Reducing Mercury Pollution in Small-Scale Gold Mining Philippines 2011-2014
Richard Gutierrez, Ban Toxics!
Press Briefing
Shakey’s Matalino
May 18, 2011
Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining: Local Problems, Global Challenges. Pre...Yuyun Ismawati Drwiega
Background of the old and modern gold rush, distribution of ASGM worldwide in 77 countries, map of global mercury trade 2011, life cycle of ASGM activities (upstream, middle-stream, downstream), empirical cycle of the creation of ASGM hotspots, ASGM stakeholders, and the new mercury treaty.
Objective Capital's Africa Resources Investment Congress 2011
Ironmongers' Hall, City of London
14-15 June 2011
Day 1: Africa Resources
Speaker: Andre Van Zyl, Oak Ridge Mining Solutions
Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining: Local Problems, Global Challenges. Pre...Yuyun Ismawati Drwiega
Background of the old and modern gold rush, distribution of ASGM worldwide in 77 countries, map of global mercury trade 2011, life cycle of ASGM activities (upstream, middle-stream, downstream), empirical cycle of the creation of ASGM hotspots, ASGM stakeholders, and the new mercury treaty.
Objective Capital's Africa Resources Investment Congress 2011
Ironmongers' Hall, City of London
14-15 June 2011
Day 1: Africa Resources
Speaker: Andre Van Zyl, Oak Ridge Mining Solutions
Day 2- Session 6: Strategic Metals and the Clean-tech Revolution
Transforming Artisanal & Small Scale Mining
Objective Capital Global Mining Investment Conference 2010
Stationers' Hall, City of London
28-29 September 2010
Speaker:
Mike Davis - Global Witness
Razafimandimby Olivier, PGRM, Ministry of Energy and Mines, Madagascar, Actual Situation of Small-scale and Artisanal Mining in Madagascar: Gold and stones
Price of Gold Mercury Use and Other Issues in Artisanal Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM)
Ban Toxics! also owes it to all the small-scale gold miners
who took time to grant interviews and share their insights and concerns. To them we give our profuse thanks.
Ban Toxics!
January 2011
Canadian Mining In The Philippines
Development for Whom?
By Fr. Edwin Gariguez
Impact Magazine
CBCP Communication Development
Foundation, Inc.,
Vol.45, No.5, pp.4-6, 15
Conference on Mining's Impact
on Philippine
Economy and Ecology
Financial Executives Institute of the Philippines (FINEX)
Management Association of the Philippines (MAP)
Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry (PCCI)
GRAND BALLROOM
INTER-CONTINENTAL MANILA
2 March 2012
Friday, 2:00 PM to 5:00 PM
Health and Environmental Impact of Mercury in Small-Scale Gold Mining in The ...No to mining in Palawan
Health and Environmental Impact of Mercury in Small-Scale Gold Mining in The Philippines
UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
Clive Wicks Presentation
CLIVE WICKS, Consultant, Working Group in Mining in the Philippines
Conference on Mining's Impact
on Philippine
Economy and Ecology
Financial Executives Institute of the Philippines (FINEX)
Management Association of the Philippines (MAP)
Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry (PCCI)
GRAND BALLROOM
INTER-CONTINENTAL MANILA
2 March 2012
Friday, 2:00 PM to 5:00 PM
Terry Heymann's presentation at the FDI Statistics Workshop (20 March 2014) during the session on the role of international investment and multinational enterprises in global value chains
Find out more at http://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/measuring-globalisation-fdi-statistics-workshop-2014.htm
Environmental problems caused by improper mine tailings disposal in the Baguio district include pollution of the Lower Agno River system and its watershed and siltation of irrigation canals in the Pangasinan plains. Direct economic losses are from reduced agricultural production due to siltation of irrigation works and farmlands. To check the adverse ecological effects of improper mine tailings disposal, government regulations have been imposed on mining firms.
Several disposal schemes have been proposed, including the use of the reservoir of a multipurpose project to be sited in the watershed where the mines are located. Because of siltation problems, however, trapping the tailings in the reservoir will diminish the economic benefits that can be derived from the project.
Leo Jasareno presentation at Conference on Mining's Impact on Philippine Econ...Arangkada Philippines
The Conference on Mining's Impact on Philippine Economy and Ecology, March 2, 2012, Inter-Continental Manila
Engr. Leo Jasareno of the Mines and GeoSciences Bureau and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources presented the government's perspective.
Day 2- Session 6: Strategic Metals and the Clean-tech Revolution
Transforming Artisanal & Small Scale Mining
Objective Capital Global Mining Investment Conference 2010
Stationers' Hall, City of London
28-29 September 2010
Speaker:
Mike Davis - Global Witness
Razafimandimby Olivier, PGRM, Ministry of Energy and Mines, Madagascar, Actual Situation of Small-scale and Artisanal Mining in Madagascar: Gold and stones
Price of Gold Mercury Use and Other Issues in Artisanal Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM)
Ban Toxics! also owes it to all the small-scale gold miners
who took time to grant interviews and share their insights and concerns. To them we give our profuse thanks.
Ban Toxics!
January 2011
Canadian Mining In The Philippines
Development for Whom?
By Fr. Edwin Gariguez
Impact Magazine
CBCP Communication Development
Foundation, Inc.,
Vol.45, No.5, pp.4-6, 15
Conference on Mining's Impact
on Philippine
Economy and Ecology
Financial Executives Institute of the Philippines (FINEX)
Management Association of the Philippines (MAP)
Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry (PCCI)
GRAND BALLROOM
INTER-CONTINENTAL MANILA
2 March 2012
Friday, 2:00 PM to 5:00 PM
Health and Environmental Impact of Mercury in Small-Scale Gold Mining in The ...No to mining in Palawan
Health and Environmental Impact of Mercury in Small-Scale Gold Mining in The Philippines
UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
Clive Wicks Presentation
CLIVE WICKS, Consultant, Working Group in Mining in the Philippines
Conference on Mining's Impact
on Philippine
Economy and Ecology
Financial Executives Institute of the Philippines (FINEX)
Management Association of the Philippines (MAP)
Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry (PCCI)
GRAND BALLROOM
INTER-CONTINENTAL MANILA
2 March 2012
Friday, 2:00 PM to 5:00 PM
Terry Heymann's presentation at the FDI Statistics Workshop (20 March 2014) during the session on the role of international investment and multinational enterprises in global value chains
Find out more at http://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/measuring-globalisation-fdi-statistics-workshop-2014.htm
Environmental problems caused by improper mine tailings disposal in the Baguio district include pollution of the Lower Agno River system and its watershed and siltation of irrigation canals in the Pangasinan plains. Direct economic losses are from reduced agricultural production due to siltation of irrigation works and farmlands. To check the adverse ecological effects of improper mine tailings disposal, government regulations have been imposed on mining firms.
Several disposal schemes have been proposed, including the use of the reservoir of a multipurpose project to be sited in the watershed where the mines are located. Because of siltation problems, however, trapping the tailings in the reservoir will diminish the economic benefits that can be derived from the project.
Leo Jasareno presentation at Conference on Mining's Impact on Philippine Econ...Arangkada Philippines
The Conference on Mining's Impact on Philippine Economy and Ecology, March 2, 2012, Inter-Continental Manila
Engr. Leo Jasareno of the Mines and GeoSciences Bureau and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources presented the government's perspective.
Sec Ramon J. P. Paje -INSTITUTING POLICY REFORMS IN MINERAL RESOURCES DEVELOP...No to mining in Palawan
Sec Ramon J. P. Paje
INSTITUTING POLICY REFORMS IN MINERAL RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT
Mining Philippines 2011
September 14, 2011,
Sofitel Philippines Plaza Hotel
Manila, Philippines
Helps in determining the grade and value of iron ore.
GaiiwougfrooagfchjkjhhvvcxxxxzzduiwoosjhxgggfcagoorkbvshgxxFhisnvbkskbvhzjll jbbbsbhzccagCcccakskkazbbsvCCCCbavahwjkel lrjzhhavavekkdkxkznznanabvavsvsvzvzvzbsbsbsbbskelknzbvavavanskkskekeekkejejrnrnrnnrbtbtjtjjrrjuwuwowpeptptotoskvzvzvzvBznbzbansnhsjaklsjzggVHqkkwkwoeoeofofikdjanajBBbBBBVvVBVBBhVVvVVHrooorktjtnkekwknskjwywyuwrptptprpeoslkskskkakakakkanzbvzvzbznxmxmcmvkrkekiwiahgafttwywiieororototootototototoorototkrkdkkzvcVajkakwleklwkwnwbvcvccHsijjevcccsoojjg
Canatuan story presentation january 16 2015 finalTVI Pacific
This is the background story of the Canatuan Gold-Silver-Copper-Zinc Mine which was operated by TVI Resource Development under ownership of TVI Pacific Inc. -- a Canadian Resource Company -- from 2003 - 2014.
The Tampakan Copper-Gold Project and Human Rights Violations in the South Cotabato, Philippines
Summary
The Tampakan Copper-Gold Project in the Philippines threatens the environment and the livelihoods of local populations. The Bla'an indigenous peoples that occupy these ancestral territories oppose the project and are victims of multiple violations of human rights. But Glencore-Xstrata is still insisting on pursiung the project.
26th session of the Human Rights Council 2014
Item 3 Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development
Joint written statement of the Europe-Third World Centre (CETIM) and Franciscans International
UN symbol: A/HRC/26/NGO/94
Speech by Julian Payne, President, Canadian Chamber of Commerce of the Philip...No to mining in Palawan
Speech by Julian Payne, President, Canadian Chamber of Commerce of the Philippines
On “A Foreign Investor’s View on Mining in the Philippines”
At the Development Academy of the Philippines, Pasig City, on July 10, 2014
MINING
“SECTION 4. Grant of Mineral Agreements Pending New Legislation. No new mineral agreements shall be entered into until a legislation rationalizing existing revenue sharing
schemes and mechanisms shall have taken effect. The DENR may continue to grant and issue Exploration Permits under existing laws, rules and guidelines.” - Executive Order No. 79, July 6, 2012.
The report is based on a desk study and a three-week
field trip to the Philippines, where data was gathered
through qualitative interviews. Interview partners included
affected communities, company representatives, local and
national civil society organizations, as well as government
authorities. By evaluating this data we shed light on the
main human rights issues linked to the Tampakan Project.
The choice of our interview partners reflects our human
rights approach. While our interviewees have both positive
and negative attitudes towards the Tampakan Project, they
do not constitute a representative sample of the population
in the area. Instead, our goal is to make sure that we include those people who have serious concerns with regard to their human rights situation and to analyze their hopes and fears and complement this information with desk research and the views of other stakeholders and experts.
Prior to the start of stock exchange trading on 5 January 2012, Intex issued a stock exchange announcement stating that it had signed a MoU with MCC8 for the development of its nickel project in Mindoro. This agreement could grant MCC8 a “project management contract” (“PMC”) which would mean that MCC8 would take on most of the responsibility for the project finance and development of the field. As consideration for this, MCC8 and its strategic partners would have an option to purchase up to 90% of Mindoro Nickel, in a staged process, for a total of USD 296 million. Intex would retain 10% and would have an option to buy back a further 10% for up to USD 60 million following completion of the project1.
CLIMATE CHANGE CONGRESS
OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.(CCCP)
POSITION PAPER ON THE PHILEX MINING DISASTER
pp.1-6
Room 1 Bonifacio Hall, UP SOLAIR, Diliman, Quezon City
Phone no. (632) 385-5638 / Email address: climatechangecongress.org
SUMMARY STATEMENT TO THE SENATE COMMITTEES ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH, MARCH 19, 2013
By: Christian S. Monsod
Climate Change Congress of the Philippines
pp.1-5
PAB Resolution
IN THE MATTER OF
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
AND ABATEMENT CASE
DENR-PAB Case No. CAR-00836-12
- versus-
PHILEX MINING CORPORATION,
Respondent.
FOR: Violation of R.A. 9275 and Its
Implementing Rules and Regulations
25 February 2013
With an estimated $1.4 trillion in reserves, Philippine mining potential ranks
fifth in the world, covering an estimated 9 million hectares, but less than
2% has mining permits. After long stagnation, the sector has been coming
back after a 2005 SC decision affirming RA 7942, considered a world-class
legal framework for sustainable development. Minerals development is a
government priority and has great potential for jobs and revenue. Government
has identified over 60 priority PPP projects. Mining can support poor
rural areas through high quality jobs, local tax payments, and community
development. The national government receives substantial royalty and tax
payments. Government revenue from mining increased 800% from 2002 to
PhP10.4 billion in 2007. However, full development of the sector continues
to face significant challenges. Lengthy, tedious approvals for Exploration
Permits (EPs) continue to impede investment. Several LGUs have closed their
provinces to mining. Industry is concerned that the Writ of Kalikasan might
disturb lawful activities. An investor cannot tell easily if land is ancestral land.
Skilled Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) personnel often leave public
service. EO 79 has imposed a moratorium on new mining permits, pending the
passage of a new law on the revenue-sharing scheme between industry
The Fraser Institute Annual Survey of Mining
Companies was sent to approximately 4,100
exploration, development, and other mining-related
companies around the world. Several mining
publications and associations also helped publicize the
survey... The survey, conducted from October 9, 2012,
to January 6, 2013, represents responses from 742 of those
companies. The companies participating in the survey
reported exploration spending of US$6.2 billion
in 2012 and US$5.4 billion in 2011
Application For The Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) Of The Tampakan Project
O.P. Case No.12-F-159
DENR Case No. 1966
Paquito N. Ochoa, Jr
Executive Secretary
Philippines
UPDATE ON THE NICKELIFEROUS LATERITE MINERAL RESOURCES
OF MARCVENTURES MINING AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION’S
MPSA 016-93-XIII
LOCATED IN THE MUNICIPALITIES OF CANTILAN AND CARRASCAL,
SURIGAO DEL SUR, PHILIPPINES
Pollution Adjudication Board fines Philex Mining over Clean Water Act ViolationsNo to mining in Palawan
Pollution Adjudication Board fines Philex Mining over Clean Water Act Violations
On Thursday, January 24, Philex disclosed to the exchange that it received a notice of issuance from the Pollution Adjudication Board (PAB)to cease-and-desist from using its tailings pond at its Padcal mine in Benguet following a mine spill in August 2012.
The new environmental legislation replaces 18 environmental laws with 8 laws and introduces 2 entirely new laws. The purpose of the review was to reduce duplication and improve the quality of regulation, ensure responsible, environmentally-friendly and sustainable development, improve economic efficiency, introduce international standards in environmental auditing and the "polluter pays" principle, increase public participation in environmental decision-making, and secure funds for environmental protection.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. Distribution of Gold
Deposits in the
D it i th
Philippines
• Philippine gold resource/
reserve is estimated to be
more than 5 billion tons
• Gold deposits have been
p
reported in more than 40
provinces in the country
• Average Grade: 1.353 g/t
4. Mercury use in ASGM
activities has been
reported in more than 20
reported in more than 20
provinces
Photo: Luis Liwanag /SSNC
Photo: Luis Liwanag/SSNC
5. Mercury use and emission in ASGM
y
Year
Y Estimated Annual Mercury Release
E ti t d A lM R l
2008 70 tons (DENR estimate)
2007 5 tons from small‐scale mining communities in
Zamboanga del Norte and Camarines Norte (Appel,
Perez)
2001 140 tons from small‐scale gold mining in Northern
Mindanao (DOH assessment submitted to UNEP)
Early 90s 25 tons (Greer, 1993)
1986‐1988 A total of 140 tons in 3 years from 53 mining
communities (Appleton et al., 1999)
6. The Philippine Artisanal and Small‐
Scale Gold Mining Industry
S l G ld Mi i I d t
• Provides employment to more than 300 000
Provides employment to more than 300,000
miners including 18,000 women and children
• Supports the livelihood of about two million
people
• Comprises traditional and gold rush miners
most of whom operate without legal mining
most of whom operate without legal mining
titles
• Largest source of mercury emission in the
country
• In 2006, UN reported that miners in the
Philippines have mercury levels up to 50
Philippines have mercury levels up to 50
times above WHO limits
7. Philippine Annual Gold Production
(in kilograms)
Year Total SmallScale LargeScale
2000 36,540 21,193 15,347
2001 ,
33,841 22,656
, 11,185
,
2002 35,848 27,993 7,855
2003 37,843 31,473 6,370
2004 35,464
35 464 29,473
29 473 5,991
5 991
2005 37,488 32,117 5,371
2006 36,141 29,361 6,780
2007 38,792 31,193 7,599
2008 35,568 28,198 7,370
2009 37,047
, 26,112
, 10,935
,
Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook; Mines and Geosciences Bureau; Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
14. Gold Mining and Production Methods
RECOVERY OF SLURRY
EXTRACTION CRUSHING GRINDING MERCURY MIX
LADEN WITH MERCURY
(WHOLE ORE AMALGAMATION)
Gold and mercury ratio
Whole ore amalgamation 1:10 to 25
Whole ore amalgamation – 1:10 to 25
g
Amalgamation after grinding and panning – 1:1 to 3
RECOVERY OF AMALGAM
AMALGAMATION
AFTER GRINDING
GOLD: THE END PRODUCT AMALGAM BURNING SQUEEZED AMALGAM SQUEEZING
15. ASGM Gold & Mercury Trading
Mercury Trading
Mercury Trading
• Philippine mercury supply relies
primarily on import
• Mercury enters the country legally
(e.g. for dental use) and illegally
through the black market
h h h bl k k
• The known sources of mercury for
gold mining in the Philippines are:
gold mining in the Philippines are:
United States, European Union,
Algeria, Kyrgyzstan, Italy and Saudi
Arabia.
16. ASGM Gold & Mercury Trading
Mercury Trading
Mercury Trading
• Cost of mercury ranges from PhP
2,500 (US$55) to PhP 10,000
2,500 (US$55) to PhP 10,000
(US$222) per kilo
• Mercury is available in small mom
and pops store at P4.00 (US$.08)
to P10.00 (US$.22) per gram
• M
Mercury supply for ASGM is also
l f ASGM i l
provided by dental clinics which
also operate as gold and mercury
traders
17. ASGM ISSUES AND CONCERNS
1. Legal/Regulatory
• Antiquated, irresponsive and conflicting laws on mining
y p y
• Difficulty of small‐scale miners to secure permits due to costly
and complicated licensing/permitting process and requirements
• Difficulty in identifying and setting aside areas to be declared as
People s Small Scale Mining Area
People’s Small Scale Mining Area
• Poor coordination between MGB and LGU with respect to ASGM
issues
• Difficulty in securing ECCs for small‐scale miners
• Overlapping areas for small‐scale and large scale mining
• No government revenue from informal small‐scale mining
No government revenue from informal small scale mining
operations
18. ASGM ISSUES AND CONCERNS
2. Enforcement
• Poor monitoring of mercury
usage
• Most ASGM operations are
illegal but still operating
• Poor monitoring of compliance
to CCOs issued
• Perceived lack of sincerity of
Perceived lack of sincerity of
the government to address the
issues confronting the industry
19. ASGM ISSUES AND CONCERNS
3. Business/Economic
• Need to establish more accessible BSP Gold Buying
Stations
• Stringent criteria set by the bank compel the miners to sell
their gold to local dealers at a lower price
• A substantial share of ASGM production ends up in the
gp p
black market
• Lack of capital prevents miners to adopt recommended
technologies to control mercury emission (e.g. use of
technologies to control mercury emission (e g use of
retort)
• Lack of support from DTI because of the illegal nature of
ASGM operations
ASGM i
21. ASGM ISSUES AND CONCERNS
5. Technical
• No common service facility or
proper disposal system for mercury
confiscated and other mercury‐
containing wastes.
g
• Lack of viable alternatives for
mercury use (e.g. cyanidation is not
practical because the ore extracted
practical because the ore extracted
by the miners vary in grade)
22. ASGM ISSUES AND CONCERNS
6. Health
• Inadequate studies on the health
Inadequate studies on the health
impacts of mercury use in mining
areas
• No program on the containment of
fumes
• Non‐use of personal protective
p p
equipment
• Community exposure to mercury
23. ASGM ISSUES AND CONCERNS
7 . Education
7 Education
• Lack of IEC on the safe handling
and use of mercury y
• Need to strengthen awareness
campaigns to convince miners
not to use mercury
not to use mercury
• Miners not convinced on the
toxic effects of mercury
• Need to improve the social and
environmental performance of
ASGM to change misperceptions
from the sector
24. ASGM ISSUES AND CONCERNS
8. Institutional
• Need to build capacity and
capability of LGUs to address
ASGM concerns
• Weak and non‐functional PMRBs
• Need to involve miners in local
g
planning to facilitate buy in into
planning to facilitate buy‐in into
the program
• Overlapping functions of
institutional bodies
i tit ti l b di
• Lack of manpower and resources
in the implementation of devolved
functions to LGUs
25. ASGM ISSUES AND CONCERNS
9. Environmental
• Improper disposal of mine waste
I di l f i t
• Contamination of water bodies and
marine organisms due to cyanide and
mercury pollution
• Landscape destruction and
deforestation which further
deforestation which further g
aggravates biodiversity loss
• Soil erosion, siltation and loss of soil
productivity
• Incidents of fish kill as a result of
contamination of water bodies due to
cyanide pollution
26. Thank you for listening!
Ban Toxics!
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TeleFax: +63 2 355 7640
E‐mail: rgutierrez@bantoxics.org
www.bantoxics.org
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