and
its operating hours 1.
2. A building energy model 2.
3. Sub-metered energy use in the building.
1 Assumptions used in this analysis must be the same as
those used for calculations of energy and demand savings.
2 The same simulation must be used as is used for
calculation of energy and demand savings.

18. ASHRAE Standard 211P
Level 2 Energy Audit
List Energy Efficiency Measures and Group Interactive Measures*
• Opaque Elements Insulation, Roof Painting
• Windows Replacement, Glazing Replacement
• Reduce Distribution Losses (Insulation, VSD,
Economizers)
• Replace HVAC
• Low Water Use Devices
• Solar Systems
Envelope:
Lighting :
HVAC Systems:
DHW Water Heating
• Replace Fixtures, Replace Lamps
• Daylighting Utilization
• Occupancy Sensors
*Avoid the poten/al for oversta/ng energy savings due to savings overlap between individual measures

19. ASHRAE Standard 211P
Level 2 Energy Audit
Calculate Savings (energy, demand)
Calculation Methods1,2,3: Stipulated values, engineering calculations, building
energy model. Calculate before EEM & after EEM.
Interactions: Analysis of measures and/or measure groups shall include interactions
Weather data: Shall be long-term average data.
Equipment performance: Shall take into account part-load or seasonal
efficiencies where applicable
1 The U.S. Department of Energy maintains a directory of building energy software tools on its Web site
2 ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals Chapter 19 Energy Estimating and modeling methods
3 ASHRAE Guideline 14 (2014): Annex E Retrofit Isolation approach techniques

20. ASHRAE Standard 211P
Level 2 Energy Audit
Estimate EEM Costs
• Material costs
• Labor costs
• Design fees
• Construction management
• Site-specific installation
factors
• Permits
• Temporary services
• Test and Balancing
• Commissioning

21. ASHRAE Standard 211P
Level 2 Energy Audit
Conduct Economic Analysis
𝑆𝑃𝑃=​𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡/𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠
𝑅𝑂𝐼=​𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠/𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 x 100
Simple Payback :
Return of Investment :
• Identify the measures that meet the owner’s economic or other
criteria, whether individually, or in aggregate.
• Note the ancillary benefits of each measure or group.

22. ASHRAE Standard 211P
Level 2 Energy Audit
Quality Assurance Review
• Evaluate the feasibility and appropriateness of identified
measures, as well as the reasonableness of energy savings
projections, implementation cost estimates, and all observations
and findings of the energy audit report.
• Compare the energy savings, cost savings, costs, and ROIs for each
measure to expected ranges for the type of measure specified to
verify reasonableness.
• Validate savings by calculating the percent savings of each
measure in relation to total energy use of the relevant end-use
category.

23. ASHRAE Standard 211P
Level 2 Energy Audit
Review EEMs with Owner’s Representative
• Provide to the owner or their appropriate representative a list of
identified measures, their brief descriptions, energy, energy cost,
and non-energy cost savings, available incentives, simple ROI, and
simple paybacks.
• Obtain from the owner or owner’s representative their comments
about which measures are preferred for implementation or further
study.
• After the review with the owner or owner’s representative, the audit
shall be revised to show the recommended measures, measure
groups, and measures identified but not recommended.

24. ASHRAE Standard 211P
Level 3 Energy Audit
Schematic diagram of each of the recommended EEMs
*If no separate Level 1 & 2 audit has been conducted, shall comply with all the procedural
requirements for a Level 1 & 2 audit.
The Level 3 audit shall follow upon, and take into consideration the
findings of, a Level 2 audit and also incudes the following additional
steps*:
Review the accepted EEMs considering system interactions to create
bundle of measures

25. ASHRAE Standard 211P
Level 3 Energy Audit
The simulation software shall meet the requirements of ASHRAE
Standard 140. Indicative software:
Annual building energy modeling is required for envelope measure analysis

26. ASHRAE Standard 211P
Level 3 Energy Audit
The model shall be calibrated with respect to the building’s actual
energy use per the methodology in ASHRAE Guideline 14.
𝐶𝑉(𝑅𝑀𝑆𝐸)=100×​√⁠​∑↑▒(𝑦𝑖−​𝑦𝑖 )2 /
𝑛−1 /​𝑦
𝑁𝑀𝐵𝐸=100×​∑↑▒(𝑦𝑖−​𝑦𝑖 )/(𝑛−1)×​𝑦
CVRMSE = coefficient of variation of
the root mean square error
NMBE = normalized mean bias error
𝑦 = measured value
​𝑦 = model predicted value
​𝑦 = mean value of the measured data
data CVRMSEmax NMBEmax
Monthly 15% 5%
Hourly 30% 10%

27. ASHRAE Standard 211P
Level 3 Energy Audit
Lifecycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)
Cash
Flows
Out-lows
Initial
Investment
Replacement
Costs
Maintenance
Costs
Taxes
Energy Audit
Costs
M&V Costs
In-lows
Energy Cost
Savings
Demand Cost
Savings
Water Costs

28. Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits
2nd Edition (2011) – Best Practices

29. Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits
2nd Edition (2011) – Best Practices
The energy assessment provider may be one person or a team with several
members depending on the complexity of the site. The team usually
includes the following:
• A building envelope expert or construction engineer
• A mechanical engineer
• An electrical systems expert
• A control systems expert
• An energy modeler

30. Performance Measurement Protocol for Commercial
Buildings & Best Practices

31. ASHRAE Guideline 14 (2014):
Measurement of Energy, Demand & Water Savings
The purpose of this document is to
provide guidelines for reliably measuring
the energy, demand, and water savings
achieved in conservation projects.

32. Relevant ASHRAE Guidelines and Standards
• Standard 105 - 2014: Standard Methods Of Determining, Expressing, And
Comparing Building Energy Performance and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
• Standard 180 - 2012: Standard Prac/ce For Inspec/on And Maintenance Of
Commercial Building HVAC Systems
• Standard 189.1 -- 2014: Standard for Design of High -- Performance Green
Buildings
• Standard 62.1 -- 2016: Ven/la/on for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
• Standard 90.1- 2016: Energy Standard for Buildings
• Guideline 11 - 2009: Field Tes/ng of HVAC Control Components
• Guideline 22 - 2012: Instrumenta/on for Monitoring Central Chilled-Water
Plant Efficiency

33. Konstantinos Laskos
klaskos@energyandbuilding.gr
Triantafyllos Triantafyllopoulos
A.triantafillopoulos@menerga.gr
Q&A
ASHRAE Standards & Guidelines for
Building Energy Audits
6/5/2017