1. nrhjplj;ij fhg;ghw;W';fs;
,e;jpa nrhjpl tuyhW
jw;nghjpa ,yf;fpa fhyj;jpw;F Kw]gl;lJk; ,jpfhr
fhyj;jpw;F Kw;g;llJkhd ntjfhyj;jpy;
,kakiy rhuypYk;. f';fh ejpjPuj;jpYk; rhh;thfUk;.
af;"hty;fpaUk; ikjpnuapa[k; $ghyUk; cj;jhyfUk;.
mKJhl;l
guj;th$Uk; fd;tUk;. bfhsjkUk;. fhh;fpa[k;.
jhyhl;l
mwpt[ vd;Dk; bjhl;oypny bry;ykhf tsh;e;jJ jhd;
ek;Kila ,e;Jkj jj;Jt';fs;/
,g;ggog;gl;l g[uhjd hp#pfSk;. "hdpfSk; tHpgl;L
tz';fp te;j njhj;jpug; ghf;fis ehk; ntj';fs; vd;W
brhy;fpnwhk;/ cyfpnyna njhd;wpa Ehy;fSs; kpft[k;
gHikahdJ ,t;ntj';fns/ kdpj rKjhaj;jpd; Kjy; g[j;jfk;
hpf;ntjk;jhd; vd b$h;kd; ehl;ilnrh;e;j cyftuyhw;W jj;Jt
nkij TWfpwhh;/ ,g;gog;gl;l gHikahd Ehyhd hpf;
ntjj;jpd; 6 cWg;g[fspy; xd;whd n$hjplk; ntjj;jpd; fz;fshf
nghw;wg;gLfpwJ.
VR gpuhiz VnuhJ kd;dDf;F 30 fhRf;F fhl;of;
bfhLj;jJ me;j ehl;L VRtpd; rPluhd a{jh!; vd;why;. VR
gpuhiz flt[dpd; Fkhuh; vd ,e;j cyfj;jpw;F fhl;of;
bfhLj;jJ n$hjplh;fns vd fpU!;Jt kjj;jpd; g[dpj Ehyhd
iggps; kpf bjspthf tpsf;FfpwJ. (kj;nja[ mjpfhuk; 2 - trdk;
1 Kjy; 16 tiu)
,iw Jhjh; xUth; Kf;jp mile;jpUe;j #Puh Fif mUnf
egpfs; ehafk; mth;fs; brd;wnghJ ,iw Jhjhpd; mUs; thf;F
bgw;W "hdk; gpwe;J. (ek; ehl;L rpj;jh;fs; nghy) cUtkw;w
mUl;nrhjp my;yh vd;Dk; flt[s; vd;whh;/

2. VG cyf';fisa[k;. 12 kd;rpy; tPLfisa[k; fle;J ,iwtid
my;yh fz;L te;jjhf cz;ik nfhs;fshd VG fpuf';fisa[k; 12
uhrpfisa[k; kiwKfkhf Fwpg;gpLfpwJ K!;ypk; kjj;jpdhpd;
g[dpj Ehyhd jpUf;Fuhd; TWfpwJ.
KfkJ egpfs; bkf;fhtpy; ,Ue;J bkjpdht[f;Fr; brd;w
Mdpkhjk; mk;khthir bjhl';fp d;whk; ehs; ,!;yhkpah;fspd;
#p$php Mz;L rhe;jpukhjj;jpd; mog;gilapy; bjhl';fp
bfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. re;jpu gpiwia kjj;jpd; rpd;dkhf itj;jhh;
egpfs; ehafk; mth;fs;/
VRt[f;F Kd;g[ njhd;wpath; g[j;j gpuhd;/ g[j;jgpuhdpd;
je;ija[k; fgpyt!;j;Jtpd; kd;dDkhf Rj;jhde;jh; jd; kfis
khkd;dd; Mf;f ntz;Lk; vd;w Mirapy; muruit nrhjplh;fis
miHj;J nrhjplk; nfl;f nrhjplnuh kd;dhplk;. “c';fs; kfd;
khkd;dh; Mfkhl;lhh;. tU';fhyj;jpy; cyfk; tz';Fk;
"hdpahthh; vd;W Tw mij nfl;l kd;dh; mr;rk; bfhz;Lk;
kfid khkd;dh; MfpnajPu ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; bfhz;Lk;
jd; kfDf;F btspa[yif fhl;lhky; muz;kizf;Fs;nsna
Rfnghf thH;ifa[ld; jdpikapnyna tsh;e;J te;jhh;/
Murhpd; kiwt[f;Fg; gpwF btspa[yif fz;l g[j;jh; kdpj
Jd;g';fis fz;L kdk; cUfp kf;fspd; Jd;gk; jPh;f;f rpt
bewpapy; jtrpahhdhh;. nrhjplKk; gypj;jJ/
,e;jpa murpd; rpd;dkhd mnrhf rf;fuk; je;jth; khtPud;
rhk;uhl; mnrhfd; ViH jhapd; tapw;wpny gpwe;J fyp';fk; btd;W
khkd;duhf fhuzKk; xU nrhjplk; jhd;
,s';nfhtofs; rpyg;gjpfhuk; gilf;f fhuzKk; xU
nrjplh; vd;gJ tuyhW/ nrhjplj;jpd; ,d;iwa epiy vd;d
bjhpa[kh? Otp epfH;r;rpfspy; ePah. Ehdh vd;gJ nghy
nrhjplh;fs; xUg[wKk;. gFj;jwpthjpfs; vd;w nghh;itapy; ehj;jpf
thjk; g[hpnthh; kWg[wKk; mkh;eJ nrhjplk; ep$kh bgha;ah vd
thjpl;L tHf;fpLk; epfH;r;rpfs; eilbgWfpwJ/ vt;tst[ mwtPdk;
,Jnghd;W ehj;jpf fh;j;jhf;fs; ,d;W kl;Lkh thH;fpwhh;fs;!
rdp vd;w fpufj;ij bjhiynehf;fp fUtp bfhz;L Kjy;
Kjypy; ghh;j;J cyfj;jpw;f;F mwptpj;j fypypnahit fy;yhny

3. moj;J bfhiy bra;J mtuJ gpzj;ij CUf;Fs; Eiya
tplhky; btspaplj;jpy; bfhz;L bry;y brhy;yp bfhLik
gLj;jpdhh;fs;/ ehk; ,d;W mDgtpf;Fk; Rfnghf thH;f;iff;F
mog;gil m!;jpthuk; Cd;wpa ld;yg;. Mh;fkpo!;. vord;
nghd;nwhh;fis md;iwa gFj;jwpthjpfs; igj;jpak; vd nfyp
bra;jhh;fs;/
vy;yh fpuf';fSk; R{hpaizna Rw;wp tUfpd;wd vd;w
cz;ikia fp/gp/ 1530y; nfhgh;dpf!; “Revalution of the celestial
bodies” vd;w g[j;jfk; vGjp ,Uf;fhtpl;lhy; ,d;iwf;F Tl
cyfk; Kd;ndwhky; thdtpaYk;. bgha; vd;W ehj;jpfh;fs;
eifahoapUg;ghh;fs;/ ,g;go a[fa[fkhf. fhyk;fhykhf ehL
fle;J. bkhHp fle;J. kjk;fle;J. ,dk;fle;J tpahgpj;J thH;e;J
tUk; nrhjpl rh!;jpuj;jpw;F mt;tg;nghJ nrhjizfSk;.
Vjph;g;g[fSk;. re;njf';fSk; Vw;gl;L. mHpahky; vd;Wk;
rpu";rptpahf thH;e;J tUfpwJ vd;why; mjd; rpwg;g[ mj;jifaJ/
Mjpapny nrhjplk; jhd; thdtpay;. thdtpay; jhd;
nrhjpltpay; vd;W ,Ue;jJ/ mJnghy gHbkhHp xd;W
“,sikapy; nrhjplk;. KJikapy; itj;jpak;’ vd nrhjplk;
bgUikahf ngrg;gl;lJ/
nrhjpl mwpit bgw;wth;fs; jhd; kUj;Jt Ehy;fis
vGjpdhh;fs;/ kUj;Jt Ehy;fs; vGjpa rpj;jh;fs; jhd;
nrhjplEhy;fis vGjpdhh;fs;/ ,d;iwa fhyj;jpy; ehj;jpf
thjpfspd;. ehtd;ikahy; nrhjplj;jpy; ,Ue;J thdrh!;jpuKk;.
kUj;Jt rh!;jpuKk; gphpf;fg;gl;L kf;fshYk;. murhYk;
Mjhpf;fg;gl;L etehfhpf cyfj;jpw;F miHj;Jr; bry;ygl;ld/
cliy Muha;r;rp bra;a[k; ,t;t[yfk; capiu Muha;r;rp bra;a
kWf;fpwJ/ canu njhd;Wk; thdj;ija[k;. clypny njhd;Wk;.
nehiaa[k; Muha[k; ,e;j !;Jhy Muha;r;rp. ,it ,uz;ila[k;
Ml;o gilf;Fk; nrhjplk; vd;w R{Rkj;ij Muha;r;rp bra;a
kWf;Fk; ,t;t[yfj;ij epizf;Fk; nghJ jpUts;Sth; vGjpa
“fdpapUg;g fha;fth;e;jw;W”. vd;w thpfs; vd;Kd; epw;fpd;wJ/
nrhjpl rh!;jpuk; xspiag;gw;wpa my;yJ xspapDila rh!;jpuk;
vd;W bghUs;.

4. Xsp vd;gJ gukhj;khtpd; brhUgk;. gukhj;kh n$hjp
totkhdJ/ kdpjDs; mkpH;e;jpUf;fpw $Pthj;kh fw;g{u xspia
nghd;wJ/
gukhj;kht[k;. $Pthj;kht[k; ,iztJ nghPd;gk;/
guk; bghUs; Mfpa gukhj;khtpd; xUJsp ,af;f rf;jpahd
Mj;kh. me;j gukhj;kh vd;w Mz;ltdhy; gilf;fg;gl;l mz;l
ruhru';fspy; xd;whd R{hpa FLk;gk; vd;w etfpuf';fspy; xd;whd
ehk; trpf;Fk; ,e;j g{nyhfj;jpd; cWg;g[fshd Mfhak;. fhw;W.
beUg;g[. ePh;. kz; vd;w g";rg{j';fspd; !;Jhy mikg;igf;
bfhz;l clypd;Ds; rpiw itf;fg;gl;Ls;s Mj;khit/ Crp
nghd;w bghUis fhe;jk; vt;tpjk; ,Gf;fpd;wnjh mJnghy
etfpuf';fSk; j';fSf;nf chpj;jhd Mfh;#z rf;fjpapd;
thapyhf kdpjdpd; RfJf;f';fSf;F mog;gilahf mike;Js;s
kdpjdpd; kdepiyia j';fs; Mjpf;fj;jpw;Fs; gzpg[hpa[khW
Mfh;#j;J jd;fhufj;Jg;go bray; g[hpar; bra;fpd;wd/
vdnt kdpjDila xt;bthU braYk;. mira[k;
etfpuf';fspd; Ml;rpf;F cl;gl;nl eilbgWfpd;wd/ Rakhf
rpe;jpf;Fk; Mw;wiyg; bgw;w Mj;khit bfhz;l kdpjd;
etfpuf';fspd; Ml;rpf;F cl;gl;nl eilbgWfpd;wd/ Rakhd
rpe;jpf;Fk; Mw;wiyg; bgw;w Mj;khit bfhz;l kdpjd;
etfpuf';fs; R{Rk rf;jpahy; Mir. fhkk;. nfhgk;. kaf;fk;. ge;jk;.
ghrk;. ,d;gk;. Jd;gk;. Kjypa czh;r;rpfSf;F moikgl;L
ey;yijnah. jPaijnah. bra;J ghtj;ijnah. g[z;zpaj;ijnah
nrh;j;J bfhz;oUf;fpd;whd;.
kdpjdpDs; mkpH;e;jpUf;fpw $Pthj;kh. gukhj;khnthL
nrUtjw;F. jd;id rpiw itj;jpUf;fpw ,e;j g";r g{j';fSk;
Ml;bfhz;l kdpj b$d;k';fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;/ g";r g{j';fis
mlf;fp (jd;id mlf;fp) etfpu';fspd; bty;y ntz;oa tpjpapd;
fPH; te;J tpLfpwJ/
,e;j $Pthj;kh xU gpwtpapny bty;y Koatpy;iy vd;why;
kWgoa[k; gpwtp vLj;J. my;yYw;W gukhj;khtplk; nru Kaw;rp
nkw; bfhs;fpwJ/ gukhj;kh vd;w bgUk; n$hjpa[k;. $Pthj;kh

5. vd;w ek; $Pt n$hjpa[k; ,ize;J nghpd;g epiyia vt;tpjk;
va;JtJ vd;gij vLj;J ,ak;g[tJ nrhjpl rh!;jpuk;/
fpuQk; vd;w rk!;fpUj brhy;Yf;F Mfh;r;rpg;gJ. my;yJ
,Gg;gJ vd;W bghUs; ,jw;F fhuzpahf ,Ug;gJ g";rg{jk;
vdg;gLk; kdpjdpd; cly;TWfs; MFk;/ gpwkjj;jpduhy; rhj;jhd;
vd;Wk;. ek;kjj;jpduhy; g{jk; vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gLk; ,e;j
g";rg{j';fs;. ,iwjd;ika[s;s kdpj $Pthj;khf;fs; jd;id
tpl;L nghf tplhky; jLj;J jd;dplk; ,iw jd;ikia
epue;jukhf itj;Jf; bfhs;s kdpjDf;F fhk Fnuhj kaf;f';fis
cz;L gz;zp $Pthj;Jkhf;fis cyfpdpny mjpfhpj;J bfhz;L
tUtJ ,d;iwa fypfhyj;jpy; etfpuf';fspd; btw;wpf;F
milahsk;.
etfpuf';fs; j';fSf;Fs; gytHpKiwfis tFj;Jf;
bfhz;Lk; $Pthj;Jkhf;fis b$apj;Jf; bfhz;Lk; fypfhyj;jpy;
fhy; Cd;wp epkph;e;j eilnghLfpwJ vd;gJ ,d;iwa $dbjhif
mjpfhpg;gjd; yk; bjhpatUfpwJ.
$Ptj;Jkhit ikakhf itj;J bja;trf;jpf;Fk;. g{jrf;jpf;Fk;
,ilna eilbgWk; a[j;jfskhf kdpjdpd; thH;f;if ,e;j cyf
,af;fj;jpw;F mog;gilahf mike;Js;sJ/ bja;t rf;jp. g{jrf;jp
vd;w ,ul;il rf;jpfns ,ul;il ghpkhz';fshf cUbtLj;J
,e;j cyfj;ij cUl;LfpwJ/
,fk; guk; - gpwg;g[ ,wg;g[ - ,ut[ gfy; - caph; cly; - Mz;
bgz; - cah;e;jtd; jhH;e;jtd; - goj;jtd; Kl;lhs; - ViH
gzf;fhud; thH;t[ jhH;t[ - Vw;wk; ,wf;fk; - re;njh#k; Jf;fk; -
cz;ik bgha; - nfs;tp gjpy; - vz; vGj;J - ty;ypdk;
bky;ypdk; - vJif nkhid g[nuhl;ld; epa{l;lhd; - mkpyk;
fhuk;
vd;w ,ul;il ghFghLfis cUthf;fp ,';fpUe;J m';Fk;.
m';fpUe;J ,';Fk; kdpj Mj;khit myfHpj;J Jd;g[Wj;jp
JaWUj;JfpwJ/
,jpypUe;J tpLgl;L nghpd;g epiyia mila ek;Kila
Kd;ndhh;fs; ek;ik cyf Mrhghr';fis tpl;L tpl jhkiu,iy
jz;zPh; nghy xl;lhky; ,Uf;f g[ydlf;f ghijia

6. nkw;f;bfhz;L gw;ww;w epiyia filgpof;f cyfj;jpd; rpwg;g[kpf;f
brhw;bghHpt[fspy; xd;whd VRgpuhdpd; kiyr; brhw;bghHpt[fspy]
brhy;yg;gl;lJk; kfhghujj;jpd; rhe;jp gUtj;jpy;
brhy;yg;gl;lJkhd rf;jpaj;jpd; 13 mk;r';fis filgpoj;J
kdpjDk; bja;tkhfyhk; kdpjDs; mkpHe;jpUf;fpd;w $Pthj;khit
guhkhj;kht[ld; ,izj;J kdpjd; bja;tepiyia mila
$hjfj;jpd; yk; n$hjplk; Twp kdpj Mj;k rf;jpia
kdpjh;fSf;F czh;j;j ntz;Lk;/
$hj vd;gjw;F tlbkhHpapy; cz;lhtd vd;Wk; mfk;
vd;gjw;F cs;sk; vd;Wk; bghUs;yhtjhy; kdjpy; cz;lhtd
vd;gJ bghUshFk;/ nrhjplk; vd;gJ xspiag;gw;wpa rh!;j;jpuk;
vd;gJ bghUshFk;.
9 fpuf';fSk;. 27 el;rj;jpu';fSk;. 12 uhrpfSk; kl;Lnk
bjhpe;J bfhz;l vGjpatd; Vl;il bfLj;jhd; goj;jtd;
ghl;il bfLj;jhd; vd;gJ nghy jw;nghJ btsptUk; gy
nrhjpl Ehy;fis nkk;nghf;fhf goj;Jtpl;L Rf;F. kpsF.
jpg;gpyp vd;w bghUs; bfhs;tjw;F gjpyhf Rf;Fkp. yf;Fjp. g;gpyp
vd bfhz;L. nrhjplk; fw;Wf; bfhz;L. jd;dplk; nrhjplk; ghh;f;f
tUgth;fsplk;/ eP bra;a[k; mf;fpukj;ij bra;. mjw;F ehd;
ghpfhuk; bra;fpnwd; vd brhy;yp.
“ghug;gh gythwha; rf;fpuk; g{l;o.
gzk; gwpf;Fk; tpj;ijaJ ghhpnyjhd;”
vd nrhjplj;jpy; ,Jnghy tpahjhu nehf;fk; gutp tpl;ljhy;
ghpfhuf';fs; vd;w bgahpy; nrhjplh; RWk; gy fUj;Jf;fs; ,d;W
nrhjplk; ep$kh. bgha;ah vd thJiuf;Fk; mstpw;F
brd;Wtpl;lJ/ ,jw;F Vw;g ,d;iwa nrhjplk; Raeyj;jpw;fhfnt
nrhjplk; vd;Wk; gzk; rk;ghjpg;gjw;fhfnt ghpfhuk; vd;Wk;
ngrg;gLk; mstpw;F rpy Vkhw;W ngh;tHpfspd; eltof;ifahy;
,e;j ,Hp epiy Vw;gl;L tpl;lJ/ ,e;j ,Hp epiyahy;jhd;
n$hjpl rh!;jpuk; nkYk; tsu Koatpy;iy. mjdhy;.
fp/gp/ 7k; Ehw;whz;L Kjy; fp/gp/13 Ehw;whz;L tiu mnugpa
ehLfspYk;. fp/gp/14 Ehw;whz;L Kjy; fp/gp/15k; Ehw;whz;L tiu

7. $nuhg;gpa muRfspy;. Murhl;rpapYk;. ePjpj;Jiw
bray;ghLfspYk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; bgw;wpUe;j nrhjplk;. ,d;W "hd
g{kp vd;W miHf;fg;gLk; ghujj;jpy; gyfpdkile;J fplg;gJ
fz;L kdk; nehFfpwJ/
,aw;if ghpfhu';fis filg;gpoj;jhYk; rhe;jp gUtj;jpy;
Twg;gLk; rj;jpaj;jpd; 13 mk;r';fis filg;gpj;jhYk; kdpjh;fs;
j';fs; CH;tpid Jd;g';fspy; ,Ue;J eP';fp nghpd;g gaid
mila nrhjplh;fs; tHp fhl;l ntz;Lk;/
,jd; yk; cyfk; rhe;jp bgwt[k;. Nrhjpl rh!;jpuk; tsh;r;rp
bgwt[k;. nrhjpl mwp"h;fs; Kaw;rp bra;a ntz;Lk; vd ntz;o
tpUk;gp nfl;Lf; bfhs;fpnwd;/