The documents discuss various English grammar concepts: 1) Reported speech, also called indirect speech, is used to communicate what someone else said without using their exact words, often changing pronouns and verb tenses. 2) The past continuous tense indicates a longer action in the past was interrupted by a shorter action, usually in the simple past tense. 3) The simple present passive is formed with the subject followed by "is/are/am" and the past participle of the main verb, optionally followed by "by" and the agent. It is used for actions that occur regularly.

1. ¨

3. The present simple can have a future meaning when we talk
about timetables (for buses, trains or planes) or schedules
(for concerts, films or theatre).
• "What time does Simon's plane get in?"
• — "His plane gets in at five."
• "And what time does the film start?"
• — "It starts at seven, so he should get there in time."
The present simple has a future meaning when we use it to
talk about fixed plans.
• "When do you start work?"
• — "I usually start at nine, but on Thursday I start at ten."

5. We use future infinitve to express a sense of
instruction or necessity.
1. President Obama is to visit Burma next week. (
Active )
2. Humanitarian aids are to be airlifted to the
flooded Irrawaddy
region. ( Passive )
I hope you like it.
kind regards.

6. • Do you know the difference between an infinitive verb and a base
verb? Or, do you know when and how do you use infinitive verbs?
These questions, and their answers are the key to understanding the
uses of an infinitive verb.Basically, an infinitive verb is a verb with the
word “to” in front of it.
to be
to have
to hold
to sleep
to dream
When you use an infinitive verb, the “to” is a part of the verb. It is
not acting as a preposition in this case. And the verb is always just the
verb. It’s not conjugated in anyway – no -ed, no -ing, no -s on the end.
Sometimes you’ll see sentences like this:
She went from kissing him to slapping him in no time.

8. ‘Just’ is usually used only with the present perfect tense and it means ‘a short
time ago’.
I’ve just seen Susan coming out of the cinema.
Mike’s just called. Can you ring him back please?
Have you just taken my pen? Where has it gone?
Using the present perfect, we can define a period of time before now by
considering its duration, with for + a period of time, or by considering its starting
point, with since + a point in time. FOR and SINCE can also both be used with the
past perfect. SINCE can only be used with perfect tenses. FOR can also be used
with the simple past.

9. Present perfect with FOR
She has lived here for twenty years.
We have taught at this school for a long time.
Alice has been married forthree months.
They have been at the hotel for a week.
Present perfect with SINCE
She has lived here since 1980.
We have taught at this school since 1965.
Alice has been married since March 2nd.
They have been at the hotel since last Tuesday.

11. Reported Speech (also called Indirect Speech) is used to communicate
what someone else said, but without using the exact words. A few
changes are necessary; often a pronoun has to be changed and the verb
is usually moved back a tense, where possible.
EG: He said that he was going to come. (The person's exact words were
"I'm going to come.")

13. • There Were There Was: they are impersonal verb
phrases in the past, used the same concept as the
impersonal verb phrases in this with the difference
that are in the past.
Meaning:
There Was: There, There was.
There Were: There were, There were
As in the simple present will use 'There Was' when the
noun it accompanies is a singular count noun or an
uncountable and 'There Were' with accounting plural
nouns.
Composition: + There Was / Were + Complement.

15. Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was
interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple
Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in
time.
FORM
[was/were + present participle]
Examples:
You were studying when she called.
Were you studying when she called?
You were not studying when she called.

17. Although the passive voice is less common than the active voice, there
are several good reasons to sometimes use the passive. On this page we
look at how to construct the passive voice and when and why to use it.
(For a basic explanation of the difference between active and passive,
please see voice.)
How do we make the passive?
The basic structure of a passive clause is very simple:
subject + auxiliary verb
be + main verb
past participle + by + agent
optional

19. Forming Simple Present Passive
Affirmative Form Object + am / is / are + verb3 (past participle)
Question Form Am / Is / Are + Object + verb3 (past participle) ?
Something is done by someone regularly / everyday / as expected...
Active : The gardener waters the flowers every evening.
Passive: The flowers are watered by the gardener every evening.
Active : Helen doesn't drink anything in parties.
Passive: Nothing is drunk by Helen in parties.
Active : Who sells umbrellas?
Passive: Who are umbrellas sold by?
Active : My mother doesn't paint the walls.
Passive: The walls aren't painted by my mother.

20. http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/reported-speech.html
http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/pastcontinuous.html
http://www.grammarbank.com/simple-present-passive.html