The document discusses the concept of Mundhum in Limboo culture. Mundhum refers to the oral religious traditions and folk literature of the Limboo people. It contains myths, beliefs, philosophy, and accounts of history that are passed down from generation to generation through oral recitation. Mundhum provides guidance on rituals, customs, and rites of passage for the Limboo community. It is considered very difficult to accurately translate as the language used is allegorical and parts may have been lost through oral transmission over time.

1. y]clG d'Gw'D d[d[Tt' Z ofSy'I ;i-h'Def]cf] d'Gw'Dn[G
s'a[GV s'b[G g' s'o[s-of jfC Z
ofSy'I ;'jfIcf] d'Gw'D:
ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIxfC dfIuf]n}t- ;i-n[G nTylS r'Skf s';fFf;lefI s';lIglg- d[af]i-. v'glC gfDu[G g[Kkfn-V ;'SvlDV gfDwf afIufN g' gfIhIn'IdfxfC g' sf]xlT rIefIV jfd[G xi-u'xfCF[ ofa'af t[Gcf]af tfI;lI vS;lI;lFf]. g[Kkfnl ;oi-afF[ ‘nlDa'’ d[d[Tt';lCefuqV ;'SvlDcf] d'b[Daf g' cld]k-xfCF[ ‘rf]I’ d[g-uq;f ‘;'ef’ efI oFlS t[GxfCcf] j]Cj] ;oi-afxfCF[ d[d[Tt';l. sF cfafi] ;'jfI n'Ddf] gl;'D d[alC;lIn[ ‘ofIy'Iaf’ efI d[a[GplI. ofSy'afxfC ;fKd'Gw'D g' ;'dfhljfF[ dlSk]cf] cld]k-kf ;'jfxfCg' glt-tfIaf gfCcl d[uTt'glefuq ;fKkfg-n[ kfg-gf] d'b[DafxfCg' gfCcl n[uTt'. j]Cj] t[GxfCcf] ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIxfCF[G vf]s-tfIaf] cfSv[G jfCcl sF ;'SvlD vfDP'cf] sfS vf]s-tfIaf] 607688 (Census,2011, Govt. of India)cf] 56650 (9V32%) ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G jfC (DESME, 2006, Govt. of Sikkim). x[Ss]FlSs] g[Kkfn- nfh]Ccf] ofSy'IafF[G vf]s-tfIaf] 356000 (Yonzone, 2001, p. 23).
y]clG d'Gw'D d[d[Tt' Z
d'Gw'D ;'TnfclG v[Dd[Nn[ g[Tpl s';]s-kf ;'Tnf ‘d'G’ g' ‘y'D’ nfD kf]s-v[cfI ng-b[af x[Ss]bIaf rlh[K kf]i- . sG ofDglIjfclNn[ glnfDdf]g' cl;'Cu[G r'Igf x[Td[Nn[ ;'Tnf ‘d'G’ a[Nn[ s[d'Gaf g' ‘y'D’ a[Nn[ s'y'D s[ofSkf s';lI glt-t[T. vSkf kfg-gff] d'Gw'D ;'TnfclNn[ s'a] y];fI nTylS d'DdfF[G y'D s[ofSkf of d'DdfF[G d'S;fD s[uKkf clSnf of ;'TnfefI kfk-df ;'St[T. sG clSnf of ;'TnfclG d'FfnfD x'Sdf x]s-g' ySslNn[ d'S;fDn[G y'D vfM];'cfI s'd'G s[ofSkf kf]i-. dfIglaf g' dfi-glafV x[Gglaf g' d'hf]s-kf yS;fDdlG kf]i-.
;fDglaf cldfg-;lI r[d-hIn[ s'ofDglIjfCcf] d'Gw'DdlG „the power of great strength‟ mfcfI s';lI glt-t[T (Chemjong,1966 & 2003,p.18). sG ;fDglaf r[d-hIn[ x[GhlwSt'af cl;ls- ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIxfCF[ d'Gw'DdlG ;[SvfblIaf g' d'S;fD s[alCaf dfI;fDaf zSzSefI g;fg- d[hf]u'C. ;fDglu[Daf a}Fful s}nf (1999), ;'ef (2001,24) g' dfxf d'Svf nf}tl (n,d,), d'Gw'DdlG „moving or kinetic energy‟ (mun „move‟ and dhum „strength or energy‟) (Angdembe, 2011, p.3). rfO;fI;'ofIa[Da[Kdf] d'Gw'Da[Nn[ ‘d'DdfF[G y'D’ s[ofSkf of s[uKkf d'S;fDn[G koDoDaf ‘y'D’ cfTtlG ;lufI yS;fDV xfI;fDV dfI;fDxfCF[G s'd'S ofS. sKdf d'S;fDa[Nn[ ‘power’ g' y'Da[Nn[ „strength‟ s';lI glk-df kf]i-. s}nfF[ s'hS d'Gw'DdlG y] ofDa] ;fDbfI n'Da]s- kf]s-v[cfI jfC s[FCaf kfg-glG (2011, p.11) cf] sSs]FlS xSt'C „Mundhum, oral or written, is related with the creation of the cosmos, earth, different dieties and man and rest of the mortal world‟. d'Gw'DdlG kfg-a]claf;fI of ;fKk]claf;fI ;ldlSn'IdfV clS;fu[G vfDa]s-V kFlS

2. kFlSkf ySn]u[G ;fDdfIV d[GpfDu[G ofKdl g' kft-y'Iu[G xlIjfxfC kf]s-dfF[ kf]eSnfg' sfCcl v]i-;lGgfI jfC.
jlbfT, c]V g' ;'ef, alV (1985) ;lF[ d'Gw'DdlG „the Limboo religion, the Limboo religious literature‟ (1985,pp.2-3) nFlS x[GwS;'. sG v'GplC ofDglIjfC cl;ls- d'Gw'DdlG ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIxfCF[ ;fDof]V ;fDof]blDaf zSzS. s'hS v'GplC „Mundhum is a legend, a folktale, prehistoric account, sermon and moral or philosophical exhartation in poetic language. It is scripture living in oral tradition. It devotes a Limboo religion literature‟ nCFlS xS;'C. sG xSjfnfD d'Gw'DdlG ;fDdlnfF[ ;fKkfg- ;lufIaf tft-o' tft-o'af d'Sv[bfCV tS_d'Gw'Dclaf ;fKofs-V dfIwlDjf g' ylDhlS of ;fDhlSs'Daf clI;fKjf. sGglG d'Ff d'Ff ;lufI s[xlIafcfI s[jfCaf k];fK. ofSy'In[G ;fDof]blDaf ;fKzSslGg' gfCcl sTp'CefI glIh[K rf]s-;'C.
u[G;N(2002)F[ „Mundhum is „oral tradition, ancestral knowledge,‟ or more generally „traditional way of life‟ nFlS s' mfs-v' (Angdembe, 2011, pp.2-3). u[;Nn[ d'Gw'Dn[G s'a]clG x[GwSt'af cl;ls- d'Gw'DdlG kfg-a]claf yfs-o'wlDV tfSo'claf ;lSs'D of c[Ss]afcf] yfs-o'claf xlIdGn[G nfDa].
x[Ss]FlSs] bStU r}tfGgfO ;'ef (1995)F[ „Mundhums are source of inspiration, information and englihtement for Limboo and way of life, costume and rite-depassage are guided by it. Language of mundhum is classical, mostly allegaricol and full of religion. The correct and authentic translation of mundhums is very difficult‟ efI kf]wSt'. v'g[C s'afg-;'D cl;ls- d'Gw'DC ofSy'In[ nful ofD;fIV clI;'Djf g' ;lSs'DblI glIjfCF[G ofe'. x[SsfOI kft-y'Iu[G xlIdGV nf]o[DwlD g' o[TpfDafrfxfC sNn[c] tls-t';l. d'Gw'Dn[ ;fKkfg-glG m[hlSs'Daf jfC cla'claf kf]wSnf g' ;fKcld-a]F[ tlD;[af jfC. ;[Svfjfaf d'Gw'Dn[G kfn-n[I rf]s-d[G s[hfCaf kf]i-.
nfdf cfU klV g' u'F'I c[DV c[D (2005) ;lF[ „Mundhum itself is a legend or falktale of the prehistoric era which comes out like the cascading waterfall from the mouth of the narrator‟ nCFlS s'a] mfi- df sf]t-t[;lcfI kT. sG g[Tpl ;fDglafxfCF[ kfg-;'DnfD d'Gw'DdlG r[Id'Sk[Nn[ s'DafqnfD j[;[Ff x[Ss] s[j[TkfF j[a'bf]q s[Fd-af tSd'Gw'D o[Daf k[Dd'S v[bfC of d'Sv[bfCFf]efI s';lI glt-t[T.
d';fKtfIaffV kGwfs-n h]V cfF-V n[cfI d'Gw'DdlG y]a] s[FCaf kfg-gf]_ „The mundhum itself is a kind of a religious song which has lived since generations. It contains legends, myths, traditional belief, philosophical thoughts etc of the Limboos. It is a very rich folk literature of the Limboo tribe where lives the history of this great tribe. As mundhum has come from mouth to mouth since generations it is bound to have omission of changes (1999). Mundhum are the descriptions and veliefs of the creations of the universe, the earth, the planets,……. The Mundhums are the

3. volumes repositories of a timeless wisedom preserved in oral tradition by the Phadangmas, the religious priest in the Limboo society (2005). d'Gw'DdlGwf] yfs- s'wfs- tul g' s[xlIafcfI s[oM'af nTylS ;fDof]claf ;fDd]u[G ;fDnfFf]. sG ;lufI ofSy'In[G k[Dd'Sv[bfCV yfs-o'claf g;fg-V ;fDhls-s'Daf ySjfxfC d[ofS. vfDaf]i-af t[Daf]i-afxfCF[G ooDaf ;fKd'Gw'D s[xlIaf nTylS s'Gw]nlaf ofSy'In[G d'S ;fKzSnf]. yfs- s'yfs- tulg' nTylS d'Gw''DdlG rSd'Ff k[Dd'Ff ;g-b[F o[Ma[Nn[ o[u[F g'a[F n[S;lGn k]afFf] (1999). d'Gw'DxfC ;ldlSn'IdfV clS;fu[G vfDa]s- g' chfxfCF[G d'hf]s-n'IV…. d'Gw'DxfC m[hlFl m[bfIdfC ofSy'I ;i-h'DF[G clhfafF[ rSd'Ff k[Dd'FfnfD d[;[k-t' d[o'F'af vSo[[D d[g-g]af yfs-o'blDaf ;lSs'DblI glIjfCF[G s'aG s'aG o'St'afFf].
d'Gw'DdlG s'ef ;'jfIxfCF[ „thuture ved‟, tfI d[d[Tt'.sG d'Gw'DdlG x'C;lIdfF[ nful d'FfafIxfC (Limboo Shamans) gl;fDxlDdf] k]s-dfcfI d'Gw'D ;fKkGxfC glk-df g' ;fKdf g'kGh]FlzS vfM]df rfxf d[hf]s-g[G. cfTtlGd'FfafIilGpfI (m[hlFl m[bfIdfV ;fDaf]sf] ;fDe[Ff g' ;lefS ofg' t'Da'xfC) yfd] dfg' mf]s-n'I t'Iu't- j[FS g[d[Tgf ;lIdfI rclT d[TplIifI vh'D vclS g[TplIn[ dlSslzf] m'Infi-d[Nn[ of ;]g-blCa] k];fK ;fKdfIilNn[ s'g' tjf ;'Sk'Ggf] m[hlFl m[bfIdfV ;fDaf]sf] ;fDe[Ff g' ;lefS of nd-df ;fKt'cfI kTsF d'Gw'DdlG ;fDhlS d'Gw'D;fDa[Kdf]g' x'C;lGgfI n[;'CV s'ef o[G tfblu[G ;[KdfIdf] dfSt'cfI;fI x'C;lG. v[Nn[ rf]u'Nn[ cfSv[Gm[hlFl m[bfIdfV ;fDaf]sf] ;fDe[FfV ;lefS ofg' t'Da' g' jfofu[G o[TpfD;fDafxfCF[ d'Gw'DdlG d[dfCF'cfI d[Daft-t'G.
d'Gw'DdlG kfg-a]cljfnfD (through recitation) y];fI rclt- kf]i-dfF[G r[Id'Sjfg' rf]blDjfaf d'FfafIxfCF[ d[GpfDu[G ofKdl kf]s-df o[DdfI sTgfc] d[hf]s-u' d[oM'F'af dfIhf]s- ylDxfC (rituals) Ff]. sGglG nTylS y'I;fK cfTtlNn[ ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G ;'dfhlaf g' ;fSylDdlaf xlDafqdlG nfD tls-t'CV nfD cf];]g- yfSt'C x[Ss]cfI mf]ufK d[Tt'cfI jfC. d'Gw'DdlG kfg-a]claf kf]i-n of ;fKk]claf kf]i-n sF ;fDdlnfF[ gfcla]s- sf] gft-nf gft-nf kf]i-ifI clS;fu[G vfDa]s-V tFi-blI tfI;fIV tfu[ tfSgfDV m[u[ m[SgfDV dlw'I v];]dlSV ;lrlFl ;lofSk]s-V sf]xlt- rIefIV jfd[G xi-u'V yfa'u[G ;lInfV kf]s-nfu[G s'F'IV yS;fu[G k';fV ;lSr]g- yfafV t'Iu'u[G j[FSVj[FI kft-p'Iu[G i[s-ifV g[Ttlu[G s'e'IV ySn]u[G ;fDdfIV jfofu[G kIn'I n[Kdf g' d[GpfDu[G ofKdl kf]s-dfF[G kfg-xfC y[Kk[TtfI kf]wSt'.
cfTtlG nfh]C vfDP'V kfIh'DV kfIe]C g' t[G s[o'Iaf;fI tfC s'wfC s[d[Daf s[o'k-kf ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[ d'Gw'DdlGwf] ;'jfIn[G xfSgfd-e]V kft-y'u[G xlIjfF[ rKklFf]. ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G ;'dfhljfV ;fSylDjfV ylDhlSjf g' ;fDof]F[ ;'ofIa[Daf clt-gld- g' g'D;]s-xfCV kfg-a]claf v[bfC d'Sv[bfCV rSv[bfCV k[Dd'Sv[bfCVd'S;fd-a]V ;fDd]u[G ;fDnf]cljf g' v[Ckfg-V kfg-n'K g' d'Skfg-xfC c'gf o[Dg'c] yfs-o' s'o' d'Gw'DnfD d[af]s-v[F d[o[McfI cfNnf];fI d[af]i-n d[jfC. v[Nn[ rf]u'Nn[ cfTtlG ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIilGpfI d'Gw'D ;lufIi] xli[cfI jfC. d'Gw'DdlGgfI v'g[C s';lufIi] xli[cfI jfC: nTylS mf;fIu] of]wfIdf ofIP[Nn[SslNn[G j]Cj] kf]i-df d[Gp'Sdfgf g[Tpl j]Cj] s'gfxfC x[Ss]V g[S;fC g' dfSvlCF[G gfCcl. ofSnfu[G

4. ofSy'I ;'jfIn[ nul d'Gw'DdlG g[KdfIV y'I;fK g' k];fK. sG ;lufI ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G dlS;]g-jfV ylS;]i-jf g' ylSk[Ghljf ofS. ;fSylDV dfIwlDV yfs-o'ylDV nf]o[DwlD g' ;fKkfg-xfCF[G dlSslm'I ofS. kfg- a]claf ;fKzSn[ gfcla]s-sf] v[bfCV ;'DV kfIjfclnfV ;fDdlnfV gl;fd-a]V nS;fd-a] g' df;fd-a]xfC s'aG s'aG xli[cfI ofS. vf sG d'Gw'D ;lufIi] ofSnfu[G ofSy'In[G ;fi-u'u[G ;SdfV ;fcl g' cfs- ofSV y'D ofSV yS;fDV d'S;fDV dfI;fDV xfI;fD ofSV cfIblI g' y[;fSsfI ofS. ;fDd]u[G ;fDnf]F[GgfI clStls- g' ;fDbls- ofS. d'Gw'DdlG k'I;fKzSg'n-n[FT d[g-gfI tS_;fKd'Gw'Dg'cfI yfi-wfS df]d'S d[jfCg[G: tS_;fKd'Gw'D o[DafcfI ofSy'In[G ;fKd'Gw'D ;fKofs- kf]s-v[cfI ofS. ofIhlSV ;'dfhljfV ylDhlSV xlDafqDV s[;'qI g' ;'TgfF[G kf]wSnf g' kg-ag- y[Cw[C ;lhf] kf]xlF[G v[bfC ofS. vf sG k[GhlxfCF[ rf]u'Nn[ d'Gw'DdlG nTylS xfSn'I cfTtlNn[ s'uKnlIcf] ;fSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G ;i-h'Def]clG sK;lI of xlV ;fSylD g' ;fDof]clG gfI;fIn[ s'efI kf]i-ifI xlIV ;fKkfg- g' ;fKzSslG cfIbfI kfk-d' nMf].
yfi- ;fKgft- ;fKgft-tf] s[xS;lDaf ofDglIjfC cl;ls- d'Gw'DdlG ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G d'FfafI (m[hlFl m[bfIdfV ;fDaf]sf] ;fDe[Ff g' ;lefS ofg' t'Da'xfC)F[G d'FfnfD j[a'GbfS of jfwfSgfnfD j[a'Gbfq] s[Fd-af rfJ x[Ss] rSd[Da'Caf s[a'DafcfI ;fDdlnfF[ gft-nfxfC x[Ss] s'gft- s'gft-tf] ;fDhlSs'Daf g' m[hlSs'Daf ;'Tnf ;fKk]cf] s[Fd-af s'aG s'aGaf kfg-a]claf of yfs-o'claf ;fKzS: cfTtlG ;lufI g[KdfI y'I;fK g' k];fKxfC t[G vfM];'C. d'Gw'D ;'TnfxfC dfI;'Tnf;l x[Ss]cfI d'Gw'D ;fKkfg-xfC dfI ;fKkfg-;l. cfTtlNn[ d'Gw'DdlG g;fg- rf]u'CV gfhD d[Tt'cfI d'Gw'D ;lufI gld-;lI v[GglG x[Gglaf g' d'hf]s-kf kf]i-. dfIgl;fDaf kf]i-ifI glIjfCm'dfV dfIV ;fDdfIV rfOIdfIxfCg' glt-tfI kf]i-. sli-ul tSdfV rfIPl kMf]dfI vfM];'CV ;[c'u[G c'efI g' gfI;fIn[ s'efI vfM];'C. xfIjfV dfIjf g' d'F'D clgf vfM];'cfI yfa[ k[;lIV yfd[ d[;lI s[T. clt-pf]F[G s'clt- s[Tt'CV kft-pf]F[G s'aft- s[Tt'CV rf]s-;lIn[ s';fI n;'C.
j]Cj] ;fKkfg- ;fKzSxfCF[ dlSk]cf] d'Gw'GdlG kfg-a]claf ;fKzSFTpfI nlh'D nla]clNn[ mf;fIu] tf]n-nf yfIdfF yIdfuq dlSm't-nf ;fKzSF[G alo'n-K (c[Iunf] ;[S;[G o[Daf)V clnlofb- g' cf]bl;l (xf]dF-) k[Ffb};- n;-t g' k[Ffb} Flu]G (dlNtG)V xlGblF[G Ffdfofgf g' dfxfefFfTtfV ju[FfxfC x[Ss]bIaf nTylS df;fd-a] Ff]. sG ;lufI v[bfCxfCF[G kf]wSnfclG v[CnS g' s'P[CnSxfCcf] d[xfM;lGgfI d[ofS. v[GxfC ;lufI dld- of]d-afV c]t-nfCafV ofIjfnfCafV y'D;fclafV d'u'clafV ofDofclafV ;gfclafV glIa'Skf g' glIdfMaf ;fKzSsf] rfxf s]hf]s-kf ;jfxfC (F;-) g' v[bfCclafV ySjfclafV glI;fOt-tlafV rclt-tlaf kf]wSnfF[ xSjfxfCcfI d[ofS.
ofSy'I d'Gw'DdlG cfSv[G nSsf] ofSmfI;[G (Classify) rf]s-df ;'St[T Z
m[hlFl m[bfIdfV ;fDaf]sf] ;fDe[FfV ;lefS ofg' t'Da'V jfofu[G o[TpfD;fDaf g' s'ef t'Tt'u[G t'DofIxfIxfCF[ tfs- o' tfs-o'V yfs- s'wfs- rSd'Ff k[Dd'Ff d[aft-t'cfI j]CF[ ylSg[Pf]C glg[Pf]C d[P[K;'F d[oM'F'af kfg-;ljfclG d'Gw'DefI s';lIglg- kf]i-.

5. d'Gw'DdlG cfSv[G kFlSkf jfC s[FCaf kfg- ;lufI gld-;lDdfcfI zgld- rf]s-dfF k]s-d[Nn[ ;fDglu[Daf cldfg- ;lI r[d-hIn[ ofSy'In[ d'Gw'DdlG y'I;fK d'Gw'D g' k];fK d'Gw'DsG g[Tpl nSsf] xfM;'cfI jfCafcf] cfu[TtfI nfIu[Tyld-a[G tf]s-. ;fDglu[Daf r[d-hIn[ s'ofDglIjfC cl;ls- y'I;fK d'Gw'D v[G k'Iclk-k[G (original) d[Kdfaf]i- cfTtlG tul tulg' d'Ff d'Ffcf] xli[F o[McfI jfC. x[Ss]cfI cfTtlGglG ;fDof] ;fDbfI d[;fKt'af ;fKkG kf]i- v[GglG k];fK d'Gw'D d[d[Tt' (2003, pp.18-19). r[d-hIn[ k];fK d'Gw'DdlG o[Ddf] s'S nl;l kFlS: zSzS d'Gw'DVo[xfI d'Gw'DV ;fKrl d'Gw'D g' ;fKd'Gw'Dcf] ;[Gb'cfI jfC. zSzS d'Gw'Dcf] ;ldlSn'IV d[GpfD ofKdl g' tlIblI gfx[G kf]s-df d'Gw'D tfMVo[xfI d'Gw'Dcf] sG clS;fu[G vfDa]s-sf] sfSg' tul s[bfaff d[GpfDu[G ofKdl kfg-V ;fKrl d'Gw'Dn[ gf];fD g' m[G;fD g' ;fKd'Gw'Dcf] cfNnf] d[;fKt';laf kfg-xfC d[bfefI ;fDglu[Da[Nn[ xSt'C (2003, pp.18-27).
;fDglu[Daf cldfg-;lI r[d-hIn[ ofSy'In[ d'Gw'DdlG y]F[ rKklcf]V cfTtlG glnfDbf]d-d[Kdf] o[K;'cfI ofSmfI;[G rf]u';fIV s'hf]clt-cf] t[Tgfd- rf]s-dfcfIofSy'I d'Gw'DdlG nl;l kFlSsf] xfMdf ;'St[T. v[GxfC o[xfI d'Gw'DVo[;ls-d'Gw'DVo[clI d'Gw'D g' o[ufK d'Gw'D.
(1) o[xfI d'Gw'D:
o[xfI d'Gw'DdlG ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIcf] s[F[Sg'n-n[ ku]d- s]d-af d'Gw'Dnf]. sG ;lufI kFlS kFlSsf] v[bfCclaf kf]wSnfxfC nSnSsf] d]xfM;lGgfI d[ofS. v[Nn[ rf]u'Nn[ sGglGkfg-a]claf df;fd-a] of k'I;fKzS kfk-df;fI glafg- d[af]i-g[G.o[xfI d'Gw'DdlG dgf d[;lcfI ;ltI;lI d[bls-t'Nn[of ;fD d[;f]n-n[V s';I xlDcf] cSjfgfdf d[ef]s-v'Nn[V ;fD;f]Pf tI;lI of ;'D;[Daf tI;lI d[bls-t'Nn[V t[GwfD d]s-sfD d[hf]u'Nn[V m'I;f]s- d[hf]u'Nn[V g[xfIdf d[Po'Nn[V c]s-n[;Ibf]s- o[Dd[Nn[V cfa' ;lKd] ;[Kd[Nn[V clw'S ;f]Pf ;[Kd[Nn[V m'Ijf d[hfIP'Nn[V o[xfI d'Gw'DdlG d[;M;'C. sG d'Gw'Dcf] ;fjfu[G o[xfIxfCF[ kfg- g' clS;fu[G vfDa]s-V tFi-blI tfI;fIV tfu[ tfSgfDV m[u[ m[SgfDV dlw'I v];]dlSV ;lrlFl ;lofSk]s-V sf]xlt- rIefIV jfd[G xi-u'V yfa'u[G ;lInfV kf]s-nfu[G s'F'IV yS;fu[G k';fV ;lSr]g- yfafV t'Iu'u[G j[FSVj[FIV kft-p'Iu[G i[s-ifV g[Ttlu[G s'e'IV ySn]u[G ;fDdfIV jfofu[G kIn'I n[Kdf g' d[GpfDu[G ofKdl kf]s-dfF[G kfg-xfC y[Kk[TtfI v[bfCcla[Kdf] tIclt- ;fDdlnf gfcla]s-sf] kf]wS;lG.
(2) o[;ls- d'Gw'D:
o[;ls- d'Gw'DdlG o[xfI d'Gw'Dg'n-n[ tfIaf x[Ss]cfI o[clI d'Gw'Dg'n-n[ s]d-af rf]s-. o[;ls- d'Gw'Dcf] ;fjfu[G o[xfI d[;[Mg[G. sG ;lufI dfIb]s- d[xGb'Nn[ of ;fSdfq d[Po'Nn[V tfKm]i- d[hf]u'Nn[V ;fKkf]s- rf]d[G d[hf]u'Nn[V ofIbfI d[e]s-t'Nn[V gfx[G d[Po'Nn[Vts-;f]s-_r[;f]s- d[Po'Nn[Vyl;f]s- d[elGb'Nn[V d'b[G ;fDdfIV koIn'DdfVsfKkf] y'IbfIV y[af;fDV ;fIdfI (rs-pf]af ;fDafI)V dfIu[Ggf d[Po'Nn[Vs';I s'FlI (yld[GgfDafxfC) d[xfg-b';lNn[ ju[Ff of s[FfS xlD;fDdfI g' tfK;fDdfIxfC d[Po';lNn[V d[g[;';lNn[ g' ;'u'T d[;ft-t'Nn[ d[aft-t''af d'Gw'DxfC sG o[;ls- d'cf] d[bf.

6. (3) o[clI d'Gw'D:
m[hlFl m[bfIdfV cf;fDuf] ;fDe[Ff ;fDafV ;lefS ofg' t'Da' g' jfofu[G o[TpfD ;fDafxfC ;Sjfu[G d'clI d[i[Tt';lcfI sli-ul kfId]af ;'bf o'd]xfCcf] dfI vM;[V dfI g[;[ d[a]s-n[ nf]s-mfu[G ;lIPlD s'bfdf] of dfhlFldfnfDbf]d-d[Kdf] ;'xfIbf] xfIef yf]s-d[Gdf] x'SrlFl x'S d[Ghf ylV nfIhlFl nfI d[Gp' ylV sFSs] tSof ylV vfDa'hf o[Tndf ylV y'Iaf] o[KkF] ylV sfTtfs-jf ;fInf]k-df ylV ;fK;lIa'I s'Ff]k-df ylV vfFfdfS nfdlGbfI ylV nfv[;'I k]o'Kdf yl d[o'Sv'cfI r[Tylof ;f]Ffcld[Gg'V clS;f vfDa]s-V tFi- tfI;fI y'd-a'CclGg'V t]d[G j[FI kfh'Gg'V ylSs'Ttl of];ls-df ofIg'V mf;fIi] of]wfIdf ofIg'V xfDa]s-;f] o[Kn[t-nfd[Gg'V vlof;f vi-nf d[d[Tt';lcfIV kSsGbl nfDwfg- d[d[Tt';lNn[m[hlFl m[bfIdfV cf;fDuf] ;fDe[Ff ;fDafV ;lefS ofg' t'Da' g' jfofu[G o[TpfD ;fDafxfCF[ ;fd' ;lF]xfC ku' yl;f]s- d[elGb'Fd[clIP';lF d[ef]s-;lNn[ x[Ss]cfInf]s-mfu[G ;lIPlD s'bfdf] dfIPdf r't-tfI gfFl s'h[D d[d[Tt';lNn[ ;fd' ;lF]xfC clI d[;'Kt';lF d[g's-v';lNn[ d[aft-t'af d'Gw'DdlG o[clI d'Gw'D d[d[Tt'.
(4) o[ufK d'Gw'D:
o[ufK d'Gw'DdlG ofSy'I d'Gw'Dcf] s[F[Sg'n-n[ kbfItfIaf d'Gw'Dnf]. sG d'Gw'DdlG ;'ofIa[Daf ofSy'I kfg- cf] ‘d'Gw'K’ g' j]C ;fKkfg-cf] ‘dGtq’ d[d[Tt'. sG d'Gw'DdlG d'Gw'Kk[Nn[ kft-t'Nn[ ;lufKkfI j]CF[ g[Pf]CclNn[ v[K;';fI s';lIglk-d[Gb[Kdfgf clSnfcf] d'Gw'Kt'. sG d'Gw'Dcf] ‘dfIgl;fD ;'TnfF[G d'S’ ofS s[FCaf g;fg- jfCa[Nn[ d[aft-t'Nn[ xft-n[cfI d[IP[Dd] d'Gd[w'Kt'F of clId[;'Kt'F kf]i- d[g-uF s[b'SkfxfC d[Gj]t-g[G of d[ofg-b'G;lG s[FCaf jfC. s';lI:dgfclG c;]s-slNn[ cu'Nn[V vfO s[gfIa[Nn[ xfCF'Nn[V ;fD of ;'u'Tn[ xfCF'Nn[V dl tlSslNn[V r}F[s-n[ yfSt'Nn[ d'Gw'K;fa[Nn[ d'Tt'alF';lNn[ d'Gw'Kt'af ;'TnfxfC g[Pf]CclNn[ v[Ddf ;'St';fI s';lIglk-df ;'Sd[b[Tg[G. o[afclNn[ o[Kdfw'Idf ;lUkI of c]s-n[ ;Ibf]s- yfMdf tul o[xfI d'Gw'D ;[M;'a[G s[F[Sn[ v[Ddf g' s';lIglk-df ;'St[T sF o[Kdfw'Idf ;lUkI of c]s-n[ ;Ibf]s- yfMdf clt-t'Nn[ d'Gw'Kt'aff ylS_g[Tpl ;'TnfxfC v[Ddf g' s';lIglk-df ;'Sd[b[Tg[G y]cfIa[Nn[ v[G d'Gw'DdlG ‘o[ufK d'Gw'D’ .
ofSy'I ;'jfIcf] d'Gw'Dn[G s'b[GV s'a[G g' s'o[s-of y] jfC Z
d'Gw'DdlG d'Gw'DdlafV ;fSylDdlafV ;fDof]claffV ;fKkfg-glaf g' ;fKzSslaf glnfDdf]g' zSgld- rf]s-d[Nn[ ofSy'I ;'jfIcf] sGn[G yfi-;'a[Daf s'a[GV s'b[G g' s'o[s-of jfCaf s';lI glt-t[T. d'Gw'D ;lufI gld-;lDdfcfI zSgld- rf]s-d[Nn[ sGglG tfChlSkfFT d[g-gfI ;fKrlclafcfI rf]s-kf vfM]b[T.
cfTtlG nfh]C vfDP'V kfIh'DV kfIe]C g' t[G s[o'IafofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[;fI kft-y'u[G s'xlIjfclG d'Gw'D ;fDbfI t[Tgfd- d[TplIifI jfCaf glb[T. ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G ;i-h'Def]V ;fSylDV ylDhlSV ;fDof] g' ;'ofIa[Daf clt-gld- g' g'D;]s-xfCVkfg-a]claf v[bfC d'Sv[bfCV rSv[bfCV k[Dd'Sv[bfCVd'S;fd-a]V ;fDd]u[G ;fDnf]cljf g' v[Ckfg-V kfg-n'K g' d'Skfg-xfC c'gf o[Dg'c] yfs-o' s'o' d'Gw'DnfD d[af]s-v[F d[o[McfI cfNnf];fI

7. d[af]i-n d[jfC. v[Nn[ rf]u'Nn[ cfTtlG ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIilGpfI d'Gw'D ;lufIi] xli[cfI jfC. d'Gw'DdlGgfI v'g[C s';lufIi] xli[cfI jfC: g[S;fC g' ;]g-blCF[G ;[Ddf d[Gp'Sdfgf gfCcl x[Ss]. ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[ nul d'Gw'DdlG g[KdfIV y'I;fK g' k];fK. sG ;lufI ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G dlS;]g-jfV ylS;]i-jf g' ylSk[Ghljf ofS. ;fSylDV dfIwlDV yfs-o'ylDV nf]o[DwlD g' ;fKkfg-xfCF[G d'F'D clgfC g' dlSslm'I ofS. vf sG d'Gw'D ;lufIi] ofSnfu[G ofSy'In[G ;fi-u'u[G ;SdfV ;fcl g' cfs- ofSV y'D ofSV yS;fDV d'S;fDV dfI;fDV xfI;fD ofSV cfIblI g' y[;fSsfI ofS. ;fDd]u[G ;fDnf]F[GgfI clStls-V ;fDbls- g' cld-a]cljf ofS. d'Gw'DdlG k'I;fKzSg' tS_;fKd'Gw'DxfCF[G s'a[Gg'n-n[ yfi-wfS df]d'S d[jfCg[G. tS_;fKd'Gw'D o[DafcfI ofSy'In[G ;fKd'Gw'D ;fKofs- kf]s-v[cfI ofS. ofIhlSV ;'dfhljfV ylDhlSV xlDafqDV s[;'qI g' ;'TgfF[G kf]wSnf g' kg-ag- y[Cw[C ;lhf] k[xlF[G v[bfC ofS. k'I;fKzSn[ gfcla]s-sf] v[bfCV ;'DV kfIjfclnfV ;fDdlnfV gl;fd-a]V nS;fd-a] g' df;fd-a]xfC s'aG s'aG xli[cfI ofS. vf sG k[GhlxfCF[ rf]u'Nn[ d'Gw'DdlG nTylS xfSn'I cfTtlNn[ s'uKnlIcf] ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G ;i-h'Def]clG sK;lIV ;fSylD g' ;fDof]clG gfI;fIn[G s'efI kf]i-ifI xlIV ;fKkfg- g' ;fKzSslG cfIbfI kfk-d' nMf].
ofSy'I d'Gw'Dn[s'b[GV s'a[G g' s'o[s-ofclG df] kf]wS s[af]i-af k[GhlxfCF[ glnfDdf]g' zSgld- rf]s-d[Nn[ ;fFfIifI yfclI kf]i-.
(1) d'Gw'DdlNn[ ofSy'I ;'jffIn[G ;fSylD g' ;i-h'DdlG xfIu[G rf]u':
ofSy'In[ ;fSylD g' ;i-h'Dn[ glnfDdf]g' kf]Cd[Nn[ d'Gw'DdlG nTylS sKnlI cfTtlNn[ t[Tgfd- ;fDbfI ofSy'I ;'jffI g' ;i-h'ef]clG xlIi[cfI jfC. d'Gw'DdlNn[ ofSy'In[ ;fSylD g' ;i-h'Def]clGnC d[g- sF dfIwlDV nf]o[DwlDV yfs-o'ylDV ylDhlS g' ofIhlSxfCcfI xfIu[G rf]u'cfI jfCaf vfM]b[T. ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G y[df;fI of cfSs]bIaf o[TpfDafhf;fI s[F[S d'Gw'Dcf] rKkl d[TplGgfI jfC. s';lI: ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIilG dfM;lGuF vfd[c'M;'. d]s-sfD o[Dn[ gfnlu[G yfIa[G g' ;l;fu[G d[GplGxfC d[o'Sv';lcfI nlh'D nla]clNn[ mf;fi] tf]nf d[wfIP';lV o'KkfF[ r[KofI g' dlhfS d[P[Sv'. s';I nf]s-mfu[G ;lIPlD d[rf]u'cfI cSjfgfdf d[ef]s-v'Nn[ ‘yS yfD yfD’ nC s] d[xlKt'F xfI;lTnfI salq d[Ffi-. xfI;lTnfIdf g' nfDw]s-cf] clS;f vfDa]s- y'd-a' (b'al) d[PlK;'C. dfIu[GgfC g' g[xfIdf d[hf]u'. gfx[G g' ;fSdfq d[Po'C. ofI;lIuf] r]n-nld[G xfi-hfs- mfTrf k]s-slNn[ ;lDofIV o'KkfV ofI;f s'Gw]V sfI;fV ;'j[G ju[FfxfCF[ d[at-t'C. ofV m[bfIdfxfC dfIP;[ d[bfMF';lNn[ dfnfDcf] t[Tylof ;f]Ffcld[Gg' t'Db'D ;]FlV xfDa]s-V clS;f vfDa]s- y'd-a'V t]d[G j[FI kfh'Gg' g' yl;f]s- d[o'Sv'cfI nfDwfg- d[bfs-t';l. m'I;f]s- d[b]M;'Nn[ n'IwfSs] ;'Tp' g[d[Tyf] dfInf]s-m'Idf d[F]t-t'. sG s[F[Ss] ;fSylDxfC of dfIwlDxfC ofSy'I d'Gw'D ;fDbfI t[Tgfd- d[TplIifI jfC.
(2) d'Gw'DdlG ;lSs'Dn[G ofDa]cljf:
ofSy'I ;'jfIcf] d'Gw'DdlG ;lSs'Dn[G ofDa]cljfFf]. xft-tlGpfI ofSy'I d'Gw'Dcf] ru'a[G ;fKzSV ;fKkfg-V ;fSylD g' dfIwlDxfCcf]cfI ru'a} rf]s-. d'Gw'Dcf] kfSn'Daf ;lSs'DblI glIjfC s[uKk[G dfIh'D rf]s-dfV kfn- nf_clInf;fDaf rf]s-dfV ;fDdlnfV v[bfCV ;'DV clpfKxfC ;fKd[Kdf] g' ;fDd]u[G ;fDnf]d[Kdf] ;'Tnf g' ;fKkfg-

8. ;fKk]clNn[ d[xfKt'G. y[df ofDa] ;fDbfI;fI ;fIblu[af g' ru'af rf]s-V vfDaf]i-af of yfs-o'claf ;lSs'DblI glIjfC of xfa]s-xfC ofa'GbfSkf rf]s-.
(3) d'Gw'DdlG ofSy'I ;fKkfg-n[G s'a'GbfC:
d'Gw'DdlG ;fKkfg-glaf glnfDdf]g' kf]Cd[Nn[ rlc'i-d'SkfV yfi-;f]u[G s'a[Gjfaf g' s'Gw]nlaf jfC. j]C ;'jfIxfCF[G ;fDof] ;fKkfg- of ;fDof] ;fKkGcf] s[aKkf ;'TnfV kfg-jft-tl g' gft-nfxfC d[aft-tlNn[V d[;fKt'Nn[ cf]ufK kf]i-df d[;'Sg[G. s';lI: ofSy'I d'Gw'Dcf]af ;'TnfV kfg-jft-tl g' gft-nfxfC kft-d[Nn[ of ;fKd[Nn[ cfSv[Gaf ;'F'CcfI cf]ufK d[af]i- v[DefxlGb' ;fDof] ;fKkGcf] s[aKkf gft-nf g' ;'TnfxfC k[gl kfg-cf] tfCd[h[IilNn[[V v[bfCV ;fDdlnfV ;'D ju[FfxfC d[;fKt'Nn[ cf]ufK d[Daf]i-g[G. x[Ss]FlSs] mf]k-kf ;fKkfg- (Tibetan Language)cf] d[;fKt'cfI s[aKkf tf]dfI ;fDof] ;fKkGcf]af ;'Tnf g'gft-nfxfC tfCd[h[IilNn[ o[Ddf] d[;fKt'Nn[ cf]ufK d[af]i-g[G. sF ofSy'I ;fKzSsf] ;fKzSslaf ;fKkSjfxfC d[;fKt'Nn[ of ;fKkfg-gf] tfCd[h[In[[ ofSy'I d'Gw'Dcf]af ;'TnfV kfg-jft-tl g' gft-nfxfC ;'F'CcfI cf]ufK rf]s-df. ;fDaf g' clt-pfKkfxfCF[ d'Gw'Ddlaf ;'Tnf ;fKk]V kfg-jft-tl g' gft-nfxfC d[P[CF'F d[;fKt';laf ;'D_clt-pfKV ;fDdlnfV v[bfCV nS;fd[a]V gl;fd-a]V ju[FfxfC glk-d[Nn[ rlc'i-d'Skf g' yfi-;f]a[Gaf kf]i-.
(4) d'Gw'D ;'TnfclG dfIgl;fD ;'Tnff g' ;fKkfg-:
d'Gw'D ;'TnfclG dfIglaf ;'Tnff x[Ss]cfI d'Gw'DdlG glIjfCm'dfF[G ;fKkfg-efI ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIxfCF[ g;fg- d[hf]u'. d'Gw'D d[Kdfgfa[G s[F[S ;'ofIa[Daf ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIxfCF[ d[F[;' s[FCaf d[g- sF v[G dgfg- cfTtlG dfI of glIjfCm'd[Nn[ ;]u'cfI kfIP'C v[Nn[FC n[;'C of d'Gw'Dn[G ;lSs'DblI glIjfCF sTt'. v[Nn[ rf]u'Nn[ d'Gw'D s[F[af dgfclG of ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIcf]af d'FfafIxfC dfIgl;fDn[G ;lSs'DblI glIjfC s[uKkf dgf;l xft-xfC glIjfCm'd[Nn[ dfIgl;fDn[G d'S;fD klF';lcfI clS;fu[G vfDa]s-sf] kfIP';lcfI d[jfC. d'Gw'DdlG ;lufKkf r[Id'Sjf x[SsffOI;fC d'Gw'D ;fDa[Nn[ ;lufKkfI sTt'.
(5) d'Gw'D zSgld- ;lufI od[Nn'Ijf ofS:
d'Gw'D zSgld-;lufI od[Nn'Ijf ofS. xft-tlNn[ ofSy'I d'Gw'D yfclI d[uTt'G of d[F[;'G v'g[C ofSy'I ;fSylDV nf]o[DwlDV yfs-o'wlDV dfIwlDV ;'dfhljf g' ;fKkfg-xfCF[G y]cfI d[F[;'G of ;lSs'DblI glIjfC d[uTt'GV od[Nn'Ijf s';lI d[glt-t'G. v'g[C ofSy'I ;fSylDV nf]o[DwlDV yfs-o'wlDV dfIwlDV ;'dfhljf g' ;fKkfg-xfCF[G kfg-xfC;lufI gld-;lDdfcfI v[Def ;'F'CcfI zSgld- rf]s-df d[;'St'G. ofSy'I ;fSylDV nf]o[DwlDV yfs-o'wlDV dfIwlDV ;'dfhljf g' ;fKkfg-xfCF[G ;fk-klG d'Gw'DdlG g' c'gf o[Dg'c] yfSyfSdf vlclG c[TplGgfI ofSkf x[Ss] ;lufI n]t-plGgfIV clP]i-;lGgfI jfCa[Nn[ d'Gw'DdlNn[ ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G ;'dfhljfaf_;fSylDdlG y[Kk[TtfI s';lIglk-d[Kdf] s'efC cfalC. cfTtlG dgfclG d'Gw'Dcf] ru'af of ;fIblu[af jfC v[G dgfclNn[ ;fKkfg- ;lufIaf kfg-a]claf r[Id'SjfxfCV ;'TnfxfCV kfg-jft-tlxfC ;'F'CcfI ofIofI s';lIglt-t'C kft-tlNn[ cf]ufK rf]u'C. d'Gw'D ;'TnfxfC s[F[af dgfclNn[ kft-tlNn[V ;fKt'Nn[ s';I ;'TnfxfC rf]s-dfF ofSdf rfxfaf xf]k-. d'Gw'DnfD

9. cfSv[G ;'TnfV k[GplIV ;fKk] g' kfg-jft-tlxfC ;lIgft- rf]s-dfF cf]ufK rf]s-df ;'St[T. ofSy'I ;fSylDV nf]o[DwlDV yfs-o'wlDV ;fDof]V ;fKkfg- g' ;fKzS ;fDbfI sf]Def] s[hf]s-kf ;fDglu[Daf of ;fDglafxfCF[ d'Gw'Dn[G clt-gld- d[IuTt'GuF ;fIblu[af kf]i- d[Gp'Sg[G.
(6) d'Gw'Dcf] ru'af s[jfCa[G ofSy'I ;fKkfg- g' ;fSylDn[ kfg-gf] rfu'af kf]i-:
cfTtlG ofSy'Ia[GpfI d'Gw'D;lufI s[gld-;lDafcfI d'Gw'Dn[G rf]s-ylD g' kft-ylD s[MF[afV dfIh'Dn[G ;fKr'bljf s[uKkf of ofSy'I d'Gw'Dn[G kfg- s[MF[afV d'Gw'D kfg-p'DxfC mfi-df s[;'Skf g' s';lI s[glk-kfV d'Gw'D rf]s- ylDn[ ru'a[G k]Flu[G kfg-hfs- rf]s-d[Kdf]V clIbf]g-d[Kdf]V clId]af rf]s-d[Kdf]V t'DofIxfIV xfSkfF] g' kfn-nfD ;fDd[K d[Kdf]V o[xfI ;[Md[Kdf] rf]s-;'blDaf g' kft-p'blDaf kf]i-. ;fSylD g' dfIwlDn[ kfg-gf]cfI rfu'af kf]i-. cfSs]bIaf t[GV o[D g' jfgfDdf];fI ofSy'I ;fKkfg-gf] kfk-d[Kdf] d[xfKt'GV ;fIblu[af kf]i-. v[DefFT d[g- ofSy'I d'Gw'Dcf] ru'af s[jfCa[G ;fKd[Kdf] (;fKzSsf]cfI) ru'af rf]s-. sSs]FlSs] d'Gw'Dcf] ;fKr'bljfafV rf]s-;'blDaf g' kft-p'blDaf s[jfCaf ofSy'Ia[G ;i-h'def]cf] yfi-;'a[Daf s'a[GF[G t[GV ;f]w'I g' dlI;f] vfM].
(7) d'Gw'DdlG ofSy'I ;fKzSn[G s'a'GbfC:
;fKzSslaf glnfDdf]g' d'Gw'DdlG ofSy'I ;fKzSn[G s'a'GbfCefI kfk-d[Nn[ y]cfI ;fDafg- d[af]i-g[G. ofSy'I ;'jfIcf] ;fKk]claf ;fKzS x]s-;lDdfg'n-n[ tul d'Gw'Dn[G gfd-e]cf] kfg-a]claf ;fKzS jo[. cfKmfn-n[ ofSy'I;fxfC v'glC n[Ddf o'M;[Nn[[V d[b'd[V d[h'K;[V d[o'I;lGgfI xfSkfF]V kfn-nfDV t'DofIxfI ;fDnf]xfC ;fDd[d[Tt'V vfOnlxfC d[aft-t'. s'ef o[D v[bfCxfC d[h[Sv'V d[h[S;lG s[P[DafF[ d[P[K;'. sG v[bfCxfC s[F[Ss] ofSy'I d'Gw'D ;fDbfI t[Tgfd- d[TplIifI jo[. c]ufI ofSy'I ;'jfIcf] ;fKk]claf ;fKzS x]s-;lG x[Ss]n-n[ ofSy'I ;fDaf g' clpfKkfxfCF[ vf v[G d'Gw'DdlG t[Tgfd- d[d[Tt'cfI v[bfCxfC ;fKdf d[x]s-t';l. ;fDdlnf ;fDafxfCF[cfI d'Gw'D ;fKkfg- ;'TnfxfC cf]ufK d[hf]u'F ;fDdlnfxfC ;fKdf d[x]s-t'. ofSy'I d'Gw'DnfD s'bf]k-df d[e[Tt';lcfI d[;fKt';laf v[bfCxfC ‘s] kf]s-df d'Gw'D’ (m'IjfhfIdf d'Gw'DnfD)V ‘;fDdfI r[OI g' d[GpfD ofKdl’ g' ‘mfTtld-df g' m'GbfJ’ (o[xfI d'Gw'D nfD). x[Ss]FlSs] j]Cj] oFlS ofSy'I v[bfCxfC d'Gw'DnfD ;fjfg- d[af]s-v[. cfNnf];fI cfSv[G d'Gw'D ;fDbfI t[Tgfd- d[d[Tt';lcfI d[;fKt';laf v[bfCxfC ;fKkGxfCcf] vfM]d[b[T. vf x[Ss]FlSs] ;fDdlnfF[ t[IuKkf]cfI cfSv[G ;fDdlnfxfCcf] d'Gw'DnfD ;fDdlnf ;fKdfF[ k[GgfD/;fKk]xfC ;fDafF[ d[e[Tt'cfI ;fDdlnfxfC ;fKdf d[x[s-t'af g' d'Gw'D ;fKkfg- ;'TnfxfC cf]ufK d[hf]u';laf vfM]b[T. v[DefFT d[g- ofSy'I ;fKzSsf] ;'DV gl;fd-a]V nS;fd-a]V kfIjfclnf g' j]Cj] clpfKxfC ;fKd[Kdf]cfI ofSy'I d'Gw'D ;fKkfg- ;'TnfxfC clpfKkfxfCF[ cf]ufK d[hf]u';lcfI ofSkf vM]b[T. s';lI: clS;fu[G vfDa]s-V tFi-blI tfI;fIV tfblu[G ;[KdfIV sf]xlt- rIefIV jfd[G xi-u'V yfa'u[G ;lInfV kf]s-nfu[G s'F'IV yS;fu[G k';fV t'Iu'u[G j[FS_j[FIV kft-y'Iu[G i[s-ifV g[Ttlu[G s'e'IV ySn]u[G ;fDdfIV jfofu[G kIn'IV d[GpfDu[G ofKdlV jfofu[G ;]g-bf]V t'Tt'u[G t'DofIV gfnlu[G yfIa[GV ;l;fu[G d[GplGV nf]s-mfu[G ;lIPlD ju[Ff ju[Ff cfNnf] vfFfS;fI ofSy'I ;fKzSsf] cf]ufKnfaf g' o[KdlIaf d[jfC.

10. (8) ofSy'In[G ;fDof] of dfIwlDdlG d'Gw'D ;fDbfI t[Tgfd- d[TplIifI jfC:
“The Limbus are neither Hindu nor Buddhist, even though numerious syncretic elements appear in their beliefs. They have a religion which is peculiar to them, traditional religion ‘without a name’ that might formerly have been termed ‘animistic’. It has its own mythology, its own pantheon of gods and goddesses, and its own group of priests.” (Sagant Philippe,1976, p.58).
[ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIxfCF[G g;fg-jf (belief) cf] oFlS kFlSkf ;fi-alCxfC mTt[cfI ofSkf glwfk-;fI v'glC kfu xlGb' kfu tf]dfI;l. v'glC dlI d[g-g]af ylSk[Ghlaf ‘c[gldl;-t’ d[Kd[Nn[ s[nfCaf jfC. sGn[G cfafi] tfu[Ff glIjfCm'df jfCV cfafi] d'Gw'D jfC x[Ss]cfI cfafi] d'FfafxfCF[ n'K d[jfC.]
;fDglu[DafxfCF[[ ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G ;fDof]clG ‘c[gldl;-’of d'FfafIgld-aff (Shamanism) of oFlS g;fg-jfF[G ;fi-alCxfCg' mTplIaf nTylS s'dlIwf] s[xf]k-kf ;fDof] d[d[Tt'F sF ofSy'In[G dfIwlD (faith and belief system) dlGwf] d'Gw'D ;fDbfI t[Tgfd- d[TplIifI jfC. x[Ss]cfI ;fDof]F[G s'hf]s- ylDxfC of nwfC_ndlSxfC d'Gw'Dn[ s'uKnlIif] xfIu[G d[af]i- of d[xl. d'Gw'DdlG yId[Nn[ nfh]C of o'Smf] xfIu[G s[hf]s-kf mfIgfd-e] (Constitution) x[Ss]bIaf cfTtlNn[ ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G ;fDof] of dfIwlDdlG nfDbf]g-b'C of nfDnf];'C. ;'F'Ca[Kdf] d'Gw'DdlG nTylS gfufK (remote control) cfTtlNn[ ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G dfIwlDdlaf o[TpfDafhfxfC g' ;'dfhlaf xlDaqfDdlG mf]ufK rf]u'C.
(9) d'Gw'DdlG ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G k'I;fKzS:
o[xfI d'Gw'DdlG ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G oDaf k'I;fKzS. sGglG ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G df;fd-a] kfk-df;fI nfCF'. sG d'Gw'D;lufI v[bfCxfCF[G kf]wSnfclG v[CnS g' s'P[CnSxfCcf] d[xfM;lGgfI d[ofS. v[GxfC;lufI dld-of]d-afV c]t-nfCafV ofIjfnfCafV y'D;fclafV d'u'clafV ofDofclafV ;gfclafV glIa'Skf g' glIdfMaf ;fKzSsf] rfxf s]hf]s-kf ;jfxfC (F;-) g' v[bfCclafV ySjfclafV glI;fOt-tlafV rclt-tlaf kf]wSnfF[ xSjfxfCcfI d[ofS. j]Cj] ;fKkfg- ;fKzSxfCF[ dlSk]cf] o[xfI d'Gw'GdlG kfg-a]claf ;fKzSFTpfI nlh'D nla]clNn[ mf;fIu] tf]n-nf yfIdfF yIdfuq dlSm't-nf ;fKzSF[G alo'n-K (c[Iunf] ;[S;[G o[Daf)V clnlofb- g' cf]bl;l (xf]dF- ) k[Ffb};- n;-t g' k[Ffb} Flu]G (dlNtG)V xlGblF[G Ffdfofgf g' dfxfefFfTtfV g[Kkfnl ;fKzSF[G ;fSs'GtfnfDV ;'nf]rfgfV klTylalUFfh- rfjfg-V kqdlyfO;- g' aGs';'D (bfJ}sf]tf) b]jf;'F- ;fIufqD g' dfgf} (df]w-gft- kT;lqt) rl;f] r'nf] (afn- slq;-gf ;D) g' cfdf g' hGdfe'dl (sf;fOK)xfC x[Ss]bIaf nTylS df;fd- a] Ff]. sG;lufI v[bfCxfCF[G kf]wSnfclG v[CnS g' s'P[CnSxfCcf] d[xfM;lGgfI d[ofS. v[GxfC ;lufI dld-of]d-afV c]t-nfCafV ofIjfnfCafV y'D;fclafV d'u'clafV ofDofclafV ;gfclafV glIa'Skf g' glIdfMaf ;fKzSsf] rfxf s]hf]s-kf ;jfxfC (F;-) g' v[bfCclafV ySjfclafV glI;fOt-tlafV rclt-tlaf kf]wSnfF[ xSjfxfCcfI d[ofS.
(10) ofSy'I d'Gw'DdlG m[hlSs'Dafg'n-n[ d'Gw'Ddlaf jfC:

11. ofSy'I d'Gw'DdlG d'Gw'Ddlaf glnfDdf]g' kf]Cd[Nn[ ylSk[Ghlaf rf]s-. d'Gw'Dcf] ;fjfu[G o[xfIxfCF[G kf]wSnf g' clS;fu[G vfDa]s-V tFi-blI tfI;fIV tfu[ tfSgfDV m[u[ m[SgfDV dlw'I v];]dlSV ;lrlFl ;lofSk]s-V sf]xlt- rIefIV jfd[G xi-u'V yfa'u[G ;lInfV kf]s-nfu[G s'F'IV yS;fu[G k';fV ;lSr]g- yfafV t'Iu'u[G j[FSV j[FI kft-p'Iu[G i[s-ifV g[Ttlu[G s'e'IV ySn]u[G ;fDdfIV jfofu[G kIn'I n[Kdf g' d[GpfDu[G ofKdl cfSs]FlS d[a]s-F[ sFCaf kfg-xfC g' kf]wSnfxfC ofS. sG r[Id'SjfxfC m[hlFl m[bfIdf ;fDaf]s-sf] ;fDe[FfV o[af]s-sf] o[af_o[dfV jfofu[G o[TpfDafxfCF[ ;ltI;lI of xlItI;l d[bls-t'n-n[V ;fD d[;f]n-n[V ;'ofIa[Daf tI;lI d[o[K;'Nn[ x[SsfOI ;f]Pf tI;lI d[o[K;'Nn[V c]s-n[ ;Dbf]s- d[o[Db'Nn[V g[Ttlu[G m'Ijf d[hfIP'Nn[V t[GwfD d]s-sfD d[ufK;'Nn[V s';I nf]s-mfu[G ;lIPlD d[hf]u'afcf] cSjfgfdf d[ef]s-v'Nn[ kf]d[wSt'C.
(11) d'Gw'Dcf] clStls- g' ;fDbls- ofS:
d'Gw'D d[Kdfgfa[G clStls- g' ;fDbls- s[ofSkf yfs-o'claf tIclt- ;fDclSnf. gft-nf gft-nfcf] clStls- g' ;fDbls-xfCF[G rf]s-;fI d[Tt'af kfg-a]claf tIclt- ;fDdlnf kf]i-ifI j[a'GbfS of jfwfSgfnfD j[a'Gbfq] s[Fd-af ;la't- y'jf x[Ss] ;fDhlS d'Gw'Dn[G ru'af r[Id'Sk[Nn[ d'FfnfD rSd[Da'Caf k'GgfIs'aGs'aGcf] ng-. d'Gw'DdlG cfTtlG kFlSkf: o[xfI d'Gw'DV o[;ls- d'Gw'DV o[clI d'Gw'D of o[ufK d'Gw'D kf]i-n sF d'FfafIilNn[ of r[Id'Sk[Nn[ kft-t'Nn[ j]Cj] kFlSkf clStls-sf]g' cfTtltl v[K;C[ v[K;[C s[FCaf clSnfcf] ;fDbls- kf]i-ifI ng-. s';lI: cf;fDuf] ;fDe[FfclNn[ ;ltI;lI tls-t'Nn[of s[;la[Nn[ s';fDdlG tls-t'Nn[ n'IdfC kxld- s[xld-af ;fDbls-cf] ;fDclS n[St'F o[xfI d'Gw'D ;[M;'C. clIwfn-n[cfI j]C kFlSkf clStls- g' ;fDbls- s[ofSkf clSnfcf] cfIbfI kfk-d' nf]. dlw'I r[Sof m[Sv'C. d'FfafIilNn[ of r[Id'Sk[Nn[ j]Cj] kFlSkf d'Gw'DxfC kft-t'Nn[ v[G ;lufIaf clStls- g' ;fDbls- j]Cj] d[af]i- of n[S;lG. s';lI: d'FfafIilNn[ of r[Id'Sk[Nn[ sfKkf] y'IbfI vMo'Nn[ v[G o[;ls- d'Gw'Dcf] s[F[Sn[ mfI;l clStls-xfC d[ofSkf vfM]b[T x[Ss]cfI o[Ddf] kf]s-sfI o[;ls- d'Gw'DdlG kft-t'F nfi-n[ v[G ;lufI clStls- t'S;lFT d[ofSkf vfM]b[T. v[G clStls-g' tIbI ;fDbls-slGgfI n[S;lGgfI ofSkf vfM]b[T. x[Ss]FlSs] m[bfId[Nn[ dfIu[GgfC rf]u'Nn[ nTylS d'Gw'D gft- nfcf] clStls- mfI;l mfI;l ofSt'C. v[Gg' s'bI ;fDbls-slGgfI n[S;lG. tfKm]i- m[bfIdf of ;fDa[Nn[ rf]u'Nn[ d'Gw'DdlG clStls- mfI;l mfI;lcf] gfk-;'F j]C kFlSkf ;fDbls-sf] kft-t'. sG d'Gw'Dcf]af ;fDbls- g' clStls-xfCF[ ofSnfu[G ofSy'In[G ;fDd]u[G ;fDnf] rf]s-df g' jfd-d[KdfcfI oFlSs] clK;lI g' nSmfC s[Tt'cfI jfCaf vfM]b[T.
(12) d'Gw'Dcf] cld-a]cljf cf]ufK kf]i-:
ofSy'I d'Gw'DdlG cld-a]cljfff (Alliteration)F[G nTylS jfa'GbfS kfk-df;fI glafg- d[af]i-g[G. cfTtlG d'Gw'Dn[GpfI ylS;lu]s-kf ;'Tnf of gft-nfclG gl;lu]s-kf ;'TnfclNn[ clg-b'cfI of gft-t'cfI jfCaf vfM]b[T. x[Ss]cfI o[Ddf] ofSy'I d'Gw'Dcf] g[KdfI: tScld-a]cljfff (anaphora) g' c]s-cld-a]cljf (apostrophe)xfCcfI cf]ufK kf]s-v[cfI ofSkf vfM]b[T. sF sG g[Tpl kFlSkf cld-a]cljfcf] c]s-cld- a]cljfclG tScld-a]cljfffg'n-n[ clFlSs] cf]ufK kf]i-af vfM]b[T. s';lIn[ nful:

12. [c]] clS;f [kfs-t[Nn[]
vfDa]s- [kfs-t[Nn[]
[c]] tFi- [kfs-t[Nn[]
tfI;fI [kfs-t[Nn[].
sKdf] tScld-a]cljfff ‘c]’clG c]s-cld-a]cljf ‘kfs-t[Nn[’ ;'NnlSs] cf]ufK kf]s-v[cfI jfCaf vfM]b[T. cfNnf] sG cld-a]cljfF[G g[KdfI tScld-a]cljfff g' c]s-cld-a]cljfxfCF[ ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G kfI;fDnf] (kfn- nfDV xfSkfF]V t'DofxfIV g' vfOnl) g' sf]o[Daf ;fDnf]jfd[df g' rf]s-d[Kdf] nSmfC g' clK;lI s[Tt'cfI jfCaf vfM]b[T.
(13) d'Gw'DdlG sfDa]wf]s- ;'TnfF[G s'a'GbfC:
ofSy'I d'Gw'D ;lufI sfDa]wf]s- ;'Tnf g' gft-nfxfC vfM]b[T. sfDa]wf]s- ;'Tnf of gft-nfa[Nn[ g[Tpl ;'TnfxfC gfCcl v]i-g[;lcfI m[wf]s-xfC sfDg[;laf x[Ss] nTylS s'PSdf ;'Tnf of gft-nfF[G s'a] kf]i-. s'ef gft-nfxfC kfDd]kf] g' dlI ;'TnfxfC tIg[;lcfI s';f]g-ofC of s'ufSkf s'a] s[Fd-af kf]i-. s';lI: clS;fu[G vfDa]s- (s[clS;lDafF s[aKkf of s[o'Iaf vfDa]s-df)V tFi-blI tfI;fI (tFi-ilG x[Ss] s[aKkf tfI;fI)V sf]xlt- rIefI (s'xlt-nf yfa' ;lInfF[ t[Kt'af y[u')V dljfu[G s'gfD (dl x[Ss] s[blk-kfF s[aKkf gfD)V ;[GbfIu[G s'nf (;[Gbl s[cf]k-kf/s[wfk-kf nf)V jfd[G xi-u' (rfJF[G j[a'GbfS s[g[af xi-u')VdlS r'Dh'D nfDwfcldf (s[F[n[G dlS s[bf]s-kf nfDw]s-)V ;'Dn[F[ ;'Dxf]Cb'D (;'D;l n'I xf]Cb'D;f s[o'Iaf) jfu[Ff. x[Ss]FlSs] s'ef d'Gw'D ;'TnfxfCcf] kfDd]kf] g' kfDd]FT tIg[;lcfI s';f]g-ofC of s'ufSkf s'a] s[alCaf kf]i-. s';lI: r'Ijf t]s-vlD tf]d-df (r'IilNn[ s[P[Caf x[Ss] t'SdfcfI o'Idf)V t[Tnfu[G cDb'g[df (cDb'af t[Tnf m[Sjfg- x[Ss] g[Mdf)V gfDef]of] xM]df g[Mdf (gfDdlNn[ x]F[af x[Ss] g[Mdf) ju[Ff. sGs]bIaf ofSy'I d'Gw'dcf] sfDa]wf]s- ;'TnfxfC vfM]b[Kkf x[Ss] j]C ;fKkfg-xfCcf] v[Def vfM]b[T s[FCaf glg-wf] xf]k-.
(14) ofSy'I d'Gw'Dcf] kfg-n'KxfC vfM]b[T:
d'Gw'Dcf] ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G cld[Nn'Iaf kfg-n'KxfC vfM]d[b[T. s';lI: ‘dlSzf]F[ xIef jfCdf’ sGn[G s'a] ;'F'Ca[Kdf] cfKmfn-n[;fI glIjfC d[Gbfc] jfCdf. g[Pf]CF[ tfbf jfCdfF[ s'a] cfKmfn-n[;fI kfg-wf]d-g'FC jfCdf. rlNnl x[Ddf tf]dfF[ s'a] gf x[Ddf. g[Ttl s'e'I cDdfF[ s'a] ;l Mdf. t'Iu't- j[FS g[TdfF[ s'a] ;lulTgf cg[s-jf xfI;lDdf kf]i-. ;fD;' odlI dfM;lDdf s'a] ;l Mdf. sG x[Ss]bIaf d'Gw'Ddf] s[jfCaf kfg-n'KxfC nd'u[G tfCh[I rf]s-d[Nn[ of y];fI ;fKd[Nn[ of clpfKxffC ;fKd[Nn[ cf]ufK rf]s- ;'Sd[b[T.
(15) d'Gw'D ;fKkfg- ;'TnfxfC tfSmfblDaf g' yfi-;'u[G s'a[Daf rf]s-:
ofSy'I d'Gw'D ;fKkfg- ;'TnfxfC ;'ofIa[Daf ;fKkfg- ;'TnfxfCg'n-n[ of kft-t'D d'Gw'D ;fKkfg-glG ;'ofIa[Daf ;fKkfg-g'n-n[ tfSmfblDaf g' yfi-;'u[G s'a[Gaf kf]i-. sG x[Ss]bIaf tfSmfblDaf of yfi-;'u[G s'a[Gaf

13. d'Gw'D ;fKkfg- ;'TnfxfC kfk-dg g' ;fKdf of ;fKzSslaf t[GuKcf] cf]ufK rf]s-dfuq ofSy'I ;fKkfg- g' ;fKzSslGgfI s[Flk-kf g' tfSmfblDaf rf]u'C.
(16) d'Gw'DdlG tfhlSkf rf]s-:
d'Gw'DdlG zSgld- rf]s-dfF k]x[Dd[Nn[ tfhlSkf jfCaf vfM]b[T. s';lI: ofSy'I d'Gw'Dn[ d[GpfDu[G ofKdl;fxfC kf]Ff]s-dl oDefdldfId[Nn[ ySk'u[G s'a' xlV ;ldlSnf kIdlSnf vfKk' g' ;lIb'DaSjf_n'Ib'DaSjf rfJclG ;CF'cfI d[GpfDu[G ofKdl rf]u';l s[FCaf kfg- r[Sv'. sG d'Gw'DdlG d[g- kfk-df ;'Sd[b[Tg[G. cfNnf];fI d[GpfDu[G gfDofKdl ySslG c's-d[Nn[ vfKk' ng- x[Ss]cfI g'SdfcfI gfDd[Nn[ jfxl gfD. cf]s- x[Ss]u bfUglhD g'D;]s-n[ d[GpfDu[G gfDofKdl;fxfC ;af (clUuDaf g' yfs-nfIuf]af) nfD d[af]s-v[ s[FCaf kft-t'C. sG g'D;]s-slGgfI d[g-b'S kfk-df ;'Sd[b[Tg[G. sF ;]g-nfKklG sG jfC_ c'gf o[Daf ;af (c[UuDafxfC of yfs- nfIuf]afxfC) d[GpfDu[G gfDofKdl d[af]s-v[uF cfNnf]af ;afxfC (c[UuDafxfC of yfs-nfIuf]afxfC) y]cfI ;afc] d[jfC Z dgf d[af]i-g[G Z cfNn ;fKrfclG tfhlSkfalt- of d'Gw'DdlG jfC Z
x[Ss]FlSs] d'Gw'DdlNn[ rlSgfjfclG gfD nt-t[Nn[ gfDdlNn[ dlblu[cfI dTy[OcfI t[Tnf nfF'K o[Kd[Tgf nf;[cfI rlI;lGa[G n[Gbl gfDdlG kTtlNn[ d[Fg-g[G gfD nft-tfI ;[GblFC ng-.
m'Gb'jfclNn[ s'bfJclG kfaf]of] t[Gw'IxfIn[ d'b[De]CcfNn[ k[Tt' t]M;'cfI dfSvlCclNn[ rfCF'a[G cfNnf];fI x[t- nC. d'Gw'DdlG tfhlSkf jfCalt- d[jfCg[G s[FCaf kfg-gf] gfg-hlS rf]s-dfF[ kfg-g] d[bfMg[G. cfTtlG glnfDdf]g';fI ofSy'I d'Gw'DdlG tfhlSkf jfCaf vfM]b[T. sG kfg-glG kUdfulaf rf]s-dfF[ nful cfSv[G s';lIxfC klCdf v[Defc] glt-d[Gp'S kf]i-. v[Nn[ rf]u'Nn[ d'Gw'DdlG tfhlSkf xf]k- s[FCaf gfg-hlSsf] xD;lDd[G nfofs- gfDofs-nC t]MdfF[G kfg- kf]i-.
(17) d'Gw'D g' ;fKrfF[ n'Ddf] oDaf sfCcl jfC:
ofSy'I d'Gw'DdlG tfhlSkfFC d[g-gfI cfSv[G s'glcf] (in many aspects) ;fKrfclaf jfCaf vfM]b[T. d[g-pfI d'Gw'DdlG g' ;fKrfF[G n'Ddf] oDaf xSd[Gb[Kdfgf sfCcl jfC. s';lIn[ nful: d'GwlD cl;ls-;lxf]g-bf]s- _d[Gxf]g-bf]s-slG clS;fu[G vfDa]s-sf] sfSg' tul s[FlIaf yfa'u[G ;lI;fcf] nTylS t'Da' ;lI;fefI jfC. sG kfg-glG d[g-b'SefI kfk-df ;'Sd[b[Tg[G. ;fKrfclNn[cfI sG ;lxf]g-bf]s-_d[Gxf]g-s-slG t'Da' ;lI;fefI r[Sv'. x[Ss]FlSs] d'Gw'DdlNn[ kf]Ff]s-dl oDefdldfId[Nn[ jfofu[G kIn'I (kSn'D)dlG ySn]u[G dfDdfI kfIe]Ccf]g' n[Kt'a[G yf] d'PIn'I vIefn'Id[Tyf] tf]s-t[cfI ;[MF[n[ dlw'I v];]xfC kf]s-v[V dlw'I s'dfS dfSt'cfI s]hIu[G ;'Flt- nfs-v[V kIu[GblI jxlt- d'St[cfI oI;Iu[G y'Sjf k] x[Ss]cfI yfa'u[G ;lInf s[MF[. sG d'Gw'DdlG ;fKrfclaf d[jfCg[G kfk-df ;'Sd[b[Tg[G. sG jfofu[G kIn'IilG d'PIn'I vIef n'Id[Tyf] tf]s-t[cfI ;[MF[a[G ;fKrf]cf]af „Big Bang Theory‟clG g' yIdf ;'St[T.

14. c]s-gf;'D (Conclusion):
d'Gw'DdlG ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G nTylS xfSgfd-e] cfTtlG ;fDbfI ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G ;fSylDV dfIwlDV yfs-o'ylDV nf]o[DwlDV ;fKzS g' ;fKkfg-xfC t[Tgfd- d[TplGiffI ;i-h'Def]clG s'uKnlIcf] xl. d'Gw'Dn[G ofSy'I ;'jfIcf] cfSv[G oDaf yfi-;'a[Daf s'a[GV s'b[G g' s'o[s-of jfC. cfTtlG ofSnfu[G ofSy'IilGpfI d'Gw'D ;lufIi] xli[cfI jfC. d'Gw'DdlGgfI v'g[C s';lufIi] xli[cfI jfC. d'Gw'D ;lufIi] ofSnfu[G ofSy'In[G kft-y'Iu[G xlijfV ;fi-u'u[G ;SdfV ;fcl g' cfs- ofSV y'D ofSV yS;fDV d'S;fDV dfI;fDV xfI;fD ofSV cfIblI g' y[;fS ofS. d'Gw'DdlG ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G d'F'D clgfC g' dlSslm'I s[alCaf dlS;]g-jfV ylS;]i-jf g' ylSk[Ghljf. sGglG ofSnfu[G ofSy'I ;'jfIn[ nul g[KdfIV y'I;fK g' k];fK. v[DefFT d[g- d'Gw'D ;lufI kfg-n'KV d'Skfg-V kfg-jft-tl g' ;fDd]u[G ;fDnf]F[G clStls-V ;fDbls- g' cld-a]cljf ofS. d'Gw'DdlG k'I;fKzS g' tS_;fKd'Gw'DxfCF[G s'a[Gg'n-n[ yfi-wfS df]d'S d[jfCg[G. tS_;fKd'Gw'D o[DafcfI ofSy'In[G ;fKd'Gw'D ;fKofs- kf]s-v[cfI ofS. ofIhlSV ;'dfhljfV ylDhlSV xlDafqDV s[;'qI g' ;'TgfF[G kf]wSnf g' kg- ag- y[Cw[C ;lhf] k[xlF[G v[bfC ofS. k'I;fKzSn[ gfcla]s-sf] v[bfCV ;'DV kfIjfclnfV ;fDdlnfV gl;fd-a]V nS;fd-a] g' df;fd-a]xfC s'aG s'aG xli[cfI ofS. ;i-h'Def]V ;fSylDV ylDhlSV ;fDof] g' ;'ofIa[Daf clt- gld- g' g'D;]s-xfCV kfg-a]claf v[bfC d'Sv[bfCV rSv[bfCV k[Dd'Sv[bfCV d'S;fd-a] g' v[Ckfg-xfC c'gf o[Dg'c] yfs- o' s'o' d'Gw'DnfD d[af]s-v[F d[o[McfI cfNnf];fI d[xli[cfI d[jfC.
xft-tlGpfI ofSy'I d'Gw'Dcf] ru'a[G ;fKzSV ;fKkfg-V ;fSylD g' dfIwlDxfCcf]cfI ru'a} rf]s-. d'Gw'Dcf] kfSn'Daf ;lSs'DblI glIjfC s[uKk[G y[df ofDa] ;fDbfI;fI ;fIblu[af g' ru'af rf]s-V vfDaf]i-af of yfs-o'claf ;lSs'DblI glIjfC of xfa]s-xfCcf] ofa'GbfSkf rf]s-. v[Nn[ rf]u'Nn[ d'Gw'DdlG ;lSs'DblI glIjfCF[G ofDa]cljf. d'Gw'D ;'TnfclG dfIglaf ;'Tnff x[Ss]cfI d'Gw'DdlG glIjfCm'dfF[G ;fKkfg-efI g;fg- jfC. d'Gw'D d[Kdfgfa[G s[F[S ;'ofIa[Daf ofKdlxfCF[ ofSy'I ;'jfIxfCF[ d[F[;' s[FCaf d[g- sF v[G dgfg- cfTtlG dfI of glIjfCm'd[Nn[ ;]u'cfI kfIP'C v[Nn[FC n[;'C of d'Gw'Dn[G ;lSs'DblI glIjfCF sTt'.
d'Gw'D zSgld- ;lufI od[Nn'Ijf ofS. sGglG cld-a]cljfffF[G nTylS jfa'GbfS cfTtlgcf] g[KdfI: tScld- a]cljfff g' c]s-cld-a]cljfxfC vfM]b[T. sG ;lufI g[Tpl ;'TnfxfC gfCcl v]i-g[;lcfI m[wf]s-xfC sfDg[;laf x[Ss] nTylS s'PSdf sfDa]wf]s- ;'Tnf g' gft-nfxfCF[G s'a] ofS. d'Gw'DdlG tfhlSkfFC d[g-gfI cfSv[G s'glcf] tfhlSkf g' ;fKrfclaf x[Ss]cfI d'Gw'D g' ;fKrf n'Ddf] oDaf xSd[Gb[Kdfgf sfCcl jfC. sF d'Gw'DdlG o[Go[Gg] o's-mf]bls-kf kf]i-n k]s- kT. o[Dn[ ;fKnli- kf]i- d[;'Sg[Guq s'd'F'D clgfC ;'g-n k]s-.
o[s-;fKxfC (References):
Primary Source:
Field Survey

15. Secondary Sources:
Articles and Books:
Jones, Rex, L., 1976, Limbu Spirit and Shamanism, in John T. Hitchcock and Rex L. Jones, Spirit Possession in the Nepal Himalayas, Vikash Publishing House Pvt. Ltd, 5 Ansari Road, New Delhi- 110002.
Jones, Shirley Kurz, 1976, Limbu Spirit Possession: A case study, in John T. Hitchcock and Rex L. Jones, Spirit Possession in the Nepal Himalayas, Vikash Publishing House Pvt. Ltd, 5 Ansari Road, New Delhi- 110002.
Muringla, B.B., (1998), Cho-i:t Mundhum, in Limboo Text Book (Class-IX-X), Departmnent of Education, Govt. of Sikkim, Cyber Print & Systems, Below Childern Park, Balwakhani, Gangtok.
Sagant Phillipe, 1976, Becoming a Limbu Priest: Ethnographic Notes, in John T. Hitchcock and Rex L. Jones, Spirit Possession in the Nepal Himalayas, Vikash Publishing House Pvt. Ltd, 5 Ansari Road, New Delhi-110002.
Books:
Angdembe, Tejman, 2011, The Classsical Limbu Langauge: Grammar and Dictionary of a Kirat Mundhum, Nepal Academy, Pragya Chhapakhana, Kamaladi, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Chemjong, I.S., 2003, History and Culture of Kirat People, Khanchan Printing Press, Bagbazar Kathmandu (Reprinted).
Kainla, Birangi, 1991, Sapo:k Chomen Mundhum, Hasna Press, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Kainla, Birangi, 1994, Nahen Mundhum, Tiptara Offset Printing Press, Naya Bazar, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Kainla, Birangi,1994, Samsogha Mundhum, Tiptara Offset Printing Press, Naya Bazar, Kathmandu, Nepal
.
Kainla, Birangi, 1995, Sosik Mundhum, Tiptara Offset Printing Press, Naya Bazar, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Kainla, Birangi, 1995, Tongsing Tokma Mundhum, Pragya Chhapakhana, Kamaladi, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Kainla, Birangi, 2003, Cho-i:t Mundhum, Limbu Sahitya Bikash Santha, Peproduction Centre, Baneswar, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Khamdhak, Buddhi L., 2009, Yakthung Mundhum, (Vol. I), Khamdhak Publications, Popular Press, Bidhan Road, Siliguri, West Bengal.
Lama, & Gurung, 2004, Sikkim Study Series, Culture, Vol-III, Information and Public Relation, Government of Sikkim, Part-A, Kawality Stores, Gangtok, Sikkim.
Sanyal, Charu, Chandra, 1979, The Limboo a North Eastern Himalayan Kirat people, Dipti Printing and Binding Works, Calcutta.

16. Nugo, Bishnu, Kr., 2012, Kudo:pma Sidongsing Tokma Mundhum, S.B. Publications, Siliguri, West Bengal.
Subba, Chaitanya, 1995, The Culture and Religion of Limbus, Hatigauda, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Subba, J. R., 1998, Yakthung Tendham Me:khim, Himalindia Photo Offset, Kashiraj Pradhan Marg, Nam Nang Road, Gangtok.
Subba, J. R., 1999, Yakthung Phungso:k Timma Mundhum, Himalindia Photo Offset, Kashiraj Pradhan Marg, Nam Nang Road, Gangtok.
Subba, J. R., 2001, Sumsemba Yegrangsing Tokma Mundhum, Kawality Stores, Kazi Road, Gangtok.
Subba, J. R., 2003, Mujo:klung Khejo:klung Mundhum, Ambica Printers, 109 Ground Floor, Prakash Mohalia, East Kailash, New Delhi-110065.
Subba, J. R., 2003, Simering Mundhum, Ambica Printers, 109 Ground Floor, Prakash Mohalia, East Kailash, New Delhi-110065.
Subba, J.R., 1999, The Limboos of Eastern Himalayas with special reference to Sikkim, Ambica Publication, New Delhi.
Subba, J.R., 2008, History, Culture and Customs of Sikkim, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi-110002.
Subba, J.R., 2009, Mythology of the People of Sikkim, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi-110002.