Argument Essay Writing
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This document provides an overview of rhetoric and argument essays. It discusses the essential elements of an argument, including the claim, evidence, counterargument, and rebuttal. It notes that a successful argument depends on balancing these elements. The document then outlines the typical sections of an argument essay, including an introduction with a thesis, presenting the position agreed with and supported by evidence, presenting the opposing position and circumstances where it could be valid, rebutting the opposition's stance, and providing a conclusion. It also briefly introduces the concept of a consensual or Rogerian argument.
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Toulmin Model of Argument The twentieth-century British .docx
Toulmin Model of Argument:
The twentieth-century British philosopher Stephen Toulmin noticed that good, realistic arguments typically
will consist of six parts. He used these terms to describe the items.
Data: The facts or evidence used to prove the argument
Claim: The statement being argued (a thesis)
Warrants: The general, hypothetical (and often implicit) logical statements that serve as bridges between the
claim and the data.
Qualifiers: Statements that limit the strength of the argument or statements that propose the conditions under
which the argument is true.
Rebuttals: Counter-arguments or statements indicating circumstances when the general argument does not
hold true.
Backing: Statements that serve to support the warrants (i.e., arguments that don't necessarily prove the main
point being argued, but which do prove the warrants are true.)
Toulmin's diagram of arguments typically looks something like this example:
An argument written in this manner unfolds to reveal both the strengths and limits of the argument. This is as
it should be. No argument should pretend to be stronger than it is or apply further than it is meant to. The
point here isn't to "win" or "beat" all the counter-arguments; the point is to come as close to the truth or as
close to a realistic and feasible solution as we possibly can. Note that opening structure of "Data" leads to
"Claim with qualifiers" is similar to the structure of a thesis in the form of an enthymeme, in which [one
clause presenting a reason or evidence] leads to [another clause presenting an argument.]
Toulmin's model reminds us that arguments are generally expressed with qualifiers and rebuttals rather than
asserted as absolutes. This lets the reader know how to take the reasoning, how far it is meant to be applied,
and how general it is meant to be. Here is an example from John Gage's The Shape of Reason in which the
various parts of an argument are labeled:
Congress should ban animal research (Claim #1) because animals are tortured in experiments that
have no necessary benefit for humans such as the testing of cosmetics (Data). The well being of
animals is more important than the profits of the cosmetics industry (Warrant). Only congress has the
authority to make such a law (Warrant) because the corporations can simply move from state to state
to avoid legal penalties (Backing). Of course, this ban should not apply to medical research (Qualifier). A
law to ban all research would go too far (Rebuttal).
So, the law would probably (qualifier) have to be carefully written to define the kinds of research
intended (claim #2).
The Toulmin model is useful for analyzing an argument you are reading. That was Toulmin's original
purpose--the analysis of how arguments work. On the other hand, some students find it useful to use the
Toulmin model as a basis for structure and organization. We might organize our essay in the following
manner:
I. I ...
Arguments Essay
three arguments Essay
Rhetoric and Argument Essays
Fallacies To An Argument
Inductive Argument
Recommended
Toulmin Model of Argument The twentieth-century British .docx
Toulmin Model of Argument:
The twentieth-century British philosopher Stephen Toulmin noticed that good, realistic arguments typically
will consist of six parts. He used these terms to describe the items.
Data: The facts or evidence used to prove the argument
Claim: The statement being argued (a thesis)
Warrants: The general, hypothetical (and often implicit) logical statements that serve as bridges between the
claim and the data.
Qualifiers: Statements that limit the strength of the argument or statements that propose the conditions under
which the argument is true.
Rebuttals: Counter-arguments or statements indicating circumstances when the general argument does not
hold true.
Backing: Statements that serve to support the warrants (i.e., arguments that don't necessarily prove the main
point being argued, but which do prove the warrants are true.)
Toulmin's diagram of arguments typically looks something like this example:
An argument written in this manner unfolds to reveal both the strengths and limits of the argument. This is as
it should be. No argument should pretend to be stronger than it is or apply further than it is meant to. The
point here isn't to "win" or "beat" all the counter-arguments; the point is to come as close to the truth or as
close to a realistic and feasible solution as we possibly can. Note that opening structure of "Data" leads to
"Claim with qualifiers" is similar to the structure of a thesis in the form of an enthymeme, in which [one
clause presenting a reason or evidence] leads to [another clause presenting an argument.]
Toulmin's model reminds us that arguments are generally expressed with qualifiers and rebuttals rather than
asserted as absolutes. This lets the reader know how to take the reasoning, how far it is meant to be applied,
and how general it is meant to be. Here is an example from John Gage's The Shape of Reason in which the
various parts of an argument are labeled:
Congress should ban animal research (Claim #1) because animals are tortured in experiments that
have no necessary benefit for humans such as the testing of cosmetics (Data). The well being of
animals is more important than the profits of the cosmetics industry (Warrant). Only congress has the
authority to make such a law (Warrant) because the corporations can simply move from state to state
to avoid legal penalties (Backing). Of course, this ban should not apply to medical research (Qualifier). A
law to ban all research would go too far (Rebuttal).
So, the law would probably (qualifier) have to be carefully written to define the kinds of research
intended (claim #2).
The Toulmin model is useful for analyzing an argument you are reading. That was Toulmin's original
purpose--the analysis of how arguments work. On the other hand, some students find it useful to use the
Toulmin model as a basis for structure and organization. We might organize our essay in the following
manner:
I. I ...
Arguments Essay
three arguments Essay
Rhetoric and Argument Essays
Fallacies To An Argument
Inductive Argument
Classic Model for an ArgumentNo one structure fits all writt.docx
Classic Model for an Argument
No one structure fits all written arguments. However, most college courses require arguments that consist of the following elements. Below is a basic outline for an argumentative or persuasive essay. This is only one possible outline or organization. Always refer to your handbook for specifics.
I. Introductory Paragraph
o Your introductory paragraph sets the stage or the context for the position you are arguing for.
o This introduction should end with a thesis statement that provides your claim (what you are arguing for) and the reasons for your position on an issue.
A. Your thesis:
o states what your position on an issue is
o usually appears at the end of the introduction in a short essay
o should be clearly stated and often contains emphatic language (should, ought, must)
B. Sample Argumentative Thesis
o The production, sale, and possession of assault weapons for private citizens should be banned in the U.S.
II. Body of your Argument
A. Background Information
o This section of your paper gives the reader the basic information he or she needs to understand your position. This could be part of the introduction, but may work as its own section.
B. Reasons or Evidence to Support your Claim
o All evidence you present in this section should support your position. This is the heart of your essay. Generally, you begin with a general statement that you back up with specific details or examples. Depending on how long your argument is, you will need to devote one to two well-developed paragraphs to each reason/claim or type of evidence.
o Types of evidence include:
· first-hand examples and experiential knowledge on your topic (specific examples help your readers connect to your topic in a way they cannot with abstract ideas)
· Opinions from recognized authorities
· The tipsheet on the three logical appeals covers the types of evidence you can use in argumentation.
1.
Claim
: Keeping assault weapons out of private citizens’ hands can lower the increasing occurrences of barbaric public slayings
· Evidence:
o Jul 93 Law firm murders
o Columbine School Shootings
o University of Virginia incident
o How did these individuals gain access to weapons?
2.
Claim
: The ban on assault weapons is backed heavily by public opinion, major organizations, and even law enforcement.
· Evidence:
o 12% favor ban (Much 92 Timetable News)
o Organizational endorsements
o Nat'l Sherriff's Assoc./lntn'l Assoc. of Police Chiefs
3.
Claim
: The monetary and human costs incurred by crimes committed with assault weapons are too great to ignore.
· Evidence:
o 10,561 murders in 1990 by handguns
o Study of 131 injured patients’ medical expenses paid by public funds
III. Addressing the Opposite Side
o Any well-written argument must anticipate and address positions in opposition to the one being argued.
o Pointing out what your opposition is likely to say in response to your argument shows that you have thought criti.
Case Study 10.1 Introduction to the Case Study Introduction to.docx
Case Study / 10.1 Introduction to the Case Study
Introduction to the Case Study
This last chapter is different from the others. Instead of introducing a new area of critical thinking, it is a capstone activity in which you will apply the skills you've learned to one contemporary, controversial issue.
The topic for this case study is global climate change. Because it is beyond the scope of this course to thoroughly evaluate a complex scientific topic, you will not be expected to form a position or offer your opinion on this topic. Rather, the material in this chapter is presented for you to practice evaluating arguments, identifying fallacies, and questioning sources—with the hope that you will continue to apply these skills whenever you encounter material aimed to persuade.
This chapter won't present any new exposition. Instead, we provide some relevant review notes that have been excerpted from the earlier chapters. You can consult these notes if you need a refresher as you work through the final videos, articles, and questions in the course.
REVIEW NOTES
Arguments
To say that something is true is to make a claim. But to give reasons to believe that it is true is to make an argument. Thus all arguments consist of at least two parts:
1. premise – one or more reasons to support the claim
2. conclusion – the claim being supported
Common Fallacies
Fallacy:a type of flawed reasoning
1. Begging the question: fallacy where the argument relies on a premise that resembles the conclusion, depends on the conclusion, or is as controversial as the conclusion.
2. Appeal to popularity: fallacy where the arguer attempts to bolster his or her argument by mentioning that "everybody" (or a large group of people) shares the same belief, preference, or habit.
3. Post hoc ergo propter hoc: fallacy where the arguer assumes that because there is a correlation between two events (i.e., one preceded the other), then the first must have caused the second. The phrase is Latin for "after this, therefore because of this."
4. Appeal to ignorance: fallacy where the arguer claims that because something cannot be proven false, it must be true unless the opponent can disprove the conclusion.
5. Appeal to emotion: fallacy where the arguer tries to persuade the audience by arousing feelings such as pity, fear, patriotism, flattery, etc. in lieu of presenting rational arguments.
6. Unqualified authority: fallacy where the arguer tries to get people to agree by appealing to the reputation of someone who is not an expert in the field or otherwise qualified to prove that something is true.
7. Ad hominem: fallacy where the arguer attacks his or her opponent's personal characteristics, qualifications, or circumstances instead of the argument presented. The phrase is Latin for "to the man."
8. False dichotomy: fallacy where the arguer inaccurately portrays a circumstance as having a limited number of possible outcomes, thus setting up an either-or situation with the intent of prese ...
Writing the Persuasive Essay What is a persuasiveargum.docx
Writing the Persuasive Essay
What is a persuasive/argument essay?
In persuasive writing, a writer takes a position FOR or AGAINST an issue and writes to
convince the reader to believe or do something
Persuasive writing, also known as the argument essay, utilizes logic and reason to show that
one idea is more legitimate than another idea. It attempts to persuade a reader to adopt a
certain point of view or to take a particular action. The argument must always use sound
reasoning and solid evidence by stating facts, giving logical reasons, using examples, and
quoting experts.
When planning a persuasive essay, follow these steps
1. Choose your position. Which side of the issue or problem are you going to write about,
and what solution will you offer? Know the purpose of your essay.
2. Analyze your audience. Decide if your audience agrees with you, is neutral, or
disagrees with your position.
3. Research your topic. A persuasive essay must provide specific and convincing
evidence. Often it is necessary to go beyond your own knowledge and experience. You
might need to go to the library or interview people who are experts on your topic.
4. Structure your essay. Figure out what evidence you will include and in what order you
will present the evidence. Remember to consider your purpose, your audience, and
your topic.
The following criteria are essential to produce an effective argument
• Be well informed about your topic. To add to your knowledge of a topic, read
thoroughly about it, using legitimate sources. Take notes.
• Test your thesis. Your thesis, i.e., argument, must have two sides. It must be
debatable. If you can write down a thesis statement directly opposing your own, you
will ensure that your own argument is debatable.
• Disprove the opposing argument. Understand the opposite viewpoint of your position
and then counter it by providing contrasting evidence or by finding mistakes and
inconsistencies in the logic of the opposing argument.
• Support your position with evidence. Remember that your evidence must appeal to
reason.
Parts of the Persuasive Essay
1. The Introduction
The introduction has a "hook or grabber" to catch the reader's attention. Some
"grabbers" include:
1. Opening with an unusual detail: (Manitoba, because of its cold climate, is not thought of as
a great place to be a reptile. Actually, it has the largest seasonal congregation of garter
snakes in the world!)
2. Opening with a strong statement: (Cigarettes are the number one cause of lighter sales in
Canada!)
3. Opening with a Quotation: (Elbert Hubbard once said , "Truth is stronger than fiction.")
4. Opening with an Anecdote: An anecdote can provide an amusing and attention-getting
opening if it is short and to the point.
5. Opening with a Statistic or Fact: Sometimes a statistic or fact will add emphasis or interest
to your topic. It may be wise to include the item's .
35806 Topic AbortionNumber of Pages 5 (Double Spaced)Num.docx
35806 Topic: Abortion
Number of Pages: 5 (Double Spaced)
Number of sources: 3
Writing Style: APA
Type of document: Essay
Academic Level:Undergraduate
Category: Philosophy
Language Style: English (U.S.)
Order Instructions:
Week 5 - Final Paper
Ethical Reasoning
[WLO: 3] [CLOs: 1, 2, 3, 4]
Please read these assignment instructions before writing your paper as they contain very precise and specific instructions on both the content and format requirements. You should download the provided outlinePreview the document and use that to structure your paper, and consult the assignment guidancePreview the document and modeled examplePreview the document for additional help. Finally, before submitting your assignment please use the checklistPreview the document to ensure that you have completed all of the requirements.
Overview
This course has three written assignments that build upon one another and are designed to take you step-by-step through a process of writing a paper that identifies an ethical question, examines the context, issues, and arguments surrounding the question, and attempts to defend an answer to that question using strong moral reasoning.
In the Week 1 assignment, “Ethical Question,” you chose an ethical question, provided an introduction, a position statement and supporting reason, and an opposing position statement and supporting reason.
In the Week 3 assignment, “Applying an Ethical Theory,” you explained utilitarianism, deontology, or virtue ethics, including its core moral principle or ideal, and applied that theory to the topic by demonstrating how its principles would support a particular position on your ethical question.
In this final written assignment, you will combine what you have done in these two exercises by examining an ethical issue and defending your own position on an ethical question regarding that issue.
This final written assignment should be written in essay form with the following clearly labeled sections:
Introduction
Ethical Argument
Explanation and Defense
Objection and Response
Conclusion
The paper should be between 1,300 and 1,500 words, utilize three scholarly resources, and include a title page and reference page.
Part 1: Introduction
In this section of the paper, you will begin with your ethical question, introduce the topic and paper, and close with a thesis statement.
The ethical question may be the same as your Week 3 written assignment (“Applying an Ethical Theory”) or a revised version of it.
The introduction should be revised in a way that reflects your additional thinking on the issue and question.
End this section with a thesis statement that states your position on the issue (the answer to the ethical question you believe is strongest) and provides a brief summary of the main ideas you will be presenting in the paper. Please see the assignment guidance for examples of thesis statements.
Place the introduction under the Part 1: Introduction heading.
Part 2: E.
Argument structure The Aristotelian argument The Ar
Argument structure: The Aristotelian argument
The Aristotelian argument is the framework upon which most academic, thesis-driven
writing is based. You can use this template any time you need to take a position on a
topic.* Before getting started, make sure that your thesis is argumentative and non-
obvious. When determining how to support your thesis, try to group all of your
supporting evidence into distinct piles which have thematic similarities. Finally, develop
each claim in its own section of text, making sure that each point is proportionate to the
others. The back of this handout contains a template you can use to get started.
1. Start broad and contextualizes the argument (e.g. Why
is your topic relevant to the course content?).
2. End with a specific argumentative claim--your thesis
(e.g. “In Augustine’s Confessions, we find many personal
dilemmas still relevant to modern life.”). You may also
opt to preview the progression of your argument (e.g. “In
Augustine’s Confessions, we find many personal
dilemmas still relevant to modern culture, evidenced by
his greed, his theological experimentation, and his sense
of despair when faced with personal loss.”)
3. Start each body paragraph with a distinct topic
sentence; this tells the reader how the paragraph
functions in the context of the argument (e.g. “One way
in which Augustine’s confessions are still relevant to
modern society is his greed, shown in his willingness to
steal the pears despite being well-fed and otherwise
content”).
4. Each paragraph should have distinct content based on
some organizational principle (e.g. ethics, history,
financial, legal, biblical, thematic (as in this example),
etc.)
5. If your thesis is controversial, you may also opt to
include a concession. This acknowledges a typical
argument your opposition would present to you (e.g.
“However, some theologians have claimed that the
realities of the modern world have made Augustine less
relevant to modern theological dilemmas. One example
is Dr. NoName, who states…”).
6. Immediately following, and in about as much space,
refute the opposition using evidence which undermines
their criticism.
7. Conclude and broaden the scope of your argument,
and this time, contextualize it in terms of relevance to
your audience and society.
*The example above is for illustration only.
Placement of the thesis my vary; the number of
points (and paragraphs composing them) can change.
The Center for Writing
3 Bockman Hall
651.641.3465
www.luthersem.edu/writing
Context & Relevance:
Concession:
Refutation:
Topic Sentence 3:
Supporting claims:
Topic Sentence 2:
Supporting claims:
Topic Sentence 1:
Supporting claims:
Relevance & Context:
Thesis:
marci
Note
Note: This template lacks a Background Section. This section answers the questions: (1) Why is this a problem?; (2) What are the origins/causes of the problem?Aristoteli ...
How to use this template To use this template, replace the inst.docx
How to use this template:
To use this template, replace the instructions written in italic font with your own discussion text. Be sure to proofread your work and check it for completeness and accuracy. Delete any extra text/instructions/references that do not apply to your post. Then, copy your work and paste it into the discussion window in class.Week 1, Discussion 1: Initial Post
My personal communication style is…(Here, you should talk about the “reflect” part of the prompt. You can share your personal verbal style, writing style, and any concerns you have about your ability to develop a truly academic argument in this class.)
I have learned that an academic argument is…(Here, you should describe an academic argument in your own words, based upon the items you read in preparation for this discussion. Remember to describe the four basic elements of an argument.)
A recent argument that I experienced was…(Or, if you do not wish to outline an argument from your personal experience, describe the argument presented in the sample paper. Be sure to identify the four basic elements of the argument, whether analyzing one from your experience or the student paper.)
After reading the course materials, I have questions about…(Be sure to clearly state any questions or confusion you have regarding rhetoric, argument, or styles of argument. Your classmates can help you find the answers throughout the week.)
References
(If you reference the textbook, instructor guidance, or handout – which you should – be sure to cite them in-text and add the references to the end of your post. We are learning to master APA style in this class and this is a perfect opportunity to begin your practice. Remember: only items cited in-text should be listed as a reference. For more information: https://awc.ashford.edu/cd-in-text-citation-guide.html & https://awc.ashford.edu/cd-apa-reference-models.html)
Drown, E., & Sole, K. (2013). Writing college research papers (2nd ed.). San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.
Flag Burning. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://cdmsmedia.bridgepointeducation.com/MediaService/MediaService.svc/constellation/book/AUWC.12.4/%7Bhandouts%7Da.8_sample_argument_paper.pdf
Garten, A. (n.d.). ENG122 week 1 Instructor guidance [Course materials].
Garten, A., & Wilson, J. (2014). An Introduction to Argument [PDF]. College of Liberal Arts, Ashford University, San Diego, CA.
ENG122: Composition II
An Introduction to Argument
P a g e | 1
English 122: Composition II
An Introduction to Argument
Argument and Rhetoric
An argument can take many forms. An academic argument, at its root, a method for
communicating a singular position with evidence, logic, and persuasion. There are essential
elements to all valid arguments, though they may take different forms.
1. Claim
2. Evidence
3. Counterargument
4. Rebuttal
A successful argument depends upon the delicate balance
between these elements. Imagine a teeter-totter at the
playground. The ...
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Classic Model for an ArgumentNo one structure fits all writt.docx
Classic Model for an Argument
No one structure fits all written arguments. However, most college courses require arguments that consist of the following elements. Below is a basic outline for an argumentative or persuasive essay. This is only one possible outline or organization. Always refer to your handbook for specifics.
I. Introductory Paragraph
o Your introductory paragraph sets the stage or the context for the position you are arguing for.
o This introduction should end with a thesis statement that provides your claim (what you are arguing for) and the reasons for your position on an issue.
A. Your thesis:
o states what your position on an issue is
o usually appears at the end of the introduction in a short essay
o should be clearly stated and often contains emphatic language (should, ought, must)
B. Sample Argumentative Thesis
o The production, sale, and possession of assault weapons for private citizens should be banned in the U.S.
II. Body of your Argument
A. Background Information
o This section of your paper gives the reader the basic information he or she needs to understand your position. This could be part of the introduction, but may work as its own section.
B. Reasons or Evidence to Support your Claim
o All evidence you present in this section should support your position. This is the heart of your essay. Generally, you begin with a general statement that you back up with specific details or examples. Depending on how long your argument is, you will need to devote one to two well-developed paragraphs to each reason/claim or type of evidence.
o Types of evidence include:
· first-hand examples and experiential knowledge on your topic (specific examples help your readers connect to your topic in a way they cannot with abstract ideas)
· Opinions from recognized authorities
· The tipsheet on the three logical appeals covers the types of evidence you can use in argumentation.
1.
Claim
: Keeping assault weapons out of private citizens’ hands can lower the increasing occurrences of barbaric public slayings
· Evidence:
o Jul 93 Law firm murders
o Columbine School Shootings
o University of Virginia incident
o How did these individuals gain access to weapons?
2.
Claim
: The ban on assault weapons is backed heavily by public opinion, major organizations, and even law enforcement.
· Evidence:
o 12% favor ban (Much 92 Timetable News)
o Organizational endorsements
o Nat'l Sherriff's Assoc./lntn'l Assoc. of Police Chiefs
3.
Claim
: The monetary and human costs incurred by crimes committed with assault weapons are too great to ignore.
· Evidence:
o 10,561 murders in 1990 by handguns
o Study of 131 injured patients’ medical expenses paid by public funds
III. Addressing the Opposite Side
o Any well-written argument must anticipate and address positions in opposition to the one being argued.
o Pointing out what your opposition is likely to say in response to your argument shows that you have thought criti.
Case Study 10.1 Introduction to the Case Study Introduction to.docx
Case Study / 10.1 Introduction to the Case Study
Introduction to the Case Study
This last chapter is different from the others. Instead of introducing a new area of critical thinking, it is a capstone activity in which you will apply the skills you've learned to one contemporary, controversial issue.
The topic for this case study is global climate change. Because it is beyond the scope of this course to thoroughly evaluate a complex scientific topic, you will not be expected to form a position or offer your opinion on this topic. Rather, the material in this chapter is presented for you to practice evaluating arguments, identifying fallacies, and questioning sources—with the hope that you will continue to apply these skills whenever you encounter material aimed to persuade.
This chapter won't present any new exposition. Instead, we provide some relevant review notes that have been excerpted from the earlier chapters. You can consult these notes if you need a refresher as you work through the final videos, articles, and questions in the course.
REVIEW NOTES
Arguments
To say that something is true is to make a claim. But to give reasons to believe that it is true is to make an argument. Thus all arguments consist of at least two parts:
1. premise – one or more reasons to support the claim
2. conclusion – the claim being supported
Common Fallacies
Fallacy:a type of flawed reasoning
1. Begging the question: fallacy where the argument relies on a premise that resembles the conclusion, depends on the conclusion, or is as controversial as the conclusion.
2. Appeal to popularity: fallacy where the arguer attempts to bolster his or her argument by mentioning that "everybody" (or a large group of people) shares the same belief, preference, or habit.
3. Post hoc ergo propter hoc: fallacy where the arguer assumes that because there is a correlation between two events (i.e., one preceded the other), then the first must have caused the second. The phrase is Latin for "after this, therefore because of this."
4. Appeal to ignorance: fallacy where the arguer claims that because something cannot be proven false, it must be true unless the opponent can disprove the conclusion.
5. Appeal to emotion: fallacy where the arguer tries to persuade the audience by arousing feelings such as pity, fear, patriotism, flattery, etc. in lieu of presenting rational arguments.
6. Unqualified authority: fallacy where the arguer tries to get people to agree by appealing to the reputation of someone who is not an expert in the field or otherwise qualified to prove that something is true.
7. Ad hominem: fallacy where the arguer attacks his or her opponent's personal characteristics, qualifications, or circumstances instead of the argument presented. The phrase is Latin for "to the man."
8. False dichotomy: fallacy where the arguer inaccurately portrays a circumstance as having a limited number of possible outcomes, thus setting up an either-or situation with the intent of prese ...
Writing the Persuasive Essay What is a persuasiveargum.docx
Writing the Persuasive Essay
What is a persuasive/argument essay?
In persuasive writing, a writer takes a position FOR or AGAINST an issue and writes to
convince the reader to believe or do something
Persuasive writing, also known as the argument essay, utilizes logic and reason to show that
one idea is more legitimate than another idea. It attempts to persuade a reader to adopt a
certain point of view or to take a particular action. The argument must always use sound
reasoning and solid evidence by stating facts, giving logical reasons, using examples, and
quoting experts.
When planning a persuasive essay, follow these steps
1. Choose your position. Which side of the issue or problem are you going to write about,
and what solution will you offer? Know the purpose of your essay.
2. Analyze your audience. Decide if your audience agrees with you, is neutral, or
disagrees with your position.
3. Research your topic. A persuasive essay must provide specific and convincing
evidence. Often it is necessary to go beyond your own knowledge and experience. You
might need to go to the library or interview people who are experts on your topic.
4. Structure your essay. Figure out what evidence you will include and in what order you
will present the evidence. Remember to consider your purpose, your audience, and
your topic.
The following criteria are essential to produce an effective argument
• Be well informed about your topic. To add to your knowledge of a topic, read
thoroughly about it, using legitimate sources. Take notes.
• Test your thesis. Your thesis, i.e., argument, must have two sides. It must be
debatable. If you can write down a thesis statement directly opposing your own, you
will ensure that your own argument is debatable.
• Disprove the opposing argument. Understand the opposite viewpoint of your position
and then counter it by providing contrasting evidence or by finding mistakes and
inconsistencies in the logic of the opposing argument.
• Support your position with evidence. Remember that your evidence must appeal to
reason.
Parts of the Persuasive Essay
1. The Introduction
The introduction has a "hook or grabber" to catch the reader's attention. Some
"grabbers" include:
1. Opening with an unusual detail: (Manitoba, because of its cold climate, is not thought of as
a great place to be a reptile. Actually, it has the largest seasonal congregation of garter
snakes in the world!)
2. Opening with a strong statement: (Cigarettes are the number one cause of lighter sales in
Canada!)
3. Opening with a Quotation: (Elbert Hubbard once said , "Truth is stronger than fiction.")
4. Opening with an Anecdote: An anecdote can provide an amusing and attention-getting
opening if it is short and to the point.
5. Opening with a Statistic or Fact: Sometimes a statistic or fact will add emphasis or interest
to your topic. It may be wise to include the item's .
35806 Topic AbortionNumber of Pages 5 (Double Spaced)Num.docx
35806 Topic: Abortion
Number of Pages: 5 (Double Spaced)
Number of sources: 3
Writing Style: APA
Type of document: Essay
Academic Level:Undergraduate
Category: Philosophy
Language Style: English (U.S.)
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Week 5 - Final Paper
Ethical Reasoning
[WLO: 3] [CLOs: 1, 2, 3, 4]
Please read these assignment instructions before writing your paper as they contain very precise and specific instructions on both the content and format requirements. You should download the provided outlinePreview the document and use that to structure your paper, and consult the assignment guidancePreview the document and modeled examplePreview the document for additional help. Finally, before submitting your assignment please use the checklistPreview the document to ensure that you have completed all of the requirements.
Overview
This course has three written assignments that build upon one another and are designed to take you step-by-step through a process of writing a paper that identifies an ethical question, examines the context, issues, and arguments surrounding the question, and attempts to defend an answer to that question using strong moral reasoning.
In the Week 1 assignment, “Ethical Question,” you chose an ethical question, provided an introduction, a position statement and supporting reason, and an opposing position statement and supporting reason.
In the Week 3 assignment, “Applying an Ethical Theory,” you explained utilitarianism, deontology, or virtue ethics, including its core moral principle or ideal, and applied that theory to the topic by demonstrating how its principles would support a particular position on your ethical question.
In this final written assignment, you will combine what you have done in these two exercises by examining an ethical issue and defending your own position on an ethical question regarding that issue.
This final written assignment should be written in essay form with the following clearly labeled sections:
Introduction
Ethical Argument
Explanation and Defense
Objection and Response
Conclusion
The paper should be between 1,300 and 1,500 words, utilize three scholarly resources, and include a title page and reference page.
Part 1: Introduction
In this section of the paper, you will begin with your ethical question, introduce the topic and paper, and close with a thesis statement.
The ethical question may be the same as your Week 3 written assignment (“Applying an Ethical Theory”) or a revised version of it.
The introduction should be revised in a way that reflects your additional thinking on the issue and question.
End this section with a thesis statement that states your position on the issue (the answer to the ethical question you believe is strongest) and provides a brief summary of the main ideas you will be presenting in the paper. Please see the assignment guidance for examples of thesis statements.
Place the introduction under the Part 1: Introduction heading.
Part 2: E.
Argument structure The Aristotelian argument The Ar
Argument structure: The Aristotelian argument
The Aristotelian argument is the framework upon which most academic, thesis-driven
writing is based. You can use this template any time you need to take a position on a
topic.* Before getting started, make sure that your thesis is argumentative and non-
obvious. When determining how to support your thesis, try to group all of your
supporting evidence into distinct piles which have thematic similarities. Finally, develop
each claim in its own section of text, making sure that each point is proportionate to the
others. The back of this handout contains a template you can use to get started.
1. Start broad and contextualizes the argument (e.g. Why
is your topic relevant to the course content?).
2. End with a specific argumentative claim--your thesis
(e.g. “In Augustine’s Confessions, we find many personal
dilemmas still relevant to modern life.”). You may also
opt to preview the progression of your argument (e.g. “In
Augustine’s Confessions, we find many personal
dilemmas still relevant to modern culture, evidenced by
his greed, his theological experimentation, and his sense
of despair when faced with personal loss.”)
3. Start each body paragraph with a distinct topic
sentence; this tells the reader how the paragraph
functions in the context of the argument (e.g. “One way
in which Augustine’s confessions are still relevant to
modern society is his greed, shown in his willingness to
steal the pears despite being well-fed and otherwise
content”).
4. Each paragraph should have distinct content based on
some organizational principle (e.g. ethics, history,
financial, legal, biblical, thematic (as in this example),
etc.)
5. If your thesis is controversial, you may also opt to
include a concession. This acknowledges a typical
argument your opposition would present to you (e.g.
“However, some theologians have claimed that the
realities of the modern world have made Augustine less
relevant to modern theological dilemmas. One example
is Dr. NoName, who states…”).
6. Immediately following, and in about as much space,
refute the opposition using evidence which undermines
their criticism.
7. Conclude and broaden the scope of your argument,
and this time, contextualize it in terms of relevance to
your audience and society.
*The example above is for illustration only.
Placement of the thesis my vary; the number of
points (and paragraphs composing them) can change.
The Center for Writing
3 Bockman Hall
651.641.3465
www.luthersem.edu/writing
Context & Relevance:
Concession:
Refutation:
Topic Sentence 3:
Supporting claims:
Topic Sentence 2:
Supporting claims:
Topic Sentence 1:
Supporting claims:
Relevance & Context:
Thesis:
marci
Note
Note: This template lacks a Background Section. This section answers the questions: (1) Why is this a problem?; (2) What are the origins/causes of the problem?Aristoteli ...
How to use this template To use this template, replace the inst.docx
How to use this template:
To use this template, replace the instructions written in italic font with your own discussion text. Be sure to proofread your work and check it for completeness and accuracy. Delete any extra text/instructions/references that do not apply to your post. Then, copy your work and paste it into the discussion window in class.Week 1, Discussion 1: Initial Post
My personal communication style is…(Here, you should talk about the “reflect” part of the prompt. You can share your personal verbal style, writing style, and any concerns you have about your ability to develop a truly academic argument in this class.)
I have learned that an academic argument is…(Here, you should describe an academic argument in your own words, based upon the items you read in preparation for this discussion. Remember to describe the four basic elements of an argument.)
A recent argument that I experienced was…(Or, if you do not wish to outline an argument from your personal experience, describe the argument presented in the sample paper. Be sure to identify the four basic elements of the argument, whether analyzing one from your experience or the student paper.)
After reading the course materials, I have questions about…(Be sure to clearly state any questions or confusion you have regarding rhetoric, argument, or styles of argument. Your classmates can help you find the answers throughout the week.)
References
(If you reference the textbook, instructor guidance, or handout – which you should – be sure to cite them in-text and add the references to the end of your post. We are learning to master APA style in this class and this is a perfect opportunity to begin your practice. Remember: only items cited in-text should be listed as a reference. For more information: https://awc.ashford.edu/cd-in-text-citation-guide.html & https://awc.ashford.edu/cd-apa-reference-models.html)
Drown, E., & Sole, K. (2013). Writing college research papers (2nd ed.). San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.
Flag Burning. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://cdmsmedia.bridgepointeducation.com/MediaService/MediaService.svc/constellation/book/AUWC.12.4/%7Bhandouts%7Da.8_sample_argument_paper.pdf
Garten, A. (n.d.). ENG122 week 1 Instructor guidance [Course materials].
Garten, A., & Wilson, J. (2014). An Introduction to Argument [PDF]. College of Liberal Arts, Ashford University, San Diego, CA.
ENG122: Composition II
An Introduction to Argument
P a g e | 1
English 122: Composition II
An Introduction to Argument
Argument and Rhetoric
An argument can take many forms. An academic argument, at its root, a method for
communicating a singular position with evidence, logic, and persuasion. There are essential
elements to all valid arguments, though they may take different forms.
1. Claim
2. Evidence
3. Counterargument
4. Rebuttal
A successful argument depends upon the delicate balance
between these elements. Imagine a teeter-totter at the
playground. The ...
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Argument Essay Writing
- 1. Rhetoric and Argument Essays ENG122: Composition II An Introduction to Argument English 122: Composition II An Introduction to Argument Argument and Rhetoric An argument can take many forms. It is, at its root, a method for communicating a singular position with evidence, logic, and persuasion. There are essential elements to all valid arguments, though they may take different forms. 1. Claim 2. Evidence 3. Counterargument 4. Rebuttal A successful argument depends upon the delicate balance between these elements. Imagine a teeter–totter at the playground. The claim is the basis of the argument, much like the base of the teeter–totter. A big opposing viewpoint, called the counterargument, is constantly pushing down on one side or the other. Balance can only be...show more content... Section One: Introduction and Thesis–Your introduction should describe the rhetorical situation and give a clear forecast of the material you will cover in your essay. Your thesis statement should make a clear, limited, descriptive assertion and explain why your stance matters. Example: Failure to pass the recent gun law is a bad move for public safety because inexperienced, mentally ill, and unethical people will continue to have access to firearms. Section Two: Present the position that you most agree with. Then, give ample evidence to support why you hold this view. (Do not use first–person. Use third–person narrative). Section Three: Present the position that you most disagree with. Then, validate the perspective with a circumstance or situation in which that viewpoint could or might be correct. Section Four: While remaining non–offensive in language and style, provide a rebuttal of the opposition's stance by pointing out its fallacies or lack of logos and ethos. Section Five: Conclusion–Provide a sound but brief explanation of your argument and further direction for your reader. Page |2 ENG122: Composition II An Introduction to Argument Consensual (Rogerian) Argument The consensual or Rogerian method is based on the Get more content on HelpWriting.net