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MANGROVES.pptx
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- 2. MANGROVE THE ECOSYSTEM THATKEEPS ON GIVING Healthy mangrove forests provide a diverse array of benefits to both humans and wildlife. Mangrove forests are one of the primary natural features of coastline throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world Mangroves are salt tolerant trees also called halophytes, and are adapted to life in harsh coastal conditions. They contain a complex root system to cope with salt water immersion and wave action and a complex salt filtration are adapted to the low oxygen conditions of water logged mud. They grow in a variety of depths of salt water, their roots sticking up out of the mud, with fish, crustaceans and a host of other species living between tree trunks.
- 4. WATER QUALITY CONTROL Desalination of sea water Uptake of Na+ ions is desirable for halophytes to build osmotic potential, absorb H2O & sustain turgor pressure. Increased Na+ is adjusted between growth and survival stratergies. Novel sustainable desalination method can be derived from halophytes, which are in contact with saline water through their roots. Halophytes exclude salt through their roots, secrete the accumulated salt through their aerial parts and sequester salt in senescent leaves and/or the bark. Mangroves are facultative halophytes and Bruguiera is known for its special ultrafiltration system that can filter approximately 90% of Na+ ions from the surrounding seawater through the roots. The water-filtering process in mangrove roots has received considerable attention for several decades.
- 5. COASTAL PROTECTION Windand swell waves are rapidly reduced as they pass through mangroves, lessening wave damage during storms. Wide mangrove belts, ideally thousands of meters across, can be effective in reducing the flooding impacts of storm surges occurring during major storms (also called cyclones, typhoons or hurricanes). This can significantly reduce flood extent in low lying areas. Narrower mangrove belts, hundreds of meters wide, will still be able to reduce wind speed, the impact of waves on top of the surge and flooding impact to some degree. Wide areas of mangroves can reduce tsunami heights, helping to reduce loss of life and damage to property in areas behind mangroves. The dense roots of mangroves help to bind and build soils. The above-ground roots slow down water flows, encourage deposition of sediments and reduce erosion. Over time mangroves can actively build up soils, increasing the thickness of the mangrove soil, which may be critical as sea level rise accelerates.
- 6. WOOD Depending onthe mangrove species, part of the mangrove plant is used to obtain building materials or fuel wood. The trunk is the most useful part of the mangrove tree, as it is used for construction or fuel. Mangrove wood harvesting activities occur in different parts of the forest. Harvesting depends on where the required species is located and on the size and availability of timber, rather than on accessibility. Harvesting usually occurs when planks or logs for different uses in the home are needed; harvest is not a recurring activity, nor is it seasonal.
- 7. WOOD FOR CONSTRUCTION Wood is the main building material for the construction of stilt houses (also known as pile dwellings). Since mangroves produce very hard and solid wood, the local community uses it to build the foundations, floor, walls, and roof of their houses. According to the surveys, Rhizophora spp. (red mangrove), Laguncularia racemosa , Gaertn (white mangrove), Avicennia germinans (black mangrove), Pelliciera rhizophorae are the main species used for this purpose.
- 8. NURSING HABITAT Mangroveforests are structurally diverse ecosystems, sustaining high biodiversity . Partly submerged in the ocean, mangroves form a tangled web of above- ground roots, creating a unique and complex habitat for all sorts of marine life. These species are attracted to mangrove forests for the high food availability, cooler water with higher oxygen content and the refuge they provide. Numerous marine species, including fish and shrimp, use mangroves as nurseries during early life stages.
- 9. FISHERIES The interviewedpopulation recognized the importance of mangrove swamps as a breeding ground for fish species and other organisms of economic as well as subsistence importance to the inhabitants of the area . This is interesting because the fisherman do not carry out their activity inside the mangrove forest; rather, the fishing takes place in the mouth of the river or in the coastal zone. Nevertheless, the association between mangrove forest area and fishing success was recognized among the interviewed population. In Changai, there is a group of at least 30 women whose economy depends directly on collection of bivalve mollusks.
- 10. MEDICINAL PURPOSES Mangrovesare widely used by mangrove dwellers for bush medicine e.g. A. illicifolius is used for skin disorders, boils and wounds. Numerous medicines derived from mangroves (ashes or bark infusions) can be applied for skin disorders e.g. Lumnitzera racemosa and sores including leprosy. They have been reported to treat different kinds of diseases (headaches, boils, ulcers and diarrhea). A number of mangroves and associates contain poisonous substances, which also show biological activities such as antifungal, antibacterial, antifeedant, molluscicidal, and pesticidal properties. Extracts from different mangrove plants are reported to possess diverse medicinal properties such as antibacterial, anthelmintic. The screening of plant species for anti-microbial activity in the discovery of new sources of economically valuable materials and metabolites with new therapeutic agents is an important task
- 11. CLIMATE REGULATION Mangrovesplay an important role in regulating climate. By sequestering carbon within soils and to a lesser extent in forest biomass, as well as exchanging carbon dioxide with and emitting methane to the atmosphere. Forested ecosystems capture carbon in two ways: (1) via carbon fixation and growth of tree biomass (wood) and (2) via accumulation of carbon in soil accumulating with time. Mangroves are usually highly productive forests and, like other forests, vary in size and age and thus vary in rates of primary production and carbon balance. Carbon is captured and stored below-ground and, under the right conditions, as peat. Accumulation of carbon in soil depends on a number of factors including location of the forest in relation to the open coast, distance to adjacent aquatic habitats, tidal amplitude, forest position in the tidal zone, and primary productivity. Mangroves actively capture silt, clay, and organic particles; they are not just passive importers of fine particulates. Also it acts as a barrier against tsunami, cyclones.
- 12. TOURISM Mangroves offergreat opportunities for wildlife viewing and other recreational activities such as fishing and diving. They also often grow in close proximity to other tourist attractions such as coral reefs and sandy beaches. Mangroves not only protect coral reefs but also provide vast biodiversity contributing to the marine ecosystem from which considerable tourism is derived. The tourists that visit to this object can rent the boat to down the river that full of mangroves plantation.
- 13. SOCIAL VALUES Theyexhibit social values that are not directly ascribable to the ecological or the economic domain. Social value of wetlands has been variously called ‘cultural services of ecosystems’ . The social value of wetlands within the context of this study is based on people’s view of their wetland for ethical, religious, cultural and philosophical reasons. Hence, for many people, wetlands are considered as source of subjective well- being(SWB) that is closely associated with deeply held historical, communal, ethical, religious and spiritual values. Consequently, it is qualitative and thus antithetical, as well as distinguishable from quantitative economic value in which money is the natural common measurement unit.
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