The document discusses different levels of linguistic variation between dialects of English, including lexical, phonological, grammatical, and pragmatic differences. It also addresses the concepts of dialect code switching and hypercorrection, where speakers adjust their language use depending on social context and audience. Hypercorrection occurs when speakers extend linguistic structures beyond their regular boundaries in an attempt to appear more standard.

1. Levels of Dialects Pascual Soto Universidad de Santiago de Chile Facultad de Humanidades Paradigmas Lingüísticos

3. - Shared words whose semantic reference has become more restricted or expanded for different groups of speakers. E.g. Along the New Jersey coast, a person takes a vacation at the shore , while a person from Maryland and the Carolinas goes to the beach.

4. - English words that have narrowed or broadened the semantic range of an item. E.g. Holiday (once referred only to religious 'holy days' expanded to any day of freedom from labour, and in some cases any vacation, as in, I was on holiday for a month. - When a particular semantic feature of a lexical item is extrapolated and applied to a new class items. E.g. The term submarine for a particular type of sandwich

7. - Slang also relates to its role as a special kind of synonym. E.g. Kick the bucket for die , wus for coward, or bumpin' for good.

9. High vowels Front of [i] (beet) [u] (boot) Back of mouth mouth [ɪ] (bit) [U] (put) [e] (bait) [o] (boat) [ɜ] (bet) [ə] (about) Front [ʌ] (but) Front vowels [æ] (bat) [ɔ] (bought) vowels [a] (father) Low vowels

10. - Phonetic rotation in vowels, known as chain shifting, i.e. the lowering of a vowel like the [ɔ] in bought closer to that of the [a] in father may have the effect of moving the vowel of words like pop forward, closer to the [æ] of bat. This movement, in turn, may cause the vowel of bat to change its phonetic position, moving closer to the [ɜ] of bet. The point is that vowels are not functioning as independent units, but as a rotating system. [æ] [ɔ] [a]

11. - The tendency to combine different vowels within a single vowel phoneme by gliding from one vowel into another. E.g. By /baɪ/, where the glide is reduced or eliminated in some southern varieties, resulting in /ba/ - In some cases, contrasts between distinctive sound units, or phonemes, may be neutralized, or merged, in one dialect while maintained in another. E.g. Caught and Cot.

12. - Differences between consonants may be neutralized. E.g. 'g-dropping', in southern dialects the sounds /z/ and /θ/becomes /d/ before a nasal, like in wadn't and dose. And the vernacular neutralization between f and th , e.g. Ruth and roof, both /ruf/. - Consonant clusters. Clusters in items like west /st/, find /nd/, act /kt/, and cold /ld/, are reduced to a single consonant as in wes' /s/ and col' /l/.

15. - Syntax Variations in how word classes are organized. Verb auxiliaries are a major source of difference in the varieties of English. E.g. Completive done , as in He done forgot about work, habitual be , as in Sometimes my ears be itching, and counterfactual liketa as in I liketa died, when I found out it was you. Double modals, found in southern varieties, e.g. She might could finish it. - Agreement or concord, e.g. She don't like it here. - Double negative, e.g. She didn't have no money.

18. DIALECTS AND STYLE

24. - Audience design model (speakers adjust their speech primarily on the basis of the attributes of people in the speech audience.

25. Dialect code switching - Involves changing distinct sets of linguistic structures.

26. Common English Forms Standard dialect Vernacular dialect Feature 1 Feature 2 Feature 3 Feature 4

29. - Statistical hypercorrection (the structural placement of forms follows a common, shared rule, but the relative frequency of the forms quantitatively exceeds the norms of the target group.

30. 80 60 40 20 0 A B C D Style

32. - When speakers tend to use 'big' words in less formal occasions, deliberately seeming to avoid a more common synonym, it could be considered a kind of lexical hypercorrection.