International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Review on Cold form Steel Compression MembersIRJET Journal
This document reviews research on the behavior of cold-formed steel sections under compression loading over the past 15 years. It summarizes studies on various buckling modes of cold-formed steel sections including local, distortional, lateral-torsional, and flexural-torsional buckling. The document also discusses experimental, numerical, and analytical investigations on the effects of parameters like yield strength, thickness, and use of stiffeners on the buckling behavior and strength of cold-formed steel compression members. While significant research has been done, the document notes that further study is needed on the influence of stiffened elements at flange/web junctions on the behavior of intermediate length cold-formed steel open columns.
IRJET- An Experimental Investigation of steel Concrete Composite Deck SlabIRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental investigation into steel-concrete composite deck slabs. Three slabs of varying dimensions were constructed with trapezoidal profile steel sheets and concrete. Shear connectors were used to improve the bond between the steel and concrete. Flexural tests were performed by applying loads to the slabs and measuring deflections. The test results showed that Slab 3, which had the largest profile sheet dimensions, exhibited the highest strength as evidenced by its ability to withstand the greatest loads without failure and having deflections comparable to the other slabs at higher loads. In conclusion, composite deck slabs constructed with trapezoidal profile steel sheets and shear connectors can achieve adequate strength and stiffness for building applications.
MODELING, ANALYZING AND SAFETY ASPECTS OF TORSION AND NOISE EFFECTS ON ROUND ...msejjournal
Each material has its own effect and behavior on external impacts like heat, force, tension, compression, torsion etc. It is important to study and analyze these behaviors before selecting a material for an engineering application in the design aspects itself. If predicted values analyzed by both mathematical and software are available it is easy to get the reliable details in the pre design itself. By this one can ensure the safety of the component and the system also. In this investigation, the effects of torsional loads on mild steel
round shafts with various diameters and lengths have been analyzed. The additional effects like angle of rotation, rpm and duration also considered to find the optimum predicted value. The data observed by various experiments are analyzed by design of experiments especially by response surface methodology. Minitab software is used for canalization. The data are tabulated and kept for future reference. Noise effect
due to the gradual torsional load performed in the gear box and other rotating components is also studied for healthy working environment. The nature and characteristics of material also be explained by this noise analysis.
IRJET-Experimental Study on Flexural Behaviour of Cold Formed Hollow Flanged ...IRJET Journal
The document presents an experimental study on the flexural behavior of different cold-formed hollow flanged Z-section steel beams. Four section types were tested: a normal Z-section, rectangular hollow flanged beam, and two types of triangular hollow flanged beams. The beams were tested under four-point bending to determine their load-carrying capacities and deflections. The rectangular hollow flanged beam exhibited the highest load-carrying capacity and load-to-weight ratio, demonstrating improved performance over the normal Z-section beam. The study evaluated the sections' mechanical properties and behaviors to determine suitable structural sections.
Influence Of Surface Roughness On Ultra-High-Cycle Fatigue Of Aisi 4140 Steel.IJERA Editor
Low and high-cycle fatigue life regimes are well studied and are relatively well understood. However, recent fatigue studies on steels have shown that fatigue failures can occur at low amplitudes even below the conventional fatigue limit in the ultra-high-cycle fatigue range (life higher than 107 cycles). Fatigue life in the regime of 106 to 108 cycles-to-failure in terms of the influence of manufacturing processes on fatigue strength is examined. Specifically, the influence of surface roughness of turned surfaces of AISI 4140 steel specimens on fatigue strength in the giga cycle or ultra-high-cycle fatigue range is evaluated. The fatigue experiments were carried out at room temperature, with zero mean stress, on a rotating-bending fatigue testing machine of the constant bending moment type. The fatigue strength of the specimens were determined using the staircase (or up-and-down) method.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Partial Replacement of M-Sand by Steel SlagIRJET Journal
This study experimentally investigated the partial replacement of m-sand (natural sand) with steel slag as fine aggregate in concrete. Various concrete mixes were prepared by replacing m-sand with 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% steel slag by volume. The compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength of the concrete cubes, cylinders, and beams were tested and compared to a conventional concrete mix without steel slag. The results showed that replacing up to 30% of m-sand with steel slag did not negatively impact the strength of the concrete and can be a viable way to utilize an industrial waste product in construction.
This document provides an abstract for a master's thesis on numerical analysis of residual stress on plate girders. The abstract indicates that the thesis addresses the prediction of imperfections in plate girders using simulation tools and simplified engineering models. It evaluates the impact of these imperfections, with a special focus on the effect of residual welding stress. Different simplified stress distributions are compared to results from welding simulation to validate recommendations on implementing weld-induced imperfections.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Review on Cold form Steel Compression MembersIRJET Journal
This document reviews research on the behavior of cold-formed steel sections under compression loading over the past 15 years. It summarizes studies on various buckling modes of cold-formed steel sections including local, distortional, lateral-torsional, and flexural-torsional buckling. The document also discusses experimental, numerical, and analytical investigations on the effects of parameters like yield strength, thickness, and use of stiffeners on the buckling behavior and strength of cold-formed steel compression members. While significant research has been done, the document notes that further study is needed on the influence of stiffened elements at flange/web junctions on the behavior of intermediate length cold-formed steel open columns.
IRJET- An Experimental Investigation of steel Concrete Composite Deck SlabIRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental investigation into steel-concrete composite deck slabs. Three slabs of varying dimensions were constructed with trapezoidal profile steel sheets and concrete. Shear connectors were used to improve the bond between the steel and concrete. Flexural tests were performed by applying loads to the slabs and measuring deflections. The test results showed that Slab 3, which had the largest profile sheet dimensions, exhibited the highest strength as evidenced by its ability to withstand the greatest loads without failure and having deflections comparable to the other slabs at higher loads. In conclusion, composite deck slabs constructed with trapezoidal profile steel sheets and shear connectors can achieve adequate strength and stiffness for building applications.
MODELING, ANALYZING AND SAFETY ASPECTS OF TORSION AND NOISE EFFECTS ON ROUND ...msejjournal
Each material has its own effect and behavior on external impacts like heat, force, tension, compression, torsion etc. It is important to study and analyze these behaviors before selecting a material for an engineering application in the design aspects itself. If predicted values analyzed by both mathematical and software are available it is easy to get the reliable details in the pre design itself. By this one can ensure the safety of the component and the system also. In this investigation, the effects of torsional loads on mild steel
round shafts with various diameters and lengths have been analyzed. The additional effects like angle of rotation, rpm and duration also considered to find the optimum predicted value. The data observed by various experiments are analyzed by design of experiments especially by response surface methodology. Minitab software is used for canalization. The data are tabulated and kept for future reference. Noise effect
due to the gradual torsional load performed in the gear box and other rotating components is also studied for healthy working environment. The nature and characteristics of material also be explained by this noise analysis.
IRJET-Experimental Study on Flexural Behaviour of Cold Formed Hollow Flanged ...IRJET Journal
The document presents an experimental study on the flexural behavior of different cold-formed hollow flanged Z-section steel beams. Four section types were tested: a normal Z-section, rectangular hollow flanged beam, and two types of triangular hollow flanged beams. The beams were tested under four-point bending to determine their load-carrying capacities and deflections. The rectangular hollow flanged beam exhibited the highest load-carrying capacity and load-to-weight ratio, demonstrating improved performance over the normal Z-section beam. The study evaluated the sections' mechanical properties and behaviors to determine suitable structural sections.
Influence Of Surface Roughness On Ultra-High-Cycle Fatigue Of Aisi 4140 Steel.IJERA Editor
Low and high-cycle fatigue life regimes are well studied and are relatively well understood. However, recent fatigue studies on steels have shown that fatigue failures can occur at low amplitudes even below the conventional fatigue limit in the ultra-high-cycle fatigue range (life higher than 107 cycles). Fatigue life in the regime of 106 to 108 cycles-to-failure in terms of the influence of manufacturing processes on fatigue strength is examined. Specifically, the influence of surface roughness of turned surfaces of AISI 4140 steel specimens on fatigue strength in the giga cycle or ultra-high-cycle fatigue range is evaluated. The fatigue experiments were carried out at room temperature, with zero mean stress, on a rotating-bending fatigue testing machine of the constant bending moment type. The fatigue strength of the specimens were determined using the staircase (or up-and-down) method.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Partial Replacement of M-Sand by Steel SlagIRJET Journal
This study experimentally investigated the partial replacement of m-sand (natural sand) with steel slag as fine aggregate in concrete. Various concrete mixes were prepared by replacing m-sand with 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% steel slag by volume. The compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength of the concrete cubes, cylinders, and beams were tested and compared to a conventional concrete mix without steel slag. The results showed that replacing up to 30% of m-sand with steel slag did not negatively impact the strength of the concrete and can be a viable way to utilize an industrial waste product in construction.
This document provides an abstract for a master's thesis on numerical analysis of residual stress on plate girders. The abstract indicates that the thesis addresses the prediction of imperfections in plate girders using simulation tools and simplified engineering models. It evaluates the impact of these imperfections, with a special focus on the effect of residual welding stress. Different simplified stress distributions are compared to results from welding simulation to validate recommendations on implementing weld-induced imperfections.
Flexural behaviour of interior r.c.beam column joint with and without slab un...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Effect of the post weld heat treatments on the fatigue crack growth behavior ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of the post weld heat treatments (PWHTs) on the fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior in the welded zone of AA6063-T5 fabricated by the friction stir process was investigated. The FCG specimens are machined in which the loading axis is put perpendicular to the welding line and the initial notches are introduced in the welded zone. The experimental results showed the FCG rates are sensitive to the PWHT solutions. The FCG resistance in the welded zone could be fully restored to that of base metal by using PWHT. While the PWHT solution solely restores the precipitates dissolved and/or coarsened during welding process has a minor effect on the FCG rates, the PWHT solution remarkably recrystallizes the grain microstructure has a significant effect here.
Keywords: Aluminum alloy, Failure assessment, Fatigue crack propagation, Friction stir welding
Effect of Imperfection on Shear Behaviour of Hybrid Plate Girder IJMER
The influence of initial imperfection of plates on the shear resistance of hybrid plate girder
fabricated using slender plate elements is studied. Nonlinear finite element analysis was performed to
compute the ultimate shear strength of hybrid girder. Imperfection analysis was performed by varying
the magnitude of imperfection on web panel of hybrid plate girder to compare the variation in ultimate
shear strength. The study was also done by varying the yield strength and slenderness ratio of web panel.
The result of the study indicates that the ultimate shear strength of hybrid plate girder decreases with
increase in the magnitude of initial imperfection. The effect of imperfection on shear strength was
significantly high for plate girder with low web slenderness ratio and high yield strength of web panel.
The maximum lateral as well as the vertical deflection at ultimate strength state of the model increases
with increase in magnitude of imperfection
IRJET- Study on Cold-Formed Steel Hollow Section ColumnsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the strength and behavior of cold-formed steel hollow section columns. It reviews several experimental and numerical studies that investigated the load-carrying capacity of different types of cold-formed steel hollow sections under compression, including circular hollow sections, elliptical hollow sections, rectangular hollow sections, square hollow sections, and built-up sections. The studies compared results from tests of column specimens to design standards and methods such as the Direct Strength Method. Most found that existing design approaches provide conservative strength predictions for cold-formed steel hollow section columns.
Two different schemes called “ties and longitudinal stiffeners” were proposed for improving the performance of stainless steel square thin walled tubes. An analytical study using finite element models loaded axially has been conducted. Both geometric and material nonlinearities were considered. Those models were verified against the results obtained from previous researches. The analytical study compared between unstiffened, ties stiffened and longitudinally stiffened stainless steel square thin walled tubes. The studied parameters were square thin walled tube width-to-thickness ratio (W/t) and the axial spacing of stiffening along the length. It was observed that the axial load strength can be enhanced by proposed ties stiffening schemes.
This document presents a new approach for determining the tensile and shear strengths of normal weight concrete. It discusses existing methods for evaluating these properties and their limitations. The author proposes using the failure patterns of two concrete cylinders under compression - with the same cross-sectional area but different heights - to define a characteristic fracture angle. This angle would be a function of the concrete's compressive strength. Equations are then developed relating the fracture angle to the tensile and shear strengths. The significance of using two cylinders is that it introduces the concept of the direction of the failure plane as a way to predict mechanical properties from a standard compression test.
Geometric specification of bevel wrapping of double walled tubes, prediction ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Bundy tube, is type of double-walled low-carbon steel tube manufactured by rolling a copper-coated steel strip through 720 degrees and resistance brazing the overlapped seam in a process called Bundy welding. Double wall brazed steel tubing is constructed from copper coated steel strip which is rolled twice around laterally, then furnace brazed to produce a tube of double wall structure, with a clear, scale free coppered bore, a plated external surface and a consistently uniform wall thickness. PROBLEM BY BUNDY TUBEING INDIA LIMITED Given 17 parameters namely level, pH, chemicals (KCN(Potassium cyanide), CuCN(Copper Cyanide), Rochelle Salt, carbonate) each in tank number 8 and 9 respectively with strip thickness, strip hardness, plating thickness at left, centre and right to predict the percentage of wastage in the tube production. Prediction of wastage by company: Nominal diameter(d) Wall Thickness(e), Strip thickness (f), Bevel angle (), Bevel outer angle(o), Bevel inner angle (
I) , Bevel outer length (l), Circumference (cf
Modeling and finite element analysis for a casting defect in thin wall struct...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to model and simulate casting defects in thin-walled aluminum pump impeller structures. Various simulations were run to analyze factors like metal flow, heat transfer, solidification temperatures, and defect formation under different conditions. Actual castings were also produced and tested. The results showed that increasing the number of risers from one to three reduced blow holes and other defects, indicating the importance of proper gating and feeding systems to minimize defects in thin-walled castings. Comparisons between simulation temperatures and experimental temperatures also showed good agreement.
A refined energy-based model for friction stir processing of Al- Zn-Mg alloyIJERA Editor
Friction stir processing (FSP) is a promising solid state surface modification technique. Also, considered as an
innovative technique that the FSPwas employed to modify the surface layer of aluminium alloy. The FSP passes
of only two passes were applied on aluminium alloy samples. A rotating tool with a pin and shoulder is inserted
into a single piece of material and results in significant microstructural changes in the processed zone, due to
intense plastic deformation. It has been proved to be an effective way to refine the microstructure of aluminium
alloys, and thereby improve the mechanical properties. In procedural phenomenon there are different parameters
adjustment have been worked out to refine microstructure and several properties characterised to TEM, SEM,
FESEM and mechanical properties. In this study, a refined energy based model that estimates the energy
generated due to friction and plastic deformation is presented with the help ofexperimental and theoretical
results available in many literatures. The model is applied to 7xxx series of aluminium alloys.
Experiment NO:6 describes a compression test performed on an anisotropic wooden material to determine its compressive strength when force is applied both parallel and perpendicular to its fibers. When force was applied perpendicular to the fibers, the wooden block failed at a compressive strength of 4.7712x107 N/m2. When applied parallel to the fibers, the failure strength was lower at 1.204x107 N/m2. Detailed load-deformation data is provided in tables showing that the material can withstand over 10 times more load when compressed parallel rather than perpendicular to its fibers, as the fibers act like columns parallel to the load.
To find effects of GMAW parameters on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum AlloysIJERA Editor
The present research aims to investigate the effects of Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) on the mechanical
properties of different grades of aluminum alloys. GMAW is the most common method of joining aluminum
alloys used in various industrial processes. It replaces the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) method of providing equally
high quality of joints with a much higher performance. Aluminum alloys under consideration for this
experiment will be from 6XXX series, consisting of Silicon and Magnesium as main alloying elements. Weld
joints Will be produced with the help of a Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process. The Hardness, Tensile
strength, yield stresses and elongation will be the mechanical properties to be obtained. As aluminum alloys
show large micro structural changes after welding it is necessary to know about the effect of welding parameters
on the mechanical properties of weldements as too high welding current and too high welding speed will result
in high heat input and weakening of weld profile so a balance is need to be struck between welding parameters
and mechanical properties. Scattering Electron Microscopy (SEM) technique will be used to analyze micro
The document analyzes the breakage of an elevator chain wheel shaft made of normalized C45 steel. Macroscopic, mechanical, chemical, and microstructural analyses show characteristics of fatigue failure originating from indentation of the soft ferrite surface by the keyway edge. While the steel composition met standards, the normalized microstructure and soft surface were insufficient. Surface hardening is proposed to increase surface hardness and prevent future failures from external stresses exceeding the ferrite's critical shear stress.
The document summarizes research on the friction and wear of metals under micro-abrasion and dry/wet sliding conditions. It includes an introduction describing the research objectives to characterize coefficient of friction (CoF) and wear rates of metals under different wear modes. The experimental procedure used a micro-abrasion tester to apply loads to metal samples in contact with a rotating steel ball under various conditions to produce different wear modes. Results found that pure rolling abrasion generated the highest wear rates while dry sliding abrasion produced the lowest wear rates and CoFs. The research concluded the tester was useful for evaluating CoF under different tribological pairs and conditions.
Low cycle biaxial fatigue behavior of direct aged Nickel-based 718 superalloy IJERA Editor
In recent years, significant advances in the fabrication process of nickel-base supperalloy leading to grain size
reduction have been made in order to improve fatigue properties of aircraft turbine discs. Indeed, a change in
particle size affects the initiation mode of fatigue cracks as well as the fatigue life of the material. The present
study aims to investigate the fatigue behavior of a newly developed nickel-based superalloy under biaxial-planar
loading. Low Cycle Fatigue (LCF) tests are performed at different stress ratios to study the influence of the
multiaxial stress state on the fatigue life of the material. Full-field displacement and strain measurements as well
as crack initiation detection are obtained using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) techniques. Results related to
different load ratios are presented and an appropriate biaxial lifetime prediction is given. Crack detection, strain
amplitude and number of cycles to crack initiation vs. triaxial stress ratio for each loading case are mentionned.
From fractographic investigations by scanning electron microscopy it is found that the mechanism of fatigue
crack initiation does not depend on the triaxial stress ratio and that most fatigue cracks initiate from subsurface
carbides.
This document provides the code of practice for general construction of plain and reinforced concrete for dams and other massive structures in India. It covers materials, concrete mix design, placement, curing, formwork, joints, and testing. The code aims to ensure durability, strength, impermeability and uniformity of concrete structures. It establishes requirements for cement, aggregates, water, admixtures and reinforcement to be used. It also provides guidelines for mixing, placing, compacting, curing concrete and constructing joints.
Analysis and Weight Optimization of Split Dish Reactor Using Thermo-Structura...IJERA Editor
A vertical split dish reactor with leg supports is modeled using ansys workbench. Thereafter, external loads, such as self –weight, internal pressure and temperature are applied to the model. Pressure and temperature has been continuously a concern which may lead to structural failure if the resulting stresses are severe and excessive. It is a significant study which requires in-depth investigation to understand the structural characteristics. This paper presents and focuses on some Finite Element (FE) analysis of a split dish reactor will be carried out and maximum stresses in the structure will be determined.
IRJET- Experimental Study on Flexural Behaviour of Cold-Form Steel Section wi...IRJET Journal
This study experimentally analyzed the flexural behavior of cold-formed steel closed built-up channel sections with and without square perforations. Beams were tested under two-point loading to measure deflection. Results showed that sections with and without perforations had similar load capacities, indicating perforations do not significantly reduce strength. Theoretical calculations using design codes were also conducted and found to match experimental results reasonably well. It was concluded that incorporating perforations into cold-formed steel sections could reduce material costs without compromising structural performance.
In the material testing laboratory, a Charpy impact test was performed on three different types (hot,cold,and steel alloy)of steels testing each variety at four different temperatures (32°C(RT), 100°C,0°C and -22°C ). From results (shown below), we determined that the a transition is from ductile failures to brittle failures
This document outlines testing procedures for evaluating the strength, deformation, and cracking of autoclaved cellular concrete flexural members under short duration bending loads. Key points:
- Test specimens should be full-size structural members to be used in construction.
- Members are simply supported and loaded at third points using steel plates to distribute the load evenly.
- Loads, deflections at mid-span, strains, and crack widths are measured.
- Members are loaded until cracking occurs or a prescribed load is reached to evaluate strength, deformation, and cracking behavior under short term bending loads.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Flexural behaviour of interior r.c.beam column joint with and without slab un...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Effect of the post weld heat treatments on the fatigue crack growth behavior ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of the post weld heat treatments (PWHTs) on the fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior in the welded zone of AA6063-T5 fabricated by the friction stir process was investigated. The FCG specimens are machined in which the loading axis is put perpendicular to the welding line and the initial notches are introduced in the welded zone. The experimental results showed the FCG rates are sensitive to the PWHT solutions. The FCG resistance in the welded zone could be fully restored to that of base metal by using PWHT. While the PWHT solution solely restores the precipitates dissolved and/or coarsened during welding process has a minor effect on the FCG rates, the PWHT solution remarkably recrystallizes the grain microstructure has a significant effect here.
Keywords: Aluminum alloy, Failure assessment, Fatigue crack propagation, Friction stir welding
Effect of Imperfection on Shear Behaviour of Hybrid Plate Girder IJMER
The influence of initial imperfection of plates on the shear resistance of hybrid plate girder
fabricated using slender plate elements is studied. Nonlinear finite element analysis was performed to
compute the ultimate shear strength of hybrid girder. Imperfection analysis was performed by varying
the magnitude of imperfection on web panel of hybrid plate girder to compare the variation in ultimate
shear strength. The study was also done by varying the yield strength and slenderness ratio of web panel.
The result of the study indicates that the ultimate shear strength of hybrid plate girder decreases with
increase in the magnitude of initial imperfection. The effect of imperfection on shear strength was
significantly high for plate girder with low web slenderness ratio and high yield strength of web panel.
The maximum lateral as well as the vertical deflection at ultimate strength state of the model increases
with increase in magnitude of imperfection
IRJET- Study on Cold-Formed Steel Hollow Section ColumnsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the strength and behavior of cold-formed steel hollow section columns. It reviews several experimental and numerical studies that investigated the load-carrying capacity of different types of cold-formed steel hollow sections under compression, including circular hollow sections, elliptical hollow sections, rectangular hollow sections, square hollow sections, and built-up sections. The studies compared results from tests of column specimens to design standards and methods such as the Direct Strength Method. Most found that existing design approaches provide conservative strength predictions for cold-formed steel hollow section columns.
Two different schemes called “ties and longitudinal stiffeners” were proposed for improving the performance of stainless steel square thin walled tubes. An analytical study using finite element models loaded axially has been conducted. Both geometric and material nonlinearities were considered. Those models were verified against the results obtained from previous researches. The analytical study compared between unstiffened, ties stiffened and longitudinally stiffened stainless steel square thin walled tubes. The studied parameters were square thin walled tube width-to-thickness ratio (W/t) and the axial spacing of stiffening along the length. It was observed that the axial load strength can be enhanced by proposed ties stiffening schemes.
This document presents a new approach for determining the tensile and shear strengths of normal weight concrete. It discusses existing methods for evaluating these properties and their limitations. The author proposes using the failure patterns of two concrete cylinders under compression - with the same cross-sectional area but different heights - to define a characteristic fracture angle. This angle would be a function of the concrete's compressive strength. Equations are then developed relating the fracture angle to the tensile and shear strengths. The significance of using two cylinders is that it introduces the concept of the direction of the failure plane as a way to predict mechanical properties from a standard compression test.
Geometric specification of bevel wrapping of double walled tubes, prediction ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Bundy tube, is type of double-walled low-carbon steel tube manufactured by rolling a copper-coated steel strip through 720 degrees and resistance brazing the overlapped seam in a process called Bundy welding. Double wall brazed steel tubing is constructed from copper coated steel strip which is rolled twice around laterally, then furnace brazed to produce a tube of double wall structure, with a clear, scale free coppered bore, a plated external surface and a consistently uniform wall thickness. PROBLEM BY BUNDY TUBEING INDIA LIMITED Given 17 parameters namely level, pH, chemicals (KCN(Potassium cyanide), CuCN(Copper Cyanide), Rochelle Salt, carbonate) each in tank number 8 and 9 respectively with strip thickness, strip hardness, plating thickness at left, centre and right to predict the percentage of wastage in the tube production. Prediction of wastage by company: Nominal diameter(d) Wall Thickness(e), Strip thickness (f), Bevel angle (), Bevel outer angle(o), Bevel inner angle (
I) , Bevel outer length (l), Circumference (cf
Modeling and finite element analysis for a casting defect in thin wall struct...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to model and simulate casting defects in thin-walled aluminum pump impeller structures. Various simulations were run to analyze factors like metal flow, heat transfer, solidification temperatures, and defect formation under different conditions. Actual castings were also produced and tested. The results showed that increasing the number of risers from one to three reduced blow holes and other defects, indicating the importance of proper gating and feeding systems to minimize defects in thin-walled castings. Comparisons between simulation temperatures and experimental temperatures also showed good agreement.
A refined energy-based model for friction stir processing of Al- Zn-Mg alloyIJERA Editor
Friction stir processing (FSP) is a promising solid state surface modification technique. Also, considered as an
innovative technique that the FSPwas employed to modify the surface layer of aluminium alloy. The FSP passes
of only two passes were applied on aluminium alloy samples. A rotating tool with a pin and shoulder is inserted
into a single piece of material and results in significant microstructural changes in the processed zone, due to
intense plastic deformation. It has been proved to be an effective way to refine the microstructure of aluminium
alloys, and thereby improve the mechanical properties. In procedural phenomenon there are different parameters
adjustment have been worked out to refine microstructure and several properties characterised to TEM, SEM,
FESEM and mechanical properties. In this study, a refined energy based model that estimates the energy
generated due to friction and plastic deformation is presented with the help ofexperimental and theoretical
results available in many literatures. The model is applied to 7xxx series of aluminium alloys.
Experiment NO:6 describes a compression test performed on an anisotropic wooden material to determine its compressive strength when force is applied both parallel and perpendicular to its fibers. When force was applied perpendicular to the fibers, the wooden block failed at a compressive strength of 4.7712x107 N/m2. When applied parallel to the fibers, the failure strength was lower at 1.204x107 N/m2. Detailed load-deformation data is provided in tables showing that the material can withstand over 10 times more load when compressed parallel rather than perpendicular to its fibers, as the fibers act like columns parallel to the load.
To find effects of GMAW parameters on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum AlloysIJERA Editor
The present research aims to investigate the effects of Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) on the mechanical
properties of different grades of aluminum alloys. GMAW is the most common method of joining aluminum
alloys used in various industrial processes. It replaces the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) method of providing equally
high quality of joints with a much higher performance. Aluminum alloys under consideration for this
experiment will be from 6XXX series, consisting of Silicon and Magnesium as main alloying elements. Weld
joints Will be produced with the help of a Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process. The Hardness, Tensile
strength, yield stresses and elongation will be the mechanical properties to be obtained. As aluminum alloys
show large micro structural changes after welding it is necessary to know about the effect of welding parameters
on the mechanical properties of weldements as too high welding current and too high welding speed will result
in high heat input and weakening of weld profile so a balance is need to be struck between welding parameters
and mechanical properties. Scattering Electron Microscopy (SEM) technique will be used to analyze micro
The document analyzes the breakage of an elevator chain wheel shaft made of normalized C45 steel. Macroscopic, mechanical, chemical, and microstructural analyses show characteristics of fatigue failure originating from indentation of the soft ferrite surface by the keyway edge. While the steel composition met standards, the normalized microstructure and soft surface were insufficient. Surface hardening is proposed to increase surface hardness and prevent future failures from external stresses exceeding the ferrite's critical shear stress.
The document summarizes research on the friction and wear of metals under micro-abrasion and dry/wet sliding conditions. It includes an introduction describing the research objectives to characterize coefficient of friction (CoF) and wear rates of metals under different wear modes. The experimental procedure used a micro-abrasion tester to apply loads to metal samples in contact with a rotating steel ball under various conditions to produce different wear modes. Results found that pure rolling abrasion generated the highest wear rates while dry sliding abrasion produced the lowest wear rates and CoFs. The research concluded the tester was useful for evaluating CoF under different tribological pairs and conditions.
Low cycle biaxial fatigue behavior of direct aged Nickel-based 718 superalloy IJERA Editor
In recent years, significant advances in the fabrication process of nickel-base supperalloy leading to grain size
reduction have been made in order to improve fatigue properties of aircraft turbine discs. Indeed, a change in
particle size affects the initiation mode of fatigue cracks as well as the fatigue life of the material. The present
study aims to investigate the fatigue behavior of a newly developed nickel-based superalloy under biaxial-planar
loading. Low Cycle Fatigue (LCF) tests are performed at different stress ratios to study the influence of the
multiaxial stress state on the fatigue life of the material. Full-field displacement and strain measurements as well
as crack initiation detection are obtained using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) techniques. Results related to
different load ratios are presented and an appropriate biaxial lifetime prediction is given. Crack detection, strain
amplitude and number of cycles to crack initiation vs. triaxial stress ratio for each loading case are mentionned.
From fractographic investigations by scanning electron microscopy it is found that the mechanism of fatigue
crack initiation does not depend on the triaxial stress ratio and that most fatigue cracks initiate from subsurface
carbides.
This document provides the code of practice for general construction of plain and reinforced concrete for dams and other massive structures in India. It covers materials, concrete mix design, placement, curing, formwork, joints, and testing. The code aims to ensure durability, strength, impermeability and uniformity of concrete structures. It establishes requirements for cement, aggregates, water, admixtures and reinforcement to be used. It also provides guidelines for mixing, placing, compacting, curing concrete and constructing joints.
Analysis and Weight Optimization of Split Dish Reactor Using Thermo-Structura...IJERA Editor
A vertical split dish reactor with leg supports is modeled using ansys workbench. Thereafter, external loads, such as self –weight, internal pressure and temperature are applied to the model. Pressure and temperature has been continuously a concern which may lead to structural failure if the resulting stresses are severe and excessive. It is a significant study which requires in-depth investigation to understand the structural characteristics. This paper presents and focuses on some Finite Element (FE) analysis of a split dish reactor will be carried out and maximum stresses in the structure will be determined.
IRJET- Experimental Study on Flexural Behaviour of Cold-Form Steel Section wi...IRJET Journal
This study experimentally analyzed the flexural behavior of cold-formed steel closed built-up channel sections with and without square perforations. Beams were tested under two-point loading to measure deflection. Results showed that sections with and without perforations had similar load capacities, indicating perforations do not significantly reduce strength. Theoretical calculations using design codes were also conducted and found to match experimental results reasonably well. It was concluded that incorporating perforations into cold-formed steel sections could reduce material costs without compromising structural performance.
In the material testing laboratory, a Charpy impact test was performed on three different types (hot,cold,and steel alloy)of steels testing each variety at four different temperatures (32°C(RT), 100°C,0°C and -22°C ). From results (shown below), we determined that the a transition is from ductile failures to brittle failures
This document outlines testing procedures for evaluating the strength, deformation, and cracking of autoclaved cellular concrete flexural members under short duration bending loads. Key points:
- Test specimens should be full-size structural members to be used in construction.
- Members are simply supported and loaded at third points using steel plates to distribute the load evenly.
- Loads, deflections at mid-span, strains, and crack widths are measured.
- Members are loaded until cracking occurs or a prescribed load is reached to evaluate strength, deformation, and cracking behavior under short term bending loads.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses a study that evaluated the performance of a high grade low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engine fueled with Mohr oil in both its crude and biodiesel forms. The LHR engine featured an air gap insulated piston, air gap insulated liner, and ceramic coated cylinder head. A conventional engine (CE) was also tested for comparison. Performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency, emissions, and combustion characteristics were measured at various injection pressures and timings. The LHR engine showed improved performance with crude and biodiesel Mohr oil compared to the CE. Optimum injection timings for the LHR engine were 29° bTDC and 30° bTDC for crude and biodiesel Moh
This document presents a VHDL implementation of an IEEE 754 floating point unit using a carry look ahead adder and radix-4 modified Booth encoder multiplier. The floating point unit performs single precision floating point multiplication. It consists of blocks to calculate the sign bit, add the exponents, multiply the significands using the modified Booth encoding technique, normalize the result, detect overflow/underflow, and implement pipelining. VHDL simulation results show that this floating point multiplier design has lower delay and power consumption compared to an array multiplier implementation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of different frying oils (sesame oil, palm olein, and a blend of the two) on the formation of acrylamide in fried potato products. The researchers found that the type of frying oil significantly impacted the amount of acrylamide formation. Fried potatoes produced using palm olein had the highest acrylamide levels (1140 ppb), while those fried in sesame oil alone had the lowest levels (860 ppb). A blend of sesame oil and palm olein resulted in an intermediate acrylamide amount (952 ppb). This is because sesame oil is more thermally stable during frying due to its powerful natural antioxidants, which
The document discusses how improving power factor can help reduce load current in small industries. It presents calculations showing that correcting the power factor from 0.7 to 0.9 can reduce load current by 11-23%. Specifically, for a 400 KVA load with a voltage of 440V, correcting the power factor from 0.8 to 0.9 reduced the current from 524 amps to 466 amps, a reduction of 11%. Correcting from 0.7 to 0.9 reduced the current from 525 amps to 408 amps, a 23% reduction. Improving power factor through methods like capacitors can thus lower costs by reducing unnecessary current.
Experimental investigation of concrete beams reinforced with gfrp barsIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested seven concrete beams reinforced with locally produced glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars. The study investigated the effect of reinforcement ratio (1.7 times balanced reinforcement ratio (μb) and 2.7 times μb) and concrete compressive strength (25 MPa and 45 MPa) on the beams' deflection, cracking, ultimate load capacity, and GFRP reinforcement strains. The test results showed that higher reinforcement ratios led to smaller crack widths and deflections, and higher ultimate loads. Specimens with 2.7 times μb reinforcement demonstrated ductile behavior from the concrete. The recorded GFRP strains reached 90% of the bars' ultimate strains.
Flexural behavior of composite reinforced concrete t beams cast in steel cha...IAEME Publication
The document summarizes an experimental study on the flexural behavior of composite reinforced concrete T-beams with horizontal transverse bars as shear connectors. Three large-scale beam specimens were fabricated, loaded until failure, and their load-deflection responses were measured. Results showed that beams with horizontal bar shear connectors had substantially higher ultimate bending capacity, flexural stiffness, and integrity compared to previous studies using headed stud connectors. The use of horizontal bars as shear connectors provides improved flexural performance of composite concrete beams cast in steel channels.
A Review Paper- Influence Of Welding On The Mechanical Properties Of Mild Ste...IJSRED
This paper reviews the influence of welding on the mechanical properties of mild steel and EN31 butt welds at different groove angles. It discusses how the welding process uses heat to join materials and can change the mechanical properties near the heat-affected zone. It explores how factors like welding current, groove angle, and plate thickness can affect properties like hardness, impact strength, tensile strength, and compressive strength. The paper concludes that these mechanical properties may vary with plate thickness and groove angle for mild steel, EN8, and EN31 materials.
Effect of corrosion on concrete reinforcement mechanical and physical 2IAEME Publication
The document summarizes an experimental study on the effect of corrosion on the mechanical and physical properties of steel reinforcement bars in concrete. Three types of steel bars were tested: plain, deformed, and epoxy-coated deformed bars embedded in concrete with varying strengths and water-cement ratios. The bars were subjected to accelerated corrosion testing and evaluated at different corrosion stages. The results showed that corrosion reduced the yield stress, tensile strength, and ductility of the bars. It also decreased the mass, rib height, and cross-sectional area of the bars. The study demonstrated that corrosion negatively impacts the strength and durability of reinforced concrete structures over time.
Effect of corrosion on concrete reinforcement mechanical and physical 2IAEME Publication
The document summarizes an experimental study on the effect of corrosion on the mechanical and physical properties of steel reinforcement bars in concrete. Three types of steel bars were tested: plain, deformed, and epoxy-coated deformed bars embedded in concrete with varying strengths and water-cement ratios. The bars were subjected to accelerated corrosion testing and evaluated at different corrosion stages. The results showed that corrosion reduces steel bars' tensile strength and ductility. It also decreases yield stress and leads to more brittle failure. Corrosion was found to negatively impact the mechanical properties of reinforcement bars and reduce the load carrying capacity of reinforced concrete structures over time.
Experimental Study on Flexural Behaviour of Steel Beam at Diverse LoadingIRJET Journal
This study experimentally analyzed the flexural behavior of steel channel sections (ISMC75) under different loading conditions. The channel section was tested as a simply supported beam under two-point loading applied at either the web or flange. When loaded at the flange, the channel section carried 47% higher loads than when loaded at the web, reaching its plastic moment capacity. Deflections were also higher under flange loading. The results provide data on the flexural behavior and load-carrying capacity of channel sections based on the point of load application.
ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMED STRUCTURE(G+15) WITH STEEL BRACING SYS...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the analysis of a reinforced concrete framed structure (G+15 building) with steel bracing systems using ETABS software. The building was modeled in three configurations - without bracing/shear walls, with various bracing systems, and with shear walls. Bracings and shear walls were placed at the center bays. The models were analyzed for seismic forces in various seismic zones using ETABS. Story displacement and story shear values were compared for models with V-bracing and chevron bracing. It was found that chevron bracing performed better in Zones II&III while V-bracing was better in Zones IV&V.
Experimental investigation of Solid Particle Erosion of Brass, Stainless Stee...IRJET Journal
The document presents the results of an experimental investigation into the erosion behavior of brass, stainless steel 304, and aluminum 6063 due to solid particle impact. Tests were conducted using an air jet erosion tester at different impact velocities (40-70 m/s) and angles (30-90 degrees) using alumina particles. The results showed that increasing impact velocity increased the erosion rate of all materials, following a power law relationship. The maximum erosion for all materials occurred at an impact angle of 60 degrees. Brass exhibited the highest erosion rate while aluminum showed the best erosion resistance. The study provides experimental data to calibrate erosion wear models for computational analysis of industrial systems.
IRJET- Emphasis of Plate-Thickness and Groove Angle on Distortion for Mild St...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes research into minimizing welding distortion, which is a change in shape that occurs between welded plates before and after welding. The research investigates the effect of plate thickness (6, 7, and 8mm) and groove angle (60, 90, and 120 degrees) on angular distortion in mild steel butt joints welded using manual metal arc welding (MMAW). Mathematical models are developed using response surface methodology to predict transverse and longitudinal shrinkage distortion based on plate thickness and groove angle. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) testing shows that the models accurately predict distortion. The research aims to provide empirical data to better understand different types of welding distortion.
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS ABOUT INFLUENCE OF OUT-OF-PLANE DEFLECTIVE DEFORMATION ...IAEME Publication
In this study, it is aimed at verifying the relationship between amount of the initial deflective deformation of simply supported steel plates and ultimate compressive strength of them through elasto-plastic finite deformation analysis. When initial deflection has been controlled smaller unitl now or out-of plane deformation has become large after an earthquake, the current compressive strength curve of steel plates in Japan cannot be applied. Therefore, more accurate prediction method have been required in near future, on behalf of rational design of steel structures. In other words, it is needed to make clear the relationship between the initial imperfection and the strength of simply supported steel plate. For this purpose, the parametric study on compressive strength of steel plates taking the initial deflection and a width-thickness ratio parameter into account was carried out.
Effect of dynamic load impact of missile on mechanical behavior of ferrocementIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an investigation into the impact resistance of ferrocement panels reinforced with different materials when subjected to projectile impact. Ferrocement panels reinforced with steel wire mesh or steel fibers showed the best impact resistance, with penetration depths as low as 8.7mm for panels with 0.9% square steel wire mesh. Panels reinforced with polypropylene fibers showed the lowest impact resistance, with penetration depths up to 23.3mm. In general, ferrocement panels reinforced with steel performed better than those reinforced with polypropylene fibers or unreinforced panels when impacted by projectiles at 218 m/s.
This document presents an experimental study that analyzed the behavior of recycled aggregate concrete filled steel tube (RACFST) columns under different loading conditions. Eighteen RACFST specimens were tested with two concrete grades (30 MPa and 40 MPa) and three diameter-to-thickness ratios (25.283, 32.598, 38.948). The test results showed that the diameter-to-thickness ratio had a greater influence on the compression behavior than other factors like concrete strength or loading rate. The stiffness of RACFST specimens was strongly influenced by the ratio compared to the influence of concrete strength or loading rate. A finite element model was also developed and verified using the experimental results.
The purpose of the experimental work presented in this study is to study the effect
of concrete compressive strength and steel reinforcement ratio on capacity and
deflection of reinforced concrete two-way slabs. Three steel reinforcement ratios are
considered which are minimum, maximum and average of them in addition to two
concrete compressive strength
values of 20 and 30 MPa. The results from
experimental work show that increasing the reinforcing steel ratio leads to increase the
ultimate capacity of the slab in addition to decrease the maximum deflection. For slabs
with
= 20 MPa, increasing the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the
maximum, i.e. 600 %, leads to increase ultimate capacity by about 156 % and decrease
maximum deflection by about 52 %. Wheras, For slabs with
= 30 MPa, increasing
the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the maximum, i.e. 900 %, leads to
increase ultimate capacity by about 155 % and decrease maximum central deflection
by about 27 %. In addition, matmatical expresions for load-deflection relationships are
presented in the current study
SUGGESTING DEFLECTION EXPRESSIONS FOR RC 2-WAY SLABSIAEME Publication
The purpose of the experimental work presented in this study is to study the effect
of concrete compressive strength and steel reinforcement ratio on capacity and
deflection of reinforced concrete two-way slabs. Three steel reinforcement ratios are
considered which are minimum, maximum and average of them in addition to two
concrete compressive strength
values of 20 and 30 MPa. The results from
experimental work show that increasing the reinforcing steel ratio leads to increase the
ultimate capacity of the slab in addition to decrease the maximum deflection. For slabs
with
= 20 MPa, increasing the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the
maximum, i.e. 600 %, leads to increase ultimate capacity by about 156 % and decrease
maximum deflection by about 52 %. Wheras, For slabs with
= 30 MPa, increasing
the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the maximum, i.e. 900 %, leads to
increase ultimate capacity by about 155 % and decrease maximum central deflection
by about 27 %. In addition, matmatical expresions for load-deflection relationships are
presented in the current study.
NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS UNDER PUNCHIN...IAEME Publication
This paper presents an implementation of a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model for evaluating the behavior of reinforced concrete slabs under centric load. The concrete was idealized by using eight-nodded solid elements. While flexural reinforcement and the shear were modeled as line elements, a perfected bond between solid elements and line elements was assumed. The nonlinear behavior of concrete in compression is simulated by an elasto-plastic work-hardening model, and in tension a suitable post-cracking model based on tension stiffening and shear retention models are employed. The steel was simulated using an elastic-full plastic model. The validity of the theoretical formulations and the program used was verified through comparison with available experimental data, and the agreement has proven to be good. A parametric study has been also carried out to investigate the influence of the slab thickness on column-slab connection response
IRJET- Study on the Effect of Biaxial Geo-Grid on Fiber Reinforced ConcreteIRJET Journal
1) An experimental study was conducted to investigate the mechanical properties of fiber reinforced concrete with the addition of biaxial geogrid.
2) Cube, cylinder, and beam specimens were tested with and without geogrid and steel fibers. The geogrid was placed inside cylindrical molds and on top of beam specimens before pouring concrete.
3) Test results found that geogrid confinement alone increased compressive strength by 6% and splitting tensile strength by 37% compared to conventional concrete. The addition of steel fibers further increased strengths, with 1.5% fibers and geogrid giving the best performance overall.
1) An experimental study was conducted to compare the compression behavior of normal strength concrete (NSC) and self-compacting concrete (SCC) intermediate columns.
2) Six column specimens with a cross-section of 125x125mm and a height of 1.5m were tested under axial loading. The columns varied in concrete type (NSC and SCC) and longitudinal reinforcement ratio (2.09%, 2.89%, 5.15%).
3) The results showed that as the reinforcement ratio increased, the ultimate load capacity increased and axial deformation decreased for both NSC and SCC columns. However, SCC columns exhibited higher ultimate loads and deformations than NSC columns for the same reinforcement ratio.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON COMPRESSION BEHAVIOR PARAMETERS OF NSC AND SC...IAEME Publication
A total of six intermediate columns with same cross sectional area of 125mm X 125mm were cast and tested. Experimental study was conducted to know the behavior of intermediate columns under axial load made out of Normal strength concrete (NSC) and Self-compacting concrete (SCC). Main objective of this study was to compare the behavior of NSC intermediate columns and SCC intermediate columns for various percentage of steel. Axial load ratio, stiffness ratio were the main parameters which increased as the axial load increased. However in this study, special attention was given on stiffness degradation, energy absorption, ultimate load carrying capacity, shortening index of each intermediate column. The results showed that shortening index, axial load ratio, stiffness ratio and stiffness degradation increased with increase in axial load.
Patch Loading Resistance on Inclined steel Plate Girders with Stiffened Cell ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study investigating the patch loading resistance of inclined steel plate girders stiffened with different hollow cell flange shapes. Finite element analysis was conducted in ANSYS to analyze models with varying angles of inclination, web thicknesses, and hollow flange shapes under a concentrated patch load. The results showed that inclined girders with a 5 degree angle of inclination and rectangular hollow cell flanges provided the highest resistance to patch loading, distributing the load more evenly compared to triangular and trapezoidal flange shapes.
Patch Loading Resistance on Inclined steel Plate Girders with Stiffened Cell ...IRJET Journal
This paper investigates the patch loading resistance of inclined steel plate girders stiffened with different hollow cell flanges through finite element analysis. Parametric studies were conducted to determine the optimal angle of inclination and web thickness. Models with triangular, rectangular, and trapezoidal hollow flanges were analyzed and compared. The results showed that inclined girders with a 5° angle of inclination and rectangular hollow flanges provided the highest patch loading resistance, distributing the load more evenly along the flange. This study enhances understanding of patch loading behavior on inclined girders and resistance methods.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Webinar: Designing a schema for a Data WarehouseFederico Razzoli
Are you new to data warehouses (DWH)? Do you need to check whether your data warehouse follows the best practices for a good design? In both cases, this webinar is for you.
A data warehouse is a central relational database that contains all measurements about a business or an organisation. This data comes from a variety of heterogeneous data sources, which includes databases of any type that back the applications used by the company, data files exported by some applications, or APIs provided by internal or external services.
But designing a data warehouse correctly is a hard task, which requires gathering information about the business processes that need to be analysed in the first place. These processes must be translated into so-called star schemas, which means, denormalised databases where each table represents a dimension or facts.
We will discuss these topics:
- How to gather information about a business;
- Understanding dictionaries and how to identify business entities;
- Dimensions and facts;
- Setting a table granularity;
- Types of facts;
- Types of dimensions;
- Snowflakes and how to avoid them;
- Expanding existing dimensions and facts.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
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1. Vasant. B. Jatale et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.269-275
RESEARCH ARTICLE
www.ijera.com
OPEN ACCESS
Punching Shear High Strength Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete
Slabs
Vasant. B. Jatale1 and L. G. Kalurkar2
1
(PG Student, Department of Civil Engineering, MGM’s Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College, Aurangabad/
Dr. B.A. Marathwada University, Aurangabad-431003, MS, India)
2
(Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, MGM’s Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College,
Aurangabad/ Dr. B.A. Marathwada University, Aurangabad-431003, MS, India)
ABSTRACT
The punching shear behavior of High Strength steel fiber reinforced concrete slabs was investigated in the
present study. Each of 24 square slabs was simply supported along four edges and loaded to failure under a
concentrated load over a square area at the center. The test parameters were the effective span to depth ratio,
volume fraction of 3 types of steel fibers pf, slab thickness h, concrete strength fck, and size of load-bearing plate
r. Test results indicate that the load-deflection curve of slabs exhibits four distinct regions that may be
characterized by first cracking, steel yielding, and ultimate load. Within the scope of the test program, an
increase in the values of pf, h, or r was found to lead to an increase in both the punching shear strength and the
ductility of the slab. The ultimate punching shear strength of the slabs was compared with the predictions of
equations available in the literature and code equations for reinforced concrete. The British Standard CP110's
equation was found to estimate the punching shear strength of the test specimens reasonably well.
I.
INTRODUCTION
High Strength Fibres Reinforced concrete
(HSFRC) is being increasingly used in civil
engineering construction due to its improved
resistance to cracking, fatigue, abrasion, and impact
and its greater durability, than conventional reinforced
concrete (Vondran 1991). Some examples are its
applications in shotcrete, precast concrete products,
pavements, concrete floors, seismic structures, and
structural repair.
HSFRC-slab applications are suited for
bridge deck slabs, industrial floors or in flat-slab
construction where, besides resistance to fatigue or
damaging dynamic forces, additional reinforcement is
required to avoid punching shear failure due to
concentrated loads. Although much research has been
carried out on HSFRC ("State" 1982), little attention
has been focused on the punching shear behavior of
HSFRC slabs. As a result, the full economical benefits
of steel fibers in such applications may not be
realized.
In this study, an investigation has been
carried out on the punching shear behavior of HSFRC
slabs. Each of 24 square slabs was prepared and tested
under a concentrated load. The load-deflection
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characteristics and cracking pattern of the slabs were
observed and compared. The ultimate punching shear
strength of the slabs was compared to predictions
made using the equations available in the literature as
well as those given in building codes ("Building"
1989; "Code" 1972; "Model" 1978; "Structural" 1985;
"Standard" 1986) for the punching shear strength of
reinforced concrete slabs.
II.
TEST PROGRAM
Twenty four HSFRC slabs were tested as per
IS-516. The parameters investigated included the
effective span to depth ratio, aid volume fraction of
three types of steel fiber at the volume fraction of
0.5% to 4%. The Volume fraction of different types
fibres were taken at an interval of 0.5%. The specimen
placed on the steel stand by simply supported on
Universal testing machine. One steel plate kept on the
centre of slab whose dimension of 100x100x20 mm.
The loads are increased gradually on the plate up to
failure. The load deflection curves plotted directly on
computer which is directly attach with universal
testing machine. The graphs are plotted upto failure of
specimen. The test results are described in table No.
1.
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TABLE 1. Details of Test Specimens
Series
Slab number
a/d
(1)
(2)
(3)
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
HSFRC 1-1
27.2
HSFRC 1-2
40.9
HSFRC 1-3
54.5
HSFRC 2-1
40.9
HSFRC 2-2
40,9
HSFRC 2-3
40.9
HSFRC 2-4
40.9
HSFRC 3-1
65.2
HSFRC 3-2
25.1
HSFRC 3-3
20.5
HSFRC 4-1
40.9
HSFRC 4-2
40.9
HSFRC 5-1
40.9
HSFRC 5-2
40.9
Note: dlh = 0.625; ps = 0.87 for all slabs.
fcu= design cube compressive strength.
TABLE 2. Mix Design
Material
Cementatious Material
Fine Aggregate
Course Aggregate (12.5 mm)
Water
Series
(1)
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
Slab
number
(2)
HSFRC 1-1
HSFRC 1-2
HSFRC 1-3
HSFRC 2-1
HSFRC 2-2
HSFRC 2-3
HSFRC 2-4
HSFRC 3-1
HSFRC 3-2
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f 1c
(MPa)
(3)
46.2
45.8
47.2
40.3
40.7
39.7
47.8
46.9
46.1
Pf
(%)
(4)
h
(mm)
(5)
fcu
(MPa)
(6)
r
(mm)
(7)
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
22
57
70
35
35
35
35
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
35
65
50
50
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
200
150
Weight in Kg/m3
556
701
1040
150
Proportion by weight
1
1.26
1.87
0.27
The Thickness of slab h, concrete strength fck
and width of the loading platen r. The slabs were
accordingly grouped into five series as shown in Table
1.
For all the slabs, welded skeletal steel fabric
with an average yield strength (corresponding to a
total strain of 0.0035) of 70MPa and a grid size of 150
mm and bar diameters of 8 mm was used as the main
reinforcement. The total volume fraction of main
reinforcement was 0.3 for each slab, and the
reinforcement was placed with the aid of plastic
spacers such that the ratio of the effective depth to
overall slab thickness dlh was 0,623 in each case.
Hooked-end steel fibers, Flat steel fibres and
crimped steel fibre were used at different aspect ratio
as fiber reinforcement. The specific yield strength of
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these fibers was 1,275 MPa each. The volume fraction
of three types steel fibers was kept constant at 0.5%.
Ordinary Portland cement, Fly ash, Silica
fume, natural sand, and crushed granite of 12.5 mm
TABLE 3. Test Results
Pcr
Py
Pu
(kN)
(kN)
(kN)
(4)
(5)
(6)
6.7
19.4
21.4
5.5
20.0
22.6
5.3
14.1
18.9
6.6
18.7
20.9
5.1
21.3
23.7
4.5
20.0
24.6
9.1
23.3
27.4
3.1
7.3
9.4
15.5
36.7
54.9
8y
(mm)
(7)
14.1
19.4
32.4
19.5
23.0
21.0
21.3
17.6
6.8
8y
(mm) (8)
8u/8y
(9)
23.2
30.7
53.3
29.3
31.4
35.0
35.0
32.7
21.3
1.65
1.58
1.65
1.50
1.37
1.67
1.64
1.86
3.13
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3
4
4
5
5
HSFRC 3-3
HSFRC 4-1
HSFRC 4-2
HSFRC 5-1
HSFRC 5-2
48.4
37.6
60.6
41.4
39.8
23.9
5.5
7.0
6.2
5.3
43.3
14.3
15.3
22.2
15.6
70.5
19.0
20.0
26.1
18.7
3.0
18.2
17.8
23.1
20.0
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20.0
32.5
36.0
37.5
32.5
6.67
1.79
2.02
1.62
1.63
Note: fc is assumed equal to 0.8fcu.
Maximum size was used in the proportions
shown in Table 2 to achieve the desired concrete
strength. Admixtures were added in prescribed
dosages in order to accelerate strength development
and, in the case of slab HSFRC, to improve
workability. The concrete compressive strength was
determined using 100x100x100mm cubes, and the
cylindrical compressive strength fcu assumed as 0.8
times the cube compressive strength fcu at the time of
testing of the slabs, is shown in Table 3.
Each slab was simply supported along four
edges, with the corners free to lift as shown in Fig. 1.
Load was applied centrally on the slab through a
spherically seated plate by means of an MTS
hydraulic jack. Which is used for obtain the actual
deflection of the center of slab, five linear variable
displacement transducers (LVDT) were attached, one
at the midpoint of each line support and at the fifth
transducer at the bottom of the slab at its center. The
strains in the longitudinal reinforcement in two
orthogonal directions were monitored by strain gages
mounted at locations just outside the loading platten
(see Fig. 1) prior to casting of slabs. The slab was
loaded until the load punched through.
III.
TEST RESULTS
General Behavior of Slabs
Fig. 2 shows the load versus deflection
curves for all the slabs tested. The variations of steel
stress with the applied load are shown in Fig. 3 for
typical slabs. For each slab, the load-deflection curve
is characterized by four distinct regions [see Fig. 2(f)].
Region I corresponds to the initial elastic un-cracked
stage during which the applied load increased linearly
with deflection. During this stage, the steel strains due
to the applied load were small (see Fig. 3).
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Upon the occurrence of cracks (region II),
which first appeared at the bottom of the slab directly
below the concentrated load, the slab stiffness is
drastically reduced. The stress in the concrete was
rapidly transferred to the steel reinforcement as the
applied load increased gradually. In some
Test Setup and Instrumentation
Slabs, a short plateau was observed as the
formation of cracks stabilized before the load picked
up again. As the load further increased, more cracks
appeared on the bottom of the slabs and were observed
to propagate in a zigzag manner toward the edges of
the slabs. Correspondingly, the steel strains increased
rapidly, and eventually the yield strains were reached.
Further reduction in stiffness was observed as
the applied load was increased (region III), and the
yielding of steel reinforcement was deemed to have
spread outwards to the edges of the slab. During this
stage, the slab was observed to deflect excessively,
and the increase in load was mainly due to membrane
action of the slab. Near the ultimate load, the stiffness
of the slab decreased rapidly and cracks started to
appear on both the top and bottom surfaces of the slab
in a circumferential direction around the loading plate.
The loading plate began to punch through and finally,
when the circumferential cracks became excessively
wide, the load-carrying capacity of the slab dropped
sharply.
The post peak region (region IV) indicated a
further reduction in the load-carrying capacity of
slabs. This reduction occurred in several steps, with
spalling of the concrete from the bottom of the slab.
Fig. 4 shows the crack patterns for some typical slabs
after the tests.
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www.ijera.com
δu(mm)
80
70
60
50
40
30
δu(mm)
20
10
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
δu(mm)
70
60
50
40
30
δu(mm)
20
10
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
δy(mm)
80
70
60
50
40
30
δy(mm)
20
10
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
FIG.1. Load-Deflection Characteristics of HSFRC Slabs under
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6
7
Punching Shear Load
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5. Vasant. B. Jatale et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
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For all slabs, the critical punching-shear
perimeter was found to occur at some distance away
from the loading plate. Measurements on both the top
and bottom surfaces of the slabs indicated that the
critical perimeter formed, on average, at a distance of
about 4.5 times the effective depth from the
FIG 2.Typical Crack Pattern of HSFRC Slabs after
Punching Shear Failure:
(a) Slab HSFRC -1; (b) Slab HSFRC 2;(c) Slab
HSFRC 3
Effects of Varying Test Parameters
Table 2 shows the observed cracking load
Pcr, yield load Py with corresponding deflection δy and
ultimate load Pu with corresponding deflection 8u for
all slabs tested. The cracking load was determined
from the load-deflection curve and confirmed by steelstrain readings; the yield load was obtained from the
intersection of the linear portions of regions II and III
[see Fig. 2(f)] of the load-deflection curve. Even
though the value of Py indicates a load level at which
yielding of steel reinforcement in the slab has become
sufficiently widespread, it does not necessarily agree
with the load at which yielding of steel occurs just
outside the loaded area (see Fig. 3). Table 3 also gives
the values of δu / δy , which represent the ability of the
slabs to sustain further deflection after first yield of
steel reinforcement without any reduction in loadcarrying capacity. These values can therefore be
considered a measure of the ductility of the slabs.
The value of a/d does not affect the cracking
load, yield load, or ultimate load significantly. This is
because the curvature of the slab is proportional to the
applied load and independent of the effective span of
the slab. The smaller values of Pcr, Py, and Pu for slab
HSFRC 1-3 are probably due to a smaller loading area
compared to slab dimension (i.e., smaller rla). The
ductility of the slab is not influenced by the value of
a/das reflected by the values of δu/δy, which are about
1.6 for all slabs.
Series 2 slabs together with slab HSFRC C12, show that increasing the volume fraction of fibers
generally leads to an increase in the values of Pcr, Py,
and Pu as well as δu/δy. The discrepancies observed in
slabs HSFRC 1-2 and HSFRC 2-3 are due to higher
and
lower
concrete
compressive
strengths,
respectively.
Similarly, results for Series 3 slabs and slab
HSFRC 1-2 indicate that increasing slab thickness
leads to a higher cracking load, yield load, and
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ultimate load. The ductility of the slabs, as defined by
the value of δu/δy, increases with increasing slab
thickness, although the observed values of δu, decrease
with increasing slab thickness. These slabs had
different aid ratios, but, as pointed out earlier, the
value of a/d does not affect the results significantly, if
at all, and the preceding deductions remain valid.
Series 4 slabs, when compared to slab
HSFRC 1-2, indicate that the cracking load, yield
load, ultimate load, and ductility are increased by
increasing the compressive strength of fibrous
concrete, although the results are not conclusive.
Increasing the loaded area (i.e., increasing r)
resulted in higher values of Pcn Py, and Pu, but did not
affect the ductility of the slabs, as shown by the results
of slabs HSFRC 5-1, HSFRC 5-2, and HSFRC 1-2.
IV.
COMPARISON WITH AVAILABLE
FORMULA AND CODE
EQUATIONS
Although several studies (Ito et al. 1981;
Narayanan and Darwish 1987; Swamy and AH 1982;
Walraven et al. 1987) were carried out on the
punching shear behavior of HSFRC slabs, only
Narayanan and Darwish provided an equation for the
prediction of the ultimate strength of HSFRC slabs in
punching shear.
(1a)
where, respectively, ub and ξs = the critical perimeter
and the size effect factor, given as
and
ξs = 1.6 – 0.002h(1c)
in which df=0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 for round fibers,
crimped fibers, and duoform fibers, respectively;fsp =
splitting tensile strength of concrete [fcu/20 + 0.7 +
(ρf df L/D)1/2(MPa)]; ρ = tensile steel ratio; ρf =
volume fraction of steel fibers; Tu= average fiber
matrix interfacial bond stress; L= length of fibers; and
D=diameter of fibers. Narayanan and Darwish
recommend that Tube taken as 4.15 MPa in using (1a).
In (1c), ξs is taken as not less than 1 and his in
millimeters. In applying (1) for the test specimens in
the present study, df was taken as equal to 1.0, since
hook-ended steel fibers were used.
On the other hand, code equations do not in
general account for the contribution of steel fibers
toward the ultimate punching shear strength directly.
Instead, the contribution of fibers can be viewed by its
effect on the tensile strength of concrete, which could
be related to the compressive strengthf'c or fcu. In using
the code equations, all the factors of safety and
strength capacity reduction factors were assumed to be
equal to unity. The following code equations were
used in the present study.
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The American Concrete Institute (ACI)
equation ("Building" 1989), which is
0.332f'c1/2 (Mpa)
(2)
The British Standards Institution CP110 equation
("Code" 1972) is
0.27 (100 fcu)1/3 (Mpa)
(3)
whereξs is as given in (1c).
The British Standards Institution BS8110
equation ("Structural" 1985) is
ρ
(Mpa)
(4)
whereρ,fcu, and (400/d) are limited to 0.03, 40 MPa,
and 1.0, respectively. In the present study, however,
the value of fcuis not limited, so the effect of steel
fibers can be considered.
The CEB-FIP model code equation ("Model"
1978) is
0.084 (1+50ρ) f'c2/3 (Mpa)
(5)
whereξs = 1.6 - 0.001d, with ξs taken as not less than
1.0 and dis in millimeters. In (5), ρ, which is
calculated for a slab width of (r + 5d)is taken to be not
more than 0.02.
The Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE)
equation ("Standard" 1986) is
(Mpa)
(6)
whereβd = (l,000/d)1/4βp, = (100ρ)1/3; and βr = 1 + 1/(1
+ r/d), with the values of βdand βpeach limited to 1.5.
Table 4 shows a comparison of the punching
shear strength of the test specimens with the
predictions of Narayanan and Darwish's equation
(1987) and the code equations. The average and
standard deviation of the ratio of test values to
predicted values by the various equations is shown in
graphical form in Fig. 5. Narayanan's equation
generally overestimates the punching shear strength of
the specimens tested. Of the code equations, the JSCE
equation is the most conservative and the CP110
equation predicts behavior with the best accuracy and
the least standard variation. The BS8110, and the AC1
and CEB-FIP equations predict, on average, 10%
lower strength than the test values, with a standard
deviation of above 20%.
V.
CONCLUSIONS
Within the scope of the study, the following
conclusions may be drawn. The load-deflection curve
of SFRC slabs under a concentrated load exhibits four
distinct regions:
(1) The initial elastic uncracked region;
(2) The crack development region;
(3) The post yielding region; and
(4) The post-peak region.
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The critical perimeter for punching shear
failure in SFHSRC slabs forms at a distance of about
4.5 times the effective depth from the perimeter of the
loading platen, with the shear plane inclined at 200-600
to the plane of the slab.
Punching shear failure in HSFRC slabs is
preceded by yielding of steel reinforcement and is
accompanied by cracks mainly in the radial direction
and partly in the circumferential direction.
An increase in the volume fraction of steel
fibers, slab thickness, compressive strength of fiber
concrete, or the loaded area generally leads to an
increase in the cracking load, yield load, ultimate load,
and ductility of HSFRC slabs.
The punching shear strength of HSFRC slabs
in the present study were predicted with reasonable
accuracy using the BS-CP110 equation for reinforced
concrete,
VI.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The work upon which the present paper is
based was supported by the National University of
Singapore Research Grant RP880646,
APPENDIX I.
REFERENCES
[1]
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APPENDIX II.
NOTATIONS
The following symbols are used in this paper:
a
= effective span of test specimen;
d
= average effective depth to tension
reinforcement;
f'c
= cylinder compressive strength of (fiber)
concrete;
fcu
= cube compressive strength of (fiber)
concrete;
h
= slab thickness;
Pcr
= cracking load ;
Py
= yield load;
Pu
= ultimate load;
r
= width of loading platen;
ub
= critical punching shear perimeter;
vu
= ultimate punching shear stress;
δy
= deflection at yield load;
δu
= deflection at ultimate load;
ξs
= size effect factor;
ρ
= tension reinforcement ratio;
pf
= volume fraction of steel fibers; and
ps
= volume fraction of tension reinforcement.
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