This document discusses various types of marine pollution including direct discharge, deep sea mining, ship pollution, plastic debris, and oil spills. It describes the sources and effects of these pollutants, which can include hazards to human health, hindrance of marine activities, and damage to wildlife. The document presents solutions like correction and prevention methods. Overall, it provides an overview of the definition, causes, impacts, and potential solutions to the issue of marine pollution.
Marine pollution comes from a variety of sources including land-based runoff, oil spills, sewage, heavy metals, and plastics. There are five main types of pollution inputs: direct discharge, runoff, ship pollution, atmospheric deposition, and deep sea mining. Ship pollution includes oil spills and cargo residues while atmospheric pollution includes dust and plastic debris. Deep sea mining disturbs habitats and causes plumes of sediment. Human impacts like eutrophication, acidification, plastic debris, and other toxins threaten marine life. Noise pollution from ships also affects animals, and mitigation requires education and pollution reduction efforts.
Ireland is facing many environmental issues that threaten its natural resources. Agricultural intensification is negatively impacting river water quality more so than industry. Vehicle emissions are reducing air quality. Greenhouse gas emissions have risen 30% above 1990 levels, double the target amount set by the Kyoto Agreement. Littering is widespread and damaging landscapes, coastal areas, and habitats. However, Ireland is taking steps to address these problems through new agencies and enforcement of environmental laws, and some signs of improvement have been seen in reducing pollution in rivers and urban air quality. Public concern over the environment is growing and initiatives like a plastic bag levy have increased recycling and reduced emissions.
This document summarizes various aspects of marine pollution threats and biodiversity conservation from the perspective of Dr. T. Citarasu of Manonmaniama Sundaranar University in Tirunelveli, India. It discusses the types of marine pollution including oil, heavy metals, thermal pollution, nutrients, microbial contamination and noise pollution. Sources of these pollutants are described. Impacts on marine life and ecosystems are summarized. The document also provides an overview of India's marine biodiversity and protected species.
The document discusses various solutions for environmental problems like soil, water, and air pollution in Chennai, India. It focuses on pollution caused by tannery industries in Tiruchirapalli district and proposes solutions like treating industrial effluents before discharge, proper waste disposal, and conserving forests and biodiversity to reduce pollution. Overall the document advocates the need for urgent action and total mobilization of all sectors to combat climate change and reduce carbon footprints.
The document discusses different types of pollution including air, water, and land pollution. It defines pollution as the introduction of contaminants that cause harm to ecosystems or organisms. Air pollution is caused by chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials introduced into the atmosphere. Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged into bodies of water without adequate treatment. Land pollution degrades the Earth's surfaces through improper waste disposal, exploitation of land, and inadequate agricultural practices related to urbanization and industrialization. The document provides tips for preventing land pollution such as reducing, reusing, and recycling materials.
The document discusses several topics related to global environmental issues:
1. It outlines the main greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming - carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, CFCs and their respective contribution percentages and lifespan in the atmosphere.
2. It describes the effects of global warming such as rising average global temperatures, sea level rise which can flood coastal areas and disrupt ecosystems.
3. It discusses climate change impacts like changes in weather patterns, temperature increases between 1.5-5.5°C by 2050, sea level rise inundating cities and farmland.
4. It covers ozone layer depletion from CFCs and other gases, the formation of the o
The document is a presentation on ocean pollution created by five students and edited by one student. It discusses several types of pollution that harm the oceans, including plastic, land runoff, marine debris, and oil spills. Plastic pollution can be ingested or entangle animals and release chemicals into the food chain. Land runoff carries fertilizers, pesticides, and other pollutants into oceans. Marine debris and oil spills also harm ocean life. The presentation emphasizes that everyone must work to reduce pollution through proper waste disposal, cleanups, and education in order to protect oceans for future generations.
This document discusses various types of marine pollution including direct discharge, deep sea mining, ship pollution, plastic debris, and oil spills. It describes the sources and effects of these pollutants, which can include hazards to human health, hindrance of marine activities, and damage to wildlife. The document presents solutions like correction and prevention methods. Overall, it provides an overview of the definition, causes, impacts, and potential solutions to the issue of marine pollution.
Marine pollution comes from a variety of sources including land-based runoff, oil spills, sewage, heavy metals, and plastics. There are five main types of pollution inputs: direct discharge, runoff, ship pollution, atmospheric deposition, and deep sea mining. Ship pollution includes oil spills and cargo residues while atmospheric pollution includes dust and plastic debris. Deep sea mining disturbs habitats and causes plumes of sediment. Human impacts like eutrophication, acidification, plastic debris, and other toxins threaten marine life. Noise pollution from ships also affects animals, and mitigation requires education and pollution reduction efforts.
Ireland is facing many environmental issues that threaten its natural resources. Agricultural intensification is negatively impacting river water quality more so than industry. Vehicle emissions are reducing air quality. Greenhouse gas emissions have risen 30% above 1990 levels, double the target amount set by the Kyoto Agreement. Littering is widespread and damaging landscapes, coastal areas, and habitats. However, Ireland is taking steps to address these problems through new agencies and enforcement of environmental laws, and some signs of improvement have been seen in reducing pollution in rivers and urban air quality. Public concern over the environment is growing and initiatives like a plastic bag levy have increased recycling and reduced emissions.
This document summarizes various aspects of marine pollution threats and biodiversity conservation from the perspective of Dr. T. Citarasu of Manonmaniama Sundaranar University in Tirunelveli, India. It discusses the types of marine pollution including oil, heavy metals, thermal pollution, nutrients, microbial contamination and noise pollution. Sources of these pollutants are described. Impacts on marine life and ecosystems are summarized. The document also provides an overview of India's marine biodiversity and protected species.
The document discusses various solutions for environmental problems like soil, water, and air pollution in Chennai, India. It focuses on pollution caused by tannery industries in Tiruchirapalli district and proposes solutions like treating industrial effluents before discharge, proper waste disposal, and conserving forests and biodiversity to reduce pollution. Overall the document advocates the need for urgent action and total mobilization of all sectors to combat climate change and reduce carbon footprints.
The document discusses different types of pollution including air, water, and land pollution. It defines pollution as the introduction of contaminants that cause harm to ecosystems or organisms. Air pollution is caused by chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials introduced into the atmosphere. Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged into bodies of water without adequate treatment. Land pollution degrades the Earth's surfaces through improper waste disposal, exploitation of land, and inadequate agricultural practices related to urbanization and industrialization. The document provides tips for preventing land pollution such as reducing, reusing, and recycling materials.
The document discusses several topics related to global environmental issues:
1. It outlines the main greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming - carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, CFCs and their respective contribution percentages and lifespan in the atmosphere.
2. It describes the effects of global warming such as rising average global temperatures, sea level rise which can flood coastal areas and disrupt ecosystems.
3. It discusses climate change impacts like changes in weather patterns, temperature increases between 1.5-5.5°C by 2050, sea level rise inundating cities and farmland.
4. It covers ozone layer depletion from CFCs and other gases, the formation of the o
The document is a presentation on ocean pollution created by five students and edited by one student. It discusses several types of pollution that harm the oceans, including plastic, land runoff, marine debris, and oil spills. Plastic pollution can be ingested or entangle animals and release chemicals into the food chain. Land runoff carries fertilizers, pesticides, and other pollutants into oceans. Marine debris and oil spills also harm ocean life. The presentation emphasizes that everyone must work to reduce pollution through proper waste disposal, cleanups, and education in order to protect oceans for future generations.
This document discusses different types of pollution including air, water, sound, thermal, radioactive, and soil pollution. It provides examples of causes for each type such as smoke from factories causing air pollution, industrial waste contaminating water bodies, and pesticides absorbing nitrogen in soil. While pollution has existed for a long time, it has grown significantly since the industrial revolution due to human activities. The document suggests taking serious action against activities harming the environment and donating to environmental non-profits to help address pollution.
The document discusses 6 major environmental problems facing Asia:
1) Urban excess from overcrowded cities is exacerbated by policies encouraging rural-urban migration and lack of infrastructure investment.
2) Deforestation and desertification threaten food security, with over 1/3 of Asian land at risk due to exploitation and poor practices.
3) Millions of leftover landmines and unexploded ordnance continue to maim and kill civilians in Cambodia, Vietnam, and Laos.
4) Growing demand is increasingly polluting scarce water supplies in many Asian nations.
5) Overfishing is depleting fish stocks as marine catches rise and foreign trawlers encroach on territories.
6) Global
This document discusses several environmental problems from a sociological perspective. It addresses how environmental problems are also social problems that threaten social organization and thought. It discusses how social inequality both causes and exacerbates issues like pollution, consumption, and population growth. The document also outlines challenges around sustainability and justice. It provides examples of issues like particulate pollution, acid rain, threats to land and water, and discusses how minority groups tend to face greater environmental risks and harms.
This document discusses several major environmental issues including air pollution, deforestation, water pollution, threats to marine life, nuclear issues, global warming, acid rain, and loss of biodiversity. It also provides some potential solutions such as using bicycles, public transit or electric vehicles, developing greener energy production and planting trees, recycling, and enacting stricter laws around certain activities that harm the environment.
This document provides an overview of water pollution. It discusses how water pollution occurs from both point sources like oil spills as well as non-point sources like agricultural runoff. It outlines the major causes of water pollution including sewage, nutrients from fertilizers, silt, organic materials, and chemical contaminants. It also discusses different types of pollutants like pathogens, petroleum, radioactive substances, and heat. Legislation passed to help control water pollution is summarized.
An informative and interactive educational experience with a video link and quiz included that teaches students about the effects of plastic pollution in our oceans.
This document outlines 12 major environmental issues: global warming, pollution, overpopulation, loss of biodiversity, natural resource depletion, ocean acidification, deforestation, ozone layer depletion, acid rain, urban sprawl, public health issues, and genetic engineering. It provides details on the causes and impacts of each issue, noting for example that global warming is caused by greenhouse gas emissions and threatens human survival, while pollution stems from industry, vehicles, and toxins and takes millions of years to undo. Overall the document presents a comprehensive overview of the most pressing environmental concerns facing the world today.
This document discusses ocean pollution, its sources, impacts, and potential solutions. It notes that pollution comes from both point sources like oil spills as well as non-point sources such as agricultural and urban runoff. Common pollutants include plastic, chemicals, and sewage. These pollutants can harm ocean life and accumulate up the food chain. They often accumulate in garbage patches formed by ocean gyres. Solutions proposed include regulations on industry and banning direct dumping, as well as reducing plastic use and improving waste management.
This document discusses several types of pollution including acid rain, the greenhouse effect, global warming, and water pollution. It provides explanations of what causes each type of pollution, such as factories and power plants emitting gases that cause acid rain when it rains. Solutions proposed include reducing emissions and fossil fuel use. The greenhouse effect and global warming are discussed as being caused by increased carbon dioxide and methane trapping heat in the atmosphere. The Kyoto Protocol aimed to reduce gas emissions but the US did not adopt it. Water pollution comes from waste waters from human activities that contaminate rivers and oceans.
Lesson 3 (environmental problems in asia)holycrackers
Major environmental problems in Asia stem from unprecedented economic growth and increasing populations. This has led to issues like desertification, salinization, pollution, waste disposal problems, land degradation, biodiversity loss, and deforestation. Uncontrolled urbanization and industrialization have severely degraded air and water quality through pollution, threatening ecosystems and human health. Solutions require balancing environmental protection with continued development.
The document summarizes the key challenges facing Small Island Developing States (SIDS) related to water, waste, and climate change according to a speech given by the Minister for Works and Public Utilities of Grenada. It notes that SIDS face increasing water scarcity, flooding incidents, and pollution challenges which are exacerbated by climate change. Climate change is causing rising sea levels, warmer oceans, and changes to weather patterns that intensify hurricanes and drought. Grenada itself has experienced its worst drought in decades and seen impacts like disappearing graveyards. As head of the Alliance of Small Island States, Grenada will continue calling for limiting global warming and fulfilling climate funding commitments.
The document discusses a new water purification method using graphene and titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysts. It can purify water efficiently using only sunlight. Implementing this technology worldwide could help address global water challenges by purifying water at the point of use. While small-scale applications like coated water bottles are suitable for humanitarian aid, large purification tanks would be needed for more advanced economies. The graphene enhances the TiO2's light absorption and pollution degradation abilities, removing harmful substances like E. coli through an oxidation process harnessing the sun's energy. Overcoming challenges like ensuring water quality or consistent sunlight access could make this affordable, sustainable solution effective at improving water security for a growing population facing climate change impacts.
The document summarizes several ecological problems in Saint Petersburg, including various forms of pollution, noise from vehicles, and destruction of green spaces. Water pollution is caused by industrial waste, domestic waste, detergents, and drainage. Air pollution results from factory emissions and vehicle exhaust. Noise pollution comes primarily from cars and buses. Deforestation has reduced green spaces and increased carbon dioxide levels, contributing to global warming. Proposed solutions include moving factories out of the city, protecting green spaces, reducing waste and noise, and using alternatives to vehicles like walking or bicycling.
1) Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the environment that cause harm. The main types are air, water, and land pollution.
2) Humans are the primary cause of pollution through activities like burning fossil fuels for energy and transportation, which releases hazardous chemicals into the air, water, and soil.
3) Pollution has negative health effects on humans, animals, and plants. It can cause respiratory illnesses, waterborne diseases, and disrupt ecosystems.
The document discusses several major environmental factors including pollution, global warming, overpopulation, natural resource depletion, and waste disposal. It provides details on each of these issues, explaining that pollution stems from industry, vehicles, and toxins in the air, water, and soil. Global warming is caused by greenhouse gas emissions which raise temperatures and melt ice caps. Overpopulation strains scarce resources like water, fuel, and food. Natural resource depletion occurs as fossil fuels are consumed and emitted, contributing to global warming. Waste disposal has become a global crisis as excess waste is produced and improperly disposed of.
You will see all the relevant topics Trans-boundary environmental problems; global pollution; economic significance of biodiversity;
economics of climate change; trade and environment, dispute resolutions
The document provides information about an environmental science course, including presentation dates and locations, application deadlines, and how to access course materials online. It then lists the main topics that will be covered in the course, such as human population growth, resource use, pollution, and solutions to environmental problems. The course aims to help students understand how pollution occurs and different methods for controlling pollution, including persuasion, regulation, and economic incentives.
Pollution is environmental contamination from man-made waste that includes land, water, and air pollution. Major types of air pollution discussed are smog, acid rain, the greenhouse effect, and holes in the ozone layer, which can seriously impact health and the environment. Water pollution occurs when pollutants from human activities are discharged into water bodies without treatment, harming organisms. Preventing pollution requires individual actions like conserving water and properly disposing of chemicals and litter.
Pollution from human activities like industry, agriculture, and urban waste is contaminating water sources and posing serious threats. Various types of pollution include agricultural runoff containing pesticides and fertilizers; industrial dumping of hazardous waste; acid rain from vehicle and factory emissions; oil spills from tanker accidents that poison thousands of species; algal blooms from excess fertilizers; and plastic and other waste polluting rivers and oceans that animals often mistake for food. Without action, water pollution will continue to damage the environment and threaten human and animal health.
- The document presents the findings of a baseline assessment of small-scale and artisanal gold mining conducted in Central and Eastern Equatoria States of South Sudan between February and May 2015.
- It finds that artisanal gold mining provides critical income to around 60,000 miners and indirectly benefits almost half a million people, but that current practices also have negative health, environmental, and social impacts.
- There is an inadequate legal framework and lack of government oversight of mining activities. As a result, artisanal miners and local communities have little awareness of rules or benefits meant for them.
Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining: Local Problems, Global Challenges. Pre...Yuyun Ismawati Drwiega
Background of the old and modern gold rush, distribution of ASGM worldwide in 77 countries, map of global mercury trade 2011, life cycle of ASGM activities (upstream, middle-stream, downstream), empirical cycle of the creation of ASGM hotspots, ASGM stakeholders, and the new mercury treaty.
This document discusses different types of pollution including air, water, sound, thermal, radioactive, and soil pollution. It provides examples of causes for each type such as smoke from factories causing air pollution, industrial waste contaminating water bodies, and pesticides absorbing nitrogen in soil. While pollution has existed for a long time, it has grown significantly since the industrial revolution due to human activities. The document suggests taking serious action against activities harming the environment and donating to environmental non-profits to help address pollution.
The document discusses 6 major environmental problems facing Asia:
1) Urban excess from overcrowded cities is exacerbated by policies encouraging rural-urban migration and lack of infrastructure investment.
2) Deforestation and desertification threaten food security, with over 1/3 of Asian land at risk due to exploitation and poor practices.
3) Millions of leftover landmines and unexploded ordnance continue to maim and kill civilians in Cambodia, Vietnam, and Laos.
4) Growing demand is increasingly polluting scarce water supplies in many Asian nations.
5) Overfishing is depleting fish stocks as marine catches rise and foreign trawlers encroach on territories.
6) Global
This document discusses several environmental problems from a sociological perspective. It addresses how environmental problems are also social problems that threaten social organization and thought. It discusses how social inequality both causes and exacerbates issues like pollution, consumption, and population growth. The document also outlines challenges around sustainability and justice. It provides examples of issues like particulate pollution, acid rain, threats to land and water, and discusses how minority groups tend to face greater environmental risks and harms.
This document discusses several major environmental issues including air pollution, deforestation, water pollution, threats to marine life, nuclear issues, global warming, acid rain, and loss of biodiversity. It also provides some potential solutions such as using bicycles, public transit or electric vehicles, developing greener energy production and planting trees, recycling, and enacting stricter laws around certain activities that harm the environment.
This document provides an overview of water pollution. It discusses how water pollution occurs from both point sources like oil spills as well as non-point sources like agricultural runoff. It outlines the major causes of water pollution including sewage, nutrients from fertilizers, silt, organic materials, and chemical contaminants. It also discusses different types of pollutants like pathogens, petroleum, radioactive substances, and heat. Legislation passed to help control water pollution is summarized.
An informative and interactive educational experience with a video link and quiz included that teaches students about the effects of plastic pollution in our oceans.
This document outlines 12 major environmental issues: global warming, pollution, overpopulation, loss of biodiversity, natural resource depletion, ocean acidification, deforestation, ozone layer depletion, acid rain, urban sprawl, public health issues, and genetic engineering. It provides details on the causes and impacts of each issue, noting for example that global warming is caused by greenhouse gas emissions and threatens human survival, while pollution stems from industry, vehicles, and toxins and takes millions of years to undo. Overall the document presents a comprehensive overview of the most pressing environmental concerns facing the world today.
This document discusses ocean pollution, its sources, impacts, and potential solutions. It notes that pollution comes from both point sources like oil spills as well as non-point sources such as agricultural and urban runoff. Common pollutants include plastic, chemicals, and sewage. These pollutants can harm ocean life and accumulate up the food chain. They often accumulate in garbage patches formed by ocean gyres. Solutions proposed include regulations on industry and banning direct dumping, as well as reducing plastic use and improving waste management.
This document discusses several types of pollution including acid rain, the greenhouse effect, global warming, and water pollution. It provides explanations of what causes each type of pollution, such as factories and power plants emitting gases that cause acid rain when it rains. Solutions proposed include reducing emissions and fossil fuel use. The greenhouse effect and global warming are discussed as being caused by increased carbon dioxide and methane trapping heat in the atmosphere. The Kyoto Protocol aimed to reduce gas emissions but the US did not adopt it. Water pollution comes from waste waters from human activities that contaminate rivers and oceans.
Lesson 3 (environmental problems in asia)holycrackers
Major environmental problems in Asia stem from unprecedented economic growth and increasing populations. This has led to issues like desertification, salinization, pollution, waste disposal problems, land degradation, biodiversity loss, and deforestation. Uncontrolled urbanization and industrialization have severely degraded air and water quality through pollution, threatening ecosystems and human health. Solutions require balancing environmental protection with continued development.
The document summarizes the key challenges facing Small Island Developing States (SIDS) related to water, waste, and climate change according to a speech given by the Minister for Works and Public Utilities of Grenada. It notes that SIDS face increasing water scarcity, flooding incidents, and pollution challenges which are exacerbated by climate change. Climate change is causing rising sea levels, warmer oceans, and changes to weather patterns that intensify hurricanes and drought. Grenada itself has experienced its worst drought in decades and seen impacts like disappearing graveyards. As head of the Alliance of Small Island States, Grenada will continue calling for limiting global warming and fulfilling climate funding commitments.
The document discusses a new water purification method using graphene and titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysts. It can purify water efficiently using only sunlight. Implementing this technology worldwide could help address global water challenges by purifying water at the point of use. While small-scale applications like coated water bottles are suitable for humanitarian aid, large purification tanks would be needed for more advanced economies. The graphene enhances the TiO2's light absorption and pollution degradation abilities, removing harmful substances like E. coli through an oxidation process harnessing the sun's energy. Overcoming challenges like ensuring water quality or consistent sunlight access could make this affordable, sustainable solution effective at improving water security for a growing population facing climate change impacts.
The document summarizes several ecological problems in Saint Petersburg, including various forms of pollution, noise from vehicles, and destruction of green spaces. Water pollution is caused by industrial waste, domestic waste, detergents, and drainage. Air pollution results from factory emissions and vehicle exhaust. Noise pollution comes primarily from cars and buses. Deforestation has reduced green spaces and increased carbon dioxide levels, contributing to global warming. Proposed solutions include moving factories out of the city, protecting green spaces, reducing waste and noise, and using alternatives to vehicles like walking or bicycling.
1) Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the environment that cause harm. The main types are air, water, and land pollution.
2) Humans are the primary cause of pollution through activities like burning fossil fuels for energy and transportation, which releases hazardous chemicals into the air, water, and soil.
3) Pollution has negative health effects on humans, animals, and plants. It can cause respiratory illnesses, waterborne diseases, and disrupt ecosystems.
The document discusses several major environmental factors including pollution, global warming, overpopulation, natural resource depletion, and waste disposal. It provides details on each of these issues, explaining that pollution stems from industry, vehicles, and toxins in the air, water, and soil. Global warming is caused by greenhouse gas emissions which raise temperatures and melt ice caps. Overpopulation strains scarce resources like water, fuel, and food. Natural resource depletion occurs as fossil fuels are consumed and emitted, contributing to global warming. Waste disposal has become a global crisis as excess waste is produced and improperly disposed of.
You will see all the relevant topics Trans-boundary environmental problems; global pollution; economic significance of biodiversity;
economics of climate change; trade and environment, dispute resolutions
The document provides information about an environmental science course, including presentation dates and locations, application deadlines, and how to access course materials online. It then lists the main topics that will be covered in the course, such as human population growth, resource use, pollution, and solutions to environmental problems. The course aims to help students understand how pollution occurs and different methods for controlling pollution, including persuasion, regulation, and economic incentives.
Pollution is environmental contamination from man-made waste that includes land, water, and air pollution. Major types of air pollution discussed are smog, acid rain, the greenhouse effect, and holes in the ozone layer, which can seriously impact health and the environment. Water pollution occurs when pollutants from human activities are discharged into water bodies without treatment, harming organisms. Preventing pollution requires individual actions like conserving water and properly disposing of chemicals and litter.
Pollution from human activities like industry, agriculture, and urban waste is contaminating water sources and posing serious threats. Various types of pollution include agricultural runoff containing pesticides and fertilizers; industrial dumping of hazardous waste; acid rain from vehicle and factory emissions; oil spills from tanker accidents that poison thousands of species; algal blooms from excess fertilizers; and plastic and other waste polluting rivers and oceans that animals often mistake for food. Without action, water pollution will continue to damage the environment and threaten human and animal health.
- The document presents the findings of a baseline assessment of small-scale and artisanal gold mining conducted in Central and Eastern Equatoria States of South Sudan between February and May 2015.
- It finds that artisanal gold mining provides critical income to around 60,000 miners and indirectly benefits almost half a million people, but that current practices also have negative health, environmental, and social impacts.
- There is an inadequate legal framework and lack of government oversight of mining activities. As a result, artisanal miners and local communities have little awareness of rules or benefits meant for them.
Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining: Local Problems, Global Challenges. Pre...Yuyun Ismawati Drwiega
Background of the old and modern gold rush, distribution of ASGM worldwide in 77 countries, map of global mercury trade 2011, life cycle of ASGM activities (upstream, middle-stream, downstream), empirical cycle of the creation of ASGM hotspots, ASGM stakeholders, and the new mercury treaty.
Reducing Mercury Pollution in Small-Scale Gold Mining Philippines 2011-2014No to mining in Palawan
Reducing Mercury Pollution in Small-Scale Gold Mining Philippines 2011-2014
Richard Gutierrez, Ban Toxics!
Press Briefing
Shakey’s Matalino
May 18, 2011
Eco-friendly Gold Leaching Reagent and An Innovative Gold Leaching technology...John Guo
This presentation was prepared for Senegal government delegates during 2016 PDAC, Toronto. the goal of the presentation is to introduce Eco-Goldex, an eco-friendly gold leaching reagent replacing toxic cyanide and mercury to artisanal and SSM gold miners in developing and undeveloped countries, and improve their work safety standard, protect environment and improve gold recovery and revenue for local communities.
Structural control on massive sulfide Ni-Cu-PGE mineralization and exploratio...John Guo
this is a research program conducted while the author worked for Canadian Royalties , this program studied regional structural features and their structural control on massive sulphide Ni-Cu-PGE in both regional and mine scale. the author proposed that massive Ni-Cu-PGE ore is hydrothermal genetic and structurally controlled by NE striking down-deep fault system, structural exploration model in proposed at the end.
This study examined the transport and accumulation of mercury in the Madre de Dios River watershed in Peru resulting from artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) activity. Samples of river sediment, suspended solids, and fish were collected at 62 sites along a 560 km stretch of the river near 17 communities. Mercury concentrations in these samples increased with proximity to known ASGM areas, demonstrating a gradient of contamination moving downstream. Over one-third of predatory fish species sampled exceeded international health standards for mercury, representing a risk of dietary mercury exposure for local communities hundreds of kilometers from mining sites. This is the first systematic study to characterize mercury pollution and human health risks in this region where ASGM is a major
1. Grasshopper Aluminum Company oversees mining concessions in Suriname, including the 138,000 hectare Benzdorp concession where about 1,000 people engage in artisanal gold mining.
2. Artisanal gold mining in the Benzdorp concession causes environmental impacts like water siltation, landscape degradation, and mercury pollution.
3. WWF is working with Grasshopper Aluminum on a project to improve environmental management of artisanal gold mining in Benzdorp through education, promoting less destructive mining techniques, and monitoring environmental impacts.
Day 2- Session 6: Strategic Metals and the Clean-tech Revolution
Transforming Artisanal & Small Scale Mining
Objective Capital Global Mining Investment Conference 2010
Stationers' Hall, City of London
28-29 September 2010
Speaker:
Mike Davis - Global Witness
Objective Capital's Africa Resources Investment Congress 2011
Ironmongers' Hall, City of London
14-15 June 2011
Day 1: Africa Resources
Speaker: Andre Van Zyl, Oak Ridge Mining Solutions
Razafimandimby Olivier, PGRM, Ministry of Energy and Mines, Madagascar, Actual Situation of Small-scale and Artisanal Mining in Madagascar: Gold and stones
This document summarizes a study on artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) in the Philippines. It finds that ASGM is widespread in around 20 provinces and accounts for the annual discharge of 70 metric tons of mercury into the environment. Mercury is commonly used in gold mining due to its ability to bind to gold, despite its toxic effects. The document examines gold and mercury trading practices, mining and processing techniques, and environmental and health impacts of mercury pollution from ASGM. It concludes with recommendations to reduce mercury use such as banning mercury trade and providing technical support for mercury-free alternatives.
The document discusses artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM), which is difficult to define due to its flexible nature varying between countries. ASM is characterized as extraction activities that are subsistence-based, technologically poor, labor-intensive, and often operate informally or illegally. The primary concerns with ASM are that the majority operates illegally, there is a lack of recognition as an economic sector, and ASM faces obstacles to formalization like complex regulations. Addressing these issues requires tailored legislation, provisions for health and safety, and engagement with ASM groups.
Modular Gold Plant - Presentation by Resources Gold Technologystuartturner
The document describes a modular gold processing plant called the Modular Gold Plant (MGP) that is designed to be environmentally friendly and have a small footprint. The MGP uses a physical recovery process with gravity and flotation circuits to recover gold from ore with high recovery rates. It has a modular design that allows it to be easily transported and installed on site. Each module contains specific processing functionality and together the modules form a complete portable gold processing plant.
This document provides information about China Mining Project and its gold mining equipment offerings. It summarizes the company as a leading machinery manufacturer and solution provider with decades of experience. It promotes its integrated technology solutions and superior quality machines for gold mining processes, including equipment for mineral processing, gold dressing, and gold extraction.
Health and Environmental Impact of Mercury in Small-Scale Gold Mining in The ...No to mining in Palawan
Health and Environmental Impact of Mercury in Small-Scale Gold Mining in The Philippines
UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
This document summarizes a study assessing mercury emissions and recovery from artisanal and small-scale gold mining at Sikonge Gold Mine in Tanzania. The study introduced techniques to optimize mercury use and reduce environmental pollution, such as reprocessing tailings, using a mercury retort to capture mercury during amalgamation, and weighing mercury to determine losses. These methods recovered 73% of mercury lost over two months. While mercury pollution from small-scale mining poses risks, the introduced techniques helped reduce emissions and recover mercury from tailings.
The World Gold Council developed a new report to quantify the economic contribution of leading responsible gold mining companies. The report provides a collective analysis of the value distributed to stakeholders, including employees, suppliers, governments, communities, and investors. It found that 15 participating gold mining companies employed over 220,000 people in 2012. The companies spent $55 billion total in 2012, with 79% or $44.7 billion spent in the countries where operations are located. The report aims to show how gold mining supports socioeconomic development through jobs, skills training, supply chain opportunities, social investment, and infrastructure.
Gold Mining & Exporation Company – Positioned for Responsible Growth - Markus...Mining On Top
Gold Mining & Exporation Company – Positioned for Responsible Growth - Markus Ekberg, CEO, Endomines
Mining On Top: Helsinki
16-17 September 2013 | Helsinki
S. Al-Hassan & R. K. Amankwah & R. S. Nartey, University of Mines and Technol...Esther Petrilli-Massey
Direct smelting of gold concentrates is proposed as an alternative to mercury amalgamation for small-scale gold mining in Ghana. Laboratory and field tests showed direct smelting recovered 99.9% of gold compared to 97% for amalgamation. It is cheaper and does not use hazardous mercury. Challenges include developing alternatives to charcoal fuel and improving crucible integrity for processing different concentrate types. Direct smelting is presented as a viable replacement for amalgamation in small-scale gold mining.
This document discusses artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) and mercury pollution. It notes that ASGM provides livelihoods for 10-20 million people but also causes significant environmental degradation and mercury emissions when mercury is used without proper controls. Projects aim to reduce mercury use in ASGM by demonstrating that other extraction methods can yield more gold with less health and environmental impacts. Negotiations are underway for a global treaty to reduce mercury pollution from ASGM and other sources.
Ensuring harmonious relations among investors and communities in an emerging ...Alexander Decker
The document discusses potential areas of conflict between investors and communities in Ghana's emerging oil and gas industry, drawing on lessons from mining areas globally. It identifies several key issues: 1) Economic ventures and influx of non-indigenes could cause tensions as outsiders prosper while locals lack skills; 2) Unequal development and disputes over land use between companies and indigenous groups have occurred elsewhere; 3) A lack of effective communication and consultation about industry risks and impacts has led to mistrust and protest. The document proposes improved information sharing, land management tools to support livelihoods, financial benefits like royalties for communities, and employing local youth, to help ensure harmonious relations.
Microplastics pollution has become a major issue in the Ganges River, with the highest concentrations found in Varanasi. Untreated sewage and industrial waste released into the river break down into microplastic particles that enter the food chain and are consumed by both marine life and humans. Government programs aimed at cleaning the Ganges such as Namami Gange and Swachh Bharat Abhiyan have had little success in addressing microplastics pollution or proper waste management. While bans on single-use plastics are a step in the right direction, innovation is also needed to develop substitutes and reduce humankind's dependence on plastics.
Logistics in the Context of Small-Scale MiningTristan Wiggill
Presented by: Mr. PG Kwata Director: Small-Scale Mining
Department of Mineral Resources,SOUTH AFRICA during the 2nd Annual Coal Transportation Africa Conference 2015.
Abstract of 'Health Effects of Western Region Illegal Gold Mining':
The presentation concerns:
1. A discussion of conclusions drawn on ground- and surface-
water statistical analysis in the Western Region of Ghana,
since 2010.
The analysis concerns Heavy Metals (HM), as by-product of
gold-mining industries: small-mining (so-called Galamsey)
and large-mining.
2. A survey of the health-effects, available medical investi-
gations and therapy of HM poisoning by polluted water.
Because Mercury, Arsenic and Lead were the main focus
of statistical analysis in the Western Region, the health-
effects of those metals were central in the discussions.
3. The conclusion of the study, with recommendations,
comprising:
a. Transparency in mining practices;
b. Institution of Water-Watch-Groups as representatives
of stakeholders;
c. Replacement of the assigned inspectors;
d. Elimination of Arsenic in waste-water at source;
e. Reduction of all other toxic Heavy Metals in mining-
waste-waters;
f. Urgent update to recent scientific standards;
g. Bring polluters & perpetrators to justice through Fast-
track procedures;
h. The President may take the initiatives mentioned in
the Ghana Constitution, Part II Emergency Powers
Art. 31;
i. Assign Pollution research to an independent
Research-institute, preferably an institute from a non-
ex-colonial country;
j. Introduce, as soon as possible, law-enforced non-
toxic gold-extraction methods;
4. In the Way Forward are mentioned:
a. Mercury suppliers in Ghana and an example of
Mining-Industry with a dubious mission;
b. 3 Examples of Toxic-free chemical Gold-Extraction
Methods;
c. 2 Examples of Chemical-free Gold-Extraction
Methods;
d. concluding: recommended methods for Small- and
Large-gold-mining Industries;
This article explores how AI can help address environmental issues caused by industrial and illegal mining in Ghana. It details the significant environmental and economic costs of mining in Ghana, such as air and water pollution, land degradation, and deforestation. The article recommends that Ghana strengthen regulations on mining, invest in AI and remote sensing technologies to monitor mining activities, promote sustainable mining practices, increase public awareness, and improve institutional capacity to preserve the country's natural resources. It argues that leveraging AI can help investigate mining's impact, detect illegal operations, and aid policymaking to mitigate environmental challenges in a sustainable way.
Introduction to Public Administration: Lantugiayjundumaug1
The document summarizes a debate and forum on mining in Cagayan de Oro City. The event discussed the pros and cons of banning mining in the city. Advocates for mining argued it provides jobs and benefits the economy, while opponents linked mining to environmental damage from Typhoon Sendong. Speakers from indigenous groups, NGOs, and the DENR discussed impacts on their communities. While mining is necessary, the author believes the Philippines has a corrupt system that allows destructive mining without benefiting many people. Responsible mining policies are needed that consider environmental and social impacts.
This document discusses coastal pollution in India. It begins by providing background on India's coastline and sources of coastal pollution such as domestic waste, industrial effluents, and agricultural runoff. It then examines the impacts of pollution on coastal ecology like loss of coral reefs and mangroves. The document presents various methodologies that can be used to reduce coastal pollution, including reducing single-use plastics, participating in beach cleanups, and supporting bans on certain pollutants. It also includes a case study on the impact of pollution on the marine environment of coastal Mumbai. The conclusions state that the effects of contaminants on coastal ecosystems are difficult to assess and that both natural factors and human activities can aggravate pollution issues
To Mine or Not to Mine
The Case of the Tampakan Copper-Gold Project: Mindanao, Philippines
Presented to the Department of National Defense. Conference Room , 3rd Floor, DND Building. Camp Aguinaldo.
Quezon City, Philippines
May 31, 2012
Esteban C. Godilano, Ph.D.
With contributions by Atty. Christian S. Monsod
Climate
Change
Congress of the
Philippines
Assessment of Mercurity Toxicity Hazard Associated with Former Cinnabar Mining and Tailings Disposal in Honda Bay, Palawan
T M Williamd, J M Weeks, A Apostol, C Miranda
British Geological Survey
WC/96/31/R
To Mine or Not to Mine The Case of the Tampakan Copper-Gold Project: Mindanao...no2miningph
This document discusses the proposed Tampakan Copper-Gold mining project in Mindanao, Philippines. It outlines some key points in favor and against allowing the project, including potential economic benefits but also significant environmental and social impacts. It notes that over 1,000 families would be displaced and critical watersheds supplying water to thousands could be damaged. The document calls for a total economic valuation of ecosystem services and adoption of a watershed approach to properly assess the full costs and impacts of the proposed mine.
The document discusses toxic pollution from industrial chemicals, mining, and agriculture that affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide. A review of over 3,000 toxic sites found as many as 200 million people are directly impacted. Toxic pollution disproportionately affects poor communities and can hinder economic development if not addressed. The Global Alliance on Health and Pollution was formed to help low- and middle-income countries implement solutions to toxic pollution problems.
Surfers Against Sewage (SAS) is an environmental charity established in 1990 to campaign for clean, safe recreational waters. SAS undertakes conservation, education, and research to protect oceans, waves and beaches. Their campaigns have addressed issues like water quality, marine litter, and climate change through community organizing, petitions, and raising awareness. SAS now mobilizes thousands of volunteers for beach cleanups and educates the public on responsible behaviors to reduce pollution and protect coastal environments.
This document summarizes discussions from a conference on enhancing development potential in artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM).
Key points discussed include: partnerships are needed to address ASM challenges; clarifying property rights and addressing issues like overlapping claims are important for strengthening ASM; while ASM brings poverty, proper investments could make it a viable economic activity; and technical assistance is needed to help miners reduce environmental damage and adopt safer techniques.
Panel discussions covered topics like opportunities and constraints facing ASM in different countries, best practices for preventing environmental harm and facilitating site rehabilitation, and examples of projects providing alternative livelihoods to miners through activities like fish farming and market gardening to rehabilitate mined land.
Press Release : Why Tampakan Mine shouldn't be allowed to proceed: 23 March 2012No to mining in Palawan
Press Statement on the experts' take on the issues discussed during the much talked about Philippine Mining Conference held in Makati last March 2.
Press Release : Why Tampakan Mine shouldn't be allowed to proceed:
23 March 2012
This study aimed to assess abandoned mine waste from the Maricalum Mining Corporation (MMC) in Sipalay City, Philippines. The researchers conducted direct observations of MMC areas including the tailings pan, open pit, drilling and blasting sites, watershed, residential areas, and mine foot. They also analyzed documents on MMC's mining operations and impacts. Through interviews with former MMC employees, the researchers found that large quantities of abandoned mine waste had been left behind, destroying the local ecosystem. The Mines and Geosciences Bureau determined the waste needed removal. However, due to the large volumes, a systematic removal plan was required. The researchers thus proposed a mine waste cleanup and management implementation plan
Case study reclaiming-mined-land-in-east-kalimantanAksi SETAPAK
With little or no post-mining land reclamation or rehabilitation activities occurring in East Kalimantan, one of Indonesia’s most heavily mined provinces, SETAPAK partners have been working with a coalition of NGOs to press for improved government regulation.
This proposal suggests mainstreaming the National Greening Program (NGP) into the Provincial Greening Program (PGP) in Southern Leyte, Philippines. It proposes establishing 150 community school tree nurseries that would produce 3 million coffee and cacao seedlings per year. This would generate an estimated PHP 1.05 million in annual income for farmers after 3-5 years and PHP 525 million annually thereafter. It would provide livelihoods for communities involved in composting, bamboo and nipa production for the nurseries. The goal is to empower schools through community-shared agriculture and environmental education while alleviating poverty and building climate resilience.
The development banks, particularly the World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank, provide significant financing for mining projects in developing countries and have focused on improving the environmental performance and formalization of artisanal and small-scale mining. These banks have provided technical assistance for reforming mining sectors and improving livelihoods in the artisanal and small-scale mining industry. There remain opportunities to support this industry through improving health, safety, technology and socioeconomic conditions in countries across Latin America, Africa, and Asia where artisanal and small-scale mining is prevalent.
Similar to Artisinal and Small Scale Gold Mining in Bagong Silangan (20)
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
2. Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) is a
significant global development issue.
As a vital contributor to the Philippine economy, the
magnitude of pollution from small-scale gold mining
activities presents a major threat to human health and
the environment.
3.
4. For Ban Toxics and the international community, the
prevalent use of mercury among ASGM communities
in the Philippines is a major disaster waiting to
happen – and correlates to an even more serious
threat to the health of the people, its environment
and the rest of the world.
5. An urgent action is needed to address
this major problem – and requires partnership
among the CSOs and the international community,
local governments and ASGM communities.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12. The Project,
Reducing Mercury Pollution in ASGM aims to
prevent mercury pollution by technical training,
awareness raising and strengthening of civil
society organizations to eliminate the use of
mercury in small scale gold mining.
13.
14. One of the project sites in
Ga’ang, Kalinga,
exhibited a very positive response to
BAN Toxic’s intervention.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19. The outcome of BT’s
three-year presence in the area resulted to
the conversion of 95% of the small-scale
miners in Ga’ang to use mercury-free
methods.
20. This translates to preventing at least 2
tons of mercury from being
released during the mining process.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30. This success would not have been possible without
the miners’ openness to change, the local
government’s support, and the wisdom of the
elders of the Banao-Bodong Association to
understand the problem. And they acted on it.