The document discusses artificial neural networks (ANNs). It provides an overview of ANNs, including their biological inspiration from neurons in the brain, their composition of interconnected processing elements called neurons, and how they are configured for applications like pattern recognition. The document also covers different types of ANNs, their computational power, capacity for learning, convergence abilities, and use for generalization. Examples are given of ANN applications in various business domains like marketing, sales forecasting, finance, insurance, and telecommunications. Risks of ANNs discussed include needing a large and diverse training set, overfitting data, and high hardware resource requirements. A hybrid symbolic-neural network approach is also mentioned.
Mr. Koushal Kumar Has done his M.Tech degree in Computer Science and Engineering from Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, India. He obtained his B.S.C and M.S.C in computer science from D.A.V College Amritsar Punjab. His area of research interests lies in Artificial Neural Networks, Soft computing, Computer Networks, Grid Computing, and data base management systems
Mr. Koushal Kumar Has done his M.Tech degree in Computer Science and Engineering from Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, India. He obtained his B.S.C and M.S.C in computer science from D.A.V College Amritsar Punjab. His area of research interests lies in Artificial Neural Networks, Soft computing, Computer Networks, Grid Computing, and data base management systems
Artificial Intelligence (AI) | Prepositional logic (PL)and first order predic...Ashish Duggal
The following are the topics in this presentation Prepositional Logic (PL) and First-order Predicate Logic (FOPL) is used for knowledge representation in artificial intelligence (AI).
There are also sub-topics in this presentation like logical connective, atomic sentence, complex sentence, and quantifiers.
This PPT is very helpful for Computer science and Computer Engineer
(B.C.A., M.C.A., B.TECH. , M.TECH.)
The project was started with a sole aim in mind that the design should be able to recognize the voice of a person by analyzing the speech signal. The simulation is done in MATLAB. The design of the project is based on using the Linear prediction filter coefficient (LPC) and Principal component analysis (PCA) on data (princomp) for the speech signal analysis. The Sample Collection process is accomplished by using the microphone to record the speech of male/female. After executing the program the speech is analyzed by the analysis part of our MATLAB program code and our design should be able to identify and give the judgment that the recorded speech signal is same as that of our desired output.
Brain Computer Interface Next Generation of Human Computer InteractionSaurabh Giratkar
In the area of HCI research the main focus is on defining new ways of human interaction with computer system. With the passes of time a number of inventions have been made in this field. In initial days we used only keyboards to access our computer system (e.g. in Unix Terminal). In Second phase, after invention of mouse and other pointing devices, we started using graphical user interface using pointing devices like mouse which make the use of computer more easy and comfortable. Nowadays we are using pressure-driven mechanism, i.e. touch screen, which is common at ATMs, Mobile phones and PDAs etc. Although it is not as common in daily works but the release of tablet PCs and its popularity shows that the day is not much far when we wouldn’t be having keyboards and mouse at all.
All of these inventions have been made for balancing the requirements of society and user. E.g. Games, Multimedia Applications etc are not possible using only-Keyboard so we need mouse driven system for such applications, similarly we cannot have large keyboard on mobile so we need a touch screen system for mobiles. In addition to these traditional HCI models, there are some more advance HCI technology too for adding more flexibility and hence making the product more useful. E.g. swap card system at office doors for attendance and ATM-swap card for shopping. Speech processing systems are also there where we can access our computer system using our speech. Fig 1 shows most popular traditional HCI system.
Neural network for real time traffic signal controlSnehal Takawale
Real-time traffic signal control is an integral part of the urban traffic control system, and providing effective real-time traffic signal control for a large complex traffic network is an extremely challenging distributed control problem. This paper adopts the multi-agent system approach to develop distributed unsupervised traffic responsive signal control models, where each agent in the system is a local traffic signal controller for one intersection in the traffic network. The first multi-agent system is developed using hybrid computational intelligent techniques. Each agent employs a multi stage online learning process to update and adapt its knowledge base and decision-making mechanism. The second multi-agent system is developed by integrating the simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation theorem in fuzzy neural networks (NN).
Artificial Intelligence (AI) | Prepositional logic (PL)and first order predic...Ashish Duggal
The following are the topics in this presentation Prepositional Logic (PL) and First-order Predicate Logic (FOPL) is used for knowledge representation in artificial intelligence (AI).
There are also sub-topics in this presentation like logical connective, atomic sentence, complex sentence, and quantifiers.
This PPT is very helpful for Computer science and Computer Engineer
(B.C.A., M.C.A., B.TECH. , M.TECH.)
The project was started with a sole aim in mind that the design should be able to recognize the voice of a person by analyzing the speech signal. The simulation is done in MATLAB. The design of the project is based on using the Linear prediction filter coefficient (LPC) and Principal component analysis (PCA) on data (princomp) for the speech signal analysis. The Sample Collection process is accomplished by using the microphone to record the speech of male/female. After executing the program the speech is analyzed by the analysis part of our MATLAB program code and our design should be able to identify and give the judgment that the recorded speech signal is same as that of our desired output.
Brain Computer Interface Next Generation of Human Computer InteractionSaurabh Giratkar
In the area of HCI research the main focus is on defining new ways of human interaction with computer system. With the passes of time a number of inventions have been made in this field. In initial days we used only keyboards to access our computer system (e.g. in Unix Terminal). In Second phase, after invention of mouse and other pointing devices, we started using graphical user interface using pointing devices like mouse which make the use of computer more easy and comfortable. Nowadays we are using pressure-driven mechanism, i.e. touch screen, which is common at ATMs, Mobile phones and PDAs etc. Although it is not as common in daily works but the release of tablet PCs and its popularity shows that the day is not much far when we wouldn’t be having keyboards and mouse at all.
All of these inventions have been made for balancing the requirements of society and user. E.g. Games, Multimedia Applications etc are not possible using only-Keyboard so we need mouse driven system for such applications, similarly we cannot have large keyboard on mobile so we need a touch screen system for mobiles. In addition to these traditional HCI models, there are some more advance HCI technology too for adding more flexibility and hence making the product more useful. E.g. swap card system at office doors for attendance and ATM-swap card for shopping. Speech processing systems are also there where we can access our computer system using our speech. Fig 1 shows most popular traditional HCI system.
Neural network for real time traffic signal controlSnehal Takawale
Real-time traffic signal control is an integral part of the urban traffic control system, and providing effective real-time traffic signal control for a large complex traffic network is an extremely challenging distributed control problem. This paper adopts the multi-agent system approach to develop distributed unsupervised traffic responsive signal control models, where each agent in the system is a local traffic signal controller for one intersection in the traffic network. The first multi-agent system is developed using hybrid computational intelligent techniques. Each agent employs a multi stage online learning process to update and adapt its knowledge base and decision-making mechanism. The second multi-agent system is developed by integrating the simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation theorem in fuzzy neural networks (NN).
Techniques for Smart Traffic Control: An In-depth ReviewEditor IJCATR
Inadequate space and funds for the construction of new roads and the steady increase in number of vehicles has prompted
scholars to investigate other solutions to traffic congestion. One area gaining interest is the use of smart traffic control systems (STCS)
to make traffic routing decisions. These systems use real time data and try to mimic human reasoning thus prove promising in vehicle
traffic control and management. This paper is a review on the motivations behind the emergence of STCS and the different types of
these systems in use today for road traffic management. They include – fuzzy expert systems (FES), artificial neural networks (ANN)
and wireless sensor networks (WSN). We give an in depth study on the design, benefits and limitations of each technique. The paper
cites and analyses a number of successfully tested and implemented STCS. From these reviews we are able to derive comparisons of
the STCS discussed in this paper. For instance, for a learning or adaptive system, ANN is the best approach; for a system that just
routes traffic based on real time data and does not need to derive any data patterns afterwards, then FES is the best approach; for a
cheaper alternative to the FES, then WSN is the least costly approach. All prove effective in traffic control and management with
respect to the context in which each of them is used.
ANN Modeling of Monthly and Weekly Behaviour of the Runoff of Kali River Catc...IOSR Journals
Model is a system, by whose operation; the characteristics of other similar systems can be ascertained. Experimental observation made on a model bear a definite relationship with prototype. So, the model analysis or modeling is actually an experimental method of finding solution of complex flow problems like surface water modeling, sub-surface water modeling etc. Many flow situations are not amenable to theoretical analysis. Modeling is a valuable means of obtaining better understanding of particular situation. Inspired by the functioning of the brain and biological nervous system, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) has been applied to various hydrological problems in last two decades. In this study, two ANN models using feed forward – back propagation network are developed to correlate a relationship between rainfall and runoff on monthly and weekly basis for Kali river catchment up to Supa dam in Uttara Kannada District of Karnataka State, India. The developed two models are compared and evaluated using standard statistical parameters to know strength and weaknesses. This performance can be further refined by incorporating more input parameters of catchment properties like soil moisture index; land use and land cover details etc.
It is also known as Indirect search method or Steepest descent method,this method firstly found to Augustin Louis Cauchy in 1857.The method is used to solve optimization problems.
100-Concepts-of-AI by Anupama Kate .pptxAnupama Kate
🧠 Dive Deep into the World of Neural Networks! Explore our latest SlideShare to unravel the complexities of the technology that’s transforming AI. Learn about the structure, operation, and vast applications of neural networks across various industries. Perfect for tech enthusiasts and professionals eager to understand the building blocks of modern artificial intelligence. #AI #NeuralNetworks #MachineLearning #TechnologyTrends
Power of Convolutional Neural Networks in Modern AI | The Lifesciences MagazineThe Lifesciences Magazine
Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) stand out as a ground-breaking technique with significant ramifications across multiple areas in the rapidly changing field of artificial intelligence (AI).
Stock Prediction Using Artificial Neural Networksijbuiiir1
Accurate prediction of stock price movements is highly challenging and significant topic for investors. Investors need to understand that stock price data is the most essential information which is highly volatile, non-linear, and non-parametric and are affected by many uncertainties and interrelated economic and political factors across the globe. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) have been found to be an efficient tool in modeling stock prices and quite a large number of studies have been done on it. In this paper ANN modeling of stock prices of selected stocks under BSE is attempted to predict closing prices. The network developed consists of an input layer, one hidden layer and an output layer and the inputs being opening price, high, low, closing price and volume. Mean Absolute Percentage Error, Mean Absolute Deviation and Root Mean Square Error are used as indicators of performance of the networks. This paper is organized as follows. In the first section, the adaptability of ANN in stock prediction is discussed. In section two, we justify the using of ANNs in forecasting stock prices. Section three gives the literature review on the applications of ANNs in predicting the stock prices. Section four gives an overview of artificial neural networks. Section five presents the methodology adopted. Section six gives the simulation and performance analysis. Last section concludes with future direction of the study
Comparative Analysis of Computational Intelligence Paradigms in WSN: Reviewiosrjce
Computational Intelligence is the study of the design of intelligent agents. An agent is something that
react according to an environment—it does something. Agents includes worms, dogs, thermostats, airplanes,
humans, and society. The purpose of computational intelligence is to understand the principles that make
intelligent behavior possible, in real or artificial systems. Techniques of Computational Intelligence are
designed to model the aspects of biological intelligence. These paradigms include that exhibit an ability to
learn or adapt to new situations,to generalize, abstract, learn and associate. This paper gives review of
comparison between computational intelligence paradigms in Wireless Sensor Network and Finally,a short
conclusion is provided.
Deep learning and neural network convertedJanu Jahnavi
https://www.learntek.org/blog/industries-blockchain-disrupt/
https://www.learntek.org/
Learntek is global online training provider on Big Data Analytics, Hadoop, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, IOT, AI, Cloud Technology, DEVOPS, Digital Marketing and other IT and Management courses.
categories
The Next Step For Aritificial Intelligence in Financial ServicesAccenture Insurance
As financial services firms strive to transform their businesses for a digital world, realize efficiencies, improve the customer experience and revitalize their growth, they increasingly see artificial intelligence-based (AI) technologies as key. For firms, the next wave of AI innovation are artificial neural networks.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
2. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is an
information processing paradigm that is
inspired by biological nervous systems.
It is composed of a large number of highly
interconnected processing elements called
neurons.
An ANN is configured for a specific
application, such as pattern recognition or
data classification
3. The neuron receives signals from other neurons,
collects the input signals, and transforms the
collected input signal.
Human information processing takes place
through the interaction of many billions of
neurons connected to each other, each
sending excitatory or inhibitory signals to
other neurons (excite in positive/suppress in
negative)
4. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are biologically
inspired computer programs designed to simulate the way
in which the human brain processes information. ANNs
gather their knowledge by detecting the patterns and
relationships in data and learn (or are trained) through
experience.
5. Types of artificial neural networks
Artificial neural network types vary from those with
only one or two layers of single direction logic, to
complicated multi–input many directional feedback
loops and layers. On the whole, these systems use
algorithms in their programming to determine control
and organization of their functions.
6. Computational power
The multi-layer perception (MLP) is a universal
function approximate, as proven by the universa
approximation theorem. However, the proof is not
constructive regarding the number of neurons required
or the settings of the weights. Work by Hava
Siegelmann and Eduardo D. Sontag has provided a
proof that a specific recurrent architecture with rational
valued weights (as opposed to full precision real
number-valued weights) has the full power of
a Universal Turing Machine using a finite number of
neurons and standard linear connections. Further, it has
been shown that the use of irrational values for weights
results in a machine with super-Turing power.
7. Capacity
Artificial neural network models have a property called
'capacity', which roughly corresponds to their ability to
model any given function. It is related to the amount of
information that can be stored in the network and to the
notion of complexity.
Convergence
Nothing can be said in general about convergence since it
depends on a number of factors. Firstly, there may exist
many local minima. This depends on the cost function and
the model. Secondly, the optimization method used might
not be guaranteed to converge when far away from a local
minimum. Thirdly, for a very large amount of data or
parameters, some methods become impractical. In general,
it has been found that theoretical guarantees regarding
convergence are an unreliable guide to practical application.
8. Generalization and statistics
In applications where the goal is to create a system that generalizes
well in unseen examples, the problem of over-training has emerged.
This arises in convoluted or over-specified systems when the capacity
of the network significantly exceeds the needed free parameters. There
are two schools of thought for avoiding this problem: The first is to
use cross-validation and similar techniques to check for the presence of
overtraining and optimally select hyperparameters such as to minimize
the generalization error. The second is to use some form
of regularization This is a concept that emerges naturally in a
probabilistic (Bayesian) framework, where the regularization can be
performed by selecting a larger prior probability over simpler models;
but also in statistical learning theory, where the goal is to minimize
over two quantities: the 'empirical risk' and the 'structural risk', which
roughly corresponds to the error over the training set and the predicted
error in unseen data due to overfitting.
9.
10. Over the last decade, neural networks have found
application across a wide range of areas from business,
commerce and industry. Following an overview is provided
of the kinds of business problems to which neural networks
are suited, with a brief discussion of some of the reported
studies Relevant to each area.
11. The goal of modern marketing exercises is to
identify customers who are likely to respond
positively to a product, and to target any
advertising or solicitation towards these
customers. Target marketing involves market
segmentation, whereby the market is divided into
distinct groups of customers with very different
consumer behavior. Market segmentation can be
achieved using neural networks by segmenting
customers according to basic characteristics
including demographics, socio-economic status,
geographic location, purchase patterns, and
attitude towards a product.
12. Businesses often need to forecast sales to make
decisions about inventory, sta$ng levels, and
pricing. Neural networks have had great success
at sales forecasting, due to their ability to
simultaneously consider multiple variables such
as market demand for a product, consumers'
disposable income, the size of the population,
the price of the product, and the price of
complementary products. Forecasting of sales in
supermarkets and wholesale suppliers has been
studied and the results have been shown to
perform well when compared to traditional
statistical techniques like regression, and human
experts.
13. One of the main areas of banking and "nance
that has been affected by neural networks is
trading and financial forecasting. Neural
networks have been applied successfully to
problems like derivative securities pricing and
hedging , futures price forecasting, exchange
rate forecasting and stock performance and
selection prediction.
14. There are many areas of the insurance industry
which can benefit from neural networks. Policy
holders can be segmented into groups based
upon their behaviors, which can help to
determine effective premium pricing. Prediction
of claim frequency and claim cost can also help
to set premiums, as well as find an acceptable
mix or portfolio of policy holders characteristics.
The insurance industry, like the banking and
finance sectors, is constantly aware of the need
to detect fraud, and neural networks can be
trained to learn to detect fraudulent claims or
unusual circumstances.
15. Like other competitive retail industries, the
telecommunications industry is concerned with the concepts
of churn (when a customer joins a competitor) and win back
(when an ex-customer returns). Neural Technologies Inc., is
a UK-based company which has marketed a product called
DA Churn Manager. Specifically tailored to the
telecommunications industry, this product uses a series of
neural networks to: analyze customer and call data; predict
if, when and why a customer is likely to churn; predict the
elects of forthcoming promotional strategies; and
interrogate the data to find the most profitable customers.
Telecommunications companies are also concerned with
product sales, since the more reliant a customer becomes on
certain products
17. Four parts of a typical
nerve cell : -
DENDRITES: Accepts the
inputs
SOMA : Process the
inputs
AXON : Turns the
processed inputs into
outputs.
SYNAPSES : The
electrochemical
contact between the
neurons.
18. Inputs to the network are
represented by the
mathematical symbol, xn
Each of these inputs are
multiplied by a connection
weight
These products are simply
summed, fed through the
transfer function, f( ) to
generate a result and then
output.
f
w1
w2
xn
x2
x1
wn
f(w1 x1 + ……+ w
19. output layer
connections
Input layer
Hidden layers
Neural
network
Including
connections
(called
weights)
between
neuron
Com
pare
Actual
output
Desired
output
Input
output
Figure showing adjust of
neural network
: artificial neural network model
CONTD
20. The neural network in
which every node is
connected to every other
nodes, and these
connections may be
either excitatory
(positive weights),
inhibitory (negative
weights), or irrelevant
(almost zero weights).
These are networks in
which nodes are
partitioned into subsets
called layers, with no
connections from layer j
to k if j > k.
Input node
Input node
output node
output node
Hidden node
Layer 1 Layer2
Layer0
(Input layer) (Output layer)
21. Neurons in an animal’s brain are “hard
wired”. It is equally obvious that animals,
especially higher order animals, learn as
they grow.
How does this learning occur?
What are possible mathematical models of
learning?
In artificial neural networks, learning refers
to the method of modifying the weights of
connections between the nodes of a
specified network.
The learning ability of a neural network is
determined by its architecture and by the
algorithmic method chosen for training.
23. A common risk of neural networks, particularly in
robotics, is that they require a large diversity of
training for real-world operation. This is not
surprising, since any learning machine needs
sufficient representative examples in order to capture
the underlying structure that allows it to generalize to
new cases. Dean Pomerleau, in his research
presented in the paper "Knowledge-based Training of
Artificial Neural Networks for Autonomous Robot
Driving," uses a neural network to train a robotic
vehicle to drive on multiple types of roads (single
lane, multi-lane, dirt, etc.). A large amount of his
research is devoted to extrapolating multiple training
scenarios from a single training experience, and
24. Preserving past training diversity so that the
system does not become over trained (if, for
example, it is presented with a series of right turns –
it should not learn to always turn right). These
issues are common in neural networks that must
decide from amongst a wide variety of responses,
but can be dealt with in several ways, for example
by randomly shuffling the training examples, by
using a numerical optimization algorithm that does
not take too large steps when changing the network
connections following an example, or by grouping
examples in so-called mini-batches.
25. To implement large and effective software neural networks,
considerable processing and storage resources need to be
committed. While the brain has hardware tailored to the task of
processing signals through a graph of neurons, simulating even a
most simplified form on Von Neumann technology may compel a
neural network designer to fill many millions of database rows
for its connections – which can consume vast amounts of
computer memory and hard disk space. Furthermore, the
designer of neural network systems will often need to simulate
the transmission of signals through many of these connections
and their associated neurons – which must often be matched with
incredible amounts of CPU processing power and time. While
neural networks often yield effective programs, they too often do
so at the cost of efficiency (they tend to consume considerable
amounts of time and money).
26. Some other risks come from advocates of
hybrid models (combining neural networks
and symbolic approaches), who believe that
the intermix of these two approaches can
better capture the mechanisms of the human
mind.