1. The document discusses the differences between medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis aims to reduce microorganisms while surgical asepsis destroys all microorganisms.
2. Aseptic technique is used to prevent or minimize contamination of wounds and other susceptible sites during procedures that bypass the body's natural defenses. Its aim is to protect patients from infection.
3. The document lists five indications for aseptic technique, including suturing wounds, inserting catheters or tubes, and caring for surgical wounds. It also outlines 13 principles of aseptic technique focused on maintaining sterility.
The goal of asepsis is to prevent the contamination of the open surgical wound by isolating the operative site from the surrounding nonsterile environment.1 The surgical team accomplishes this by creating and maintaining the sterile field and by following aseptic principles aimed at preventing microorganisms from contaminating the surgical wound
Clean, aseptic and sterile
Examples of procedures
SCRIPT the procedure to clearly define what is expected and needed from all team members to reduce health care associated infections
Principles of Aseptic technique
learning objectives are the learner will be able to state the requirements to Define Infection control chain and differentiate between clean, aseptic or sterile technique recommended for common procedures. Demonstrate use of the “SCRIPT” method to prepare for and carry out procedures
List the Principles of Aseptic technique
objectives of this lecture to Be able to state the requirements for clean, aseptic or sterile technique recommended for common procedures
Demonstrate use of the “SCRIPT” method to prepare for and carry out procedures
Principles of Aseptic technique
Guidelines for Maintaining a Sterile Field in an Operating RoomSurgical Solutions
A sterile field in an Operating Room is critical to providing the best care to the patient. All members of the surgical team should follow the guidelines outlined to ensure it is maintained.
The sterilization of surgical instruments is a process that removes all microorganisms from medical instruments before a surgery can take place. Proper sterilization ensures that all equipment has been thoroughly cleaned, sanitized and sterilized, and minimizes the risk of preventable surgical site infections. This process should be completed by a certified central sterilization technician.
The goal of asepsis is to prevent the contamination of the open surgical wound by isolating the operative site from the surrounding nonsterile environment.1 The surgical team accomplishes this by creating and maintaining the sterile field and by following aseptic principles aimed at preventing microorganisms from contaminating the surgical wound
Clean, aseptic and sterile
Examples of procedures
SCRIPT the procedure to clearly define what is expected and needed from all team members to reduce health care associated infections
Principles of Aseptic technique
learning objectives are the learner will be able to state the requirements to Define Infection control chain and differentiate between clean, aseptic or sterile technique recommended for common procedures. Demonstrate use of the “SCRIPT” method to prepare for and carry out procedures
List the Principles of Aseptic technique
objectives of this lecture to Be able to state the requirements for clean, aseptic or sterile technique recommended for common procedures
Demonstrate use of the “SCRIPT” method to prepare for and carry out procedures
Principles of Aseptic technique
Guidelines for Maintaining a Sterile Field in an Operating RoomSurgical Solutions
A sterile field in an Operating Room is critical to providing the best care to the patient. All members of the surgical team should follow the guidelines outlined to ensure it is maintained.
The sterilization of surgical instruments is a process that removes all microorganisms from medical instruments before a surgery can take place. Proper sterilization ensures that all equipment has been thoroughly cleaned, sanitized and sterilized, and minimizes the risk of preventable surgical site infections. This process should be completed by a certified central sterilization technician.
Environmental cleaning depends on Infection Control risk Assessment as High, Moderate & Low Risk Areas. This document includes Procedures & Practices in Hospital for Environmental Cleaning & Disinfection based on cheapest hospital grade disinfectant i.e Clorox / Household Bleach available for especially third world countries.
STERILIZATION- method of sterilization, adwantage,disadwatage
SUBJECT-- MICROBIOLOGY
CONTENTS--GENREL STUDY OF STERILIZATION
ABLEBLE ALL SEMESTER & ALL TOPIC OF B.PHARM SYLLUBUS VIDEO ON MY CHANNEL--FOLLOW ON
YOUTUBE----AA.VEDIC GYAN.KD
Cleaning: It’s everyone’s responsibility. Review environmental cleaning procedures for all perioperative patient care areas (preoperative, OR, postoperative, and sterile processing). This information was originally shared in an AORN webinar, which is also available for free on demand at http://bit.ly/IHTNnp. One contact hour is available for the webinar through November 13, 2014. Learn more about AORN educational events at www.aorn.org/Events.
This presentation provide most of the basic principles of maintain sterilly in a sterile invasive procedure in an operating theatre. All operating theatre staff will find useful/relevant.
Aseptic strategy implies utilizing practices and methodology to keep pollution from pathogens. It includes applying the strictest standards to limit the danger of disease. Human services laborers utilize aseptic system in medical procedure rooms, facilities, outpatient care focuses, and other social insurance settings.
Environmental cleaning depends on Infection Control risk Assessment as High, Moderate & Low Risk Areas. This document includes Procedures & Practices in Hospital for Environmental Cleaning & Disinfection based on cheapest hospital grade disinfectant i.e Clorox / Household Bleach available for especially third world countries.
STERILIZATION- method of sterilization, adwantage,disadwatage
SUBJECT-- MICROBIOLOGY
CONTENTS--GENREL STUDY OF STERILIZATION
ABLEBLE ALL SEMESTER & ALL TOPIC OF B.PHARM SYLLUBUS VIDEO ON MY CHANNEL--FOLLOW ON
YOUTUBE----AA.VEDIC GYAN.KD
Cleaning: It’s everyone’s responsibility. Review environmental cleaning procedures for all perioperative patient care areas (preoperative, OR, postoperative, and sterile processing). This information was originally shared in an AORN webinar, which is also available for free on demand at http://bit.ly/IHTNnp. One contact hour is available for the webinar through November 13, 2014. Learn more about AORN educational events at www.aorn.org/Events.
This presentation provide most of the basic principles of maintain sterilly in a sterile invasive procedure in an operating theatre. All operating theatre staff will find useful/relevant.
Aseptic strategy implies utilizing practices and methodology to keep pollution from pathogens. It includes applying the strictest standards to limit the danger of disease. Human services laborers utilize aseptic system in medical procedure rooms, facilities, outpatient care focuses, and other social insurance settings.
by - dr. sheetal kapse, 2nd year p.g. student, dept. of oral & maxillofacial surgery, RCDSR, Bhilai, C.G. please contact for any question...email id - sheetal.kpse@yahoo.com
Standard precautions are meant to reduce the risk of transmission of blood borne and other pathogens from both recognized and unrecognized sources.
They are the basic level of infection control precautions which are to be used, as a minimum, in the care of all patients.
Standard safety precautions are the basic infection prevention and control measures necessary to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious agent from both unrecognized and unrecognized sources of infection.
The elements of Standard Precautions include:
Hand hygiene.
Use of gloves and other barriers (e.g., mask, eye protection, face shield, gown).
Handling of patient care equipment and linen.
Environmental control.
Prevention of injury from sharps devices, and patient placement.
Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette
A. Standard Precautions-Standard precautions are to be followed for all patients, irrespective of their infection status.
These are to be used to avoid contact with blood, body fluids, secretions and excretions regardless of whether contaminated grossly with blood or not; non intact skin; and mucous membrane.
They are the basic level of infection control precautions which are to be used, as a minimum, in the care of all patients
Infection control measure to be undertaken by hospital- Use standard precaution for the care of all patients.
This general mandate is necessary because it is sometimes not known if the patient is colonized or infected with certain pathogenic microorganisms.
Barrier precautions reduce the need to handle sharps.
B. Transmission Precautions- The second tier condenses the disease-specific and categories approach to isolation into new transmission categories to be taken based on the route of transmission of organisms like contact precautions, airborne precautions, etc.
These precautions are designed for specific patients with highly transmissible pathogens
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Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
2. Objectives:
After 15-30 minutes of lecture, the
students will be able to:
1. differentiate medical from surgical
asepsis,
2. identify the different purpose of
aseptic technique,
3. enumerate at least 5 indications
for aseptic technique, and
4. enumerate the 13 principles of
aseptic technique.
6. Comparison
Medical Asepsis Surgical Asepsis
Reduce the number and
spread of microorganisms
Destroys ALL
microorganisms and their
spores
Clean technique Sterile technique
Ex. Hand washing, Wearing
hospital garments
Ex. Gas sterilization,
autoclaving
7. Aseptic Technique
• Used to help prevent or minimize
contamination of wounds and
other susceptible sites by
organisms that could cause
infection.
• Known as ‘Surgical asepsis’
• Is employed during any
procedure that bypasses the
body’s natural defenses.
8. Aim of aseptic technique
• To protect the patient
from infection and to
prevent the spread of
pathogens
9. Indications for the use of aseptic technique
• Suturing and care of surgical
wounds
• Insertion of invasive devices,
such as peripheral and central
venous catheters (CVC)
• Insertion of urethral catheters
and tracheostomy tubes
Brief introduction
In 2003 DOH published ‘Winning Ways’ a strategy for
reducing healthcare associated infections.
Goal health care providers to consistently perform high standards of aseptic technique
become a requirement for all health organisations to have a standardised technique for asepsis
The fundamental principle of asepsis is to prevent infection.
Methods of asepsis/ sterility
Chemical –gas sterilization
physical methods- autoclave
for example the skin, mucous membranes or when handling invasive equipment such as intravenous cannulae and urinary catheters.
In 2003, the Department of Health published ‘Winning Ways’ a strategy for
reducing healthcare associated infections. It stated that “Clinical teams will demonstrate consistently high standards of aseptic technique …” It is now a requirement for all NHS organisations to have a standardised technique for asepsis, and compliance should be audited.
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that over 27 million surgical procedures are perdomred each year in the US. Surgical site infection rannked as the third most common nosocomial infection and are responsible for longer hospital stays and increased costs to the patient and the hospital. Aseptic technique is vital in reducing the morbidity and moratlity associated with surgical infections.
When preparing for the equipments that are to be used for an operation,
always remember that the equipments are already sterilized and
therefore are free from pathogen so never touch them with your bare hands.
Sterile persons only include: Doctor, Assistant, Instrument Nurse, Suture Nurse
Unsterile person include: Anesthesiologist, Circulating Nurse
Ex. If you needed to use HCL and you have seen it already has a different color, remember that hydrochloric acid should always be colorless so if you have seen it otherwise then you should doubt its sterility and consider it unsterile. Another example would be if an HCL bottle does not have an expiry date, then doubt its sterility and consider it unsterile.
When opening your gown always remember to keep at least a meter away from the table because when your gown accidentally touches below the table surface level then your gown would become unsterile.
Sterile Part:
From Chest to Waist, Sleeve that covers the Hands to 1 inch beyond the elbow of sleeves
Unsterile Part:
Back, Shoulders to 1 inch before the elbow of sleeves, Waist and below
Never touch the rim of bottles/containers of sterile content.
Consider the rim of bottles unsterile.
Never touch equipments on rims of bottles.
Before using the sterile content, pour a little amount to clean the rim of its container.
Although sterile persons are sterile still refrain from touching the sterile equipments to prevent any contamination.
Sweat is moisture and may cause contamination. Your armpit is one site so never place your hands under it or near it.
Your sterile gloves' pack should never be folded to prevent crease and to prevent it from easily being torn and exposed.
Sterile packages or fields are opened or created as close as possible to the time of actual use.
Non-sterile items should not cross above a sterile field.
Contaminated items must be removed immediately from the sterile field.
There should be no talking, laughing, coughing or sneezing across a sterile field.
Personnel with colds should avoid working while ill or apply a double mask.
A safe space or margin of safety is maintained between sterile and non-sterile objects and areas.
