This is a presentation to get familiarized with arduino programming syntax

2. Overview
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on
the ATmega328 . It has:
• 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM
outputs),
• 6 analog inputs,
• a 16 MHz ceramic resonator,
•a USB connection, a power jack,
•an ICSP header,
• and a reset button.

3. Overview
It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with
a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or
battery to get started.

4. Arduino Uno

5. Power Supply
Arduino works on 5V. There are basically two ways to give supply to
arduino:
1 Using USB cable. The cable can be connected with USB port of
the laptop. This way it directly gets +5V.
2 Using DC jack : The DC jack can be connected with a battery
(supply voltage should not exceed 12V). 7805 IC is inbuilt which
supplies the board with 5V.
3 There is a Vin pin on the board, through which we can give dc
supply. (But the use of this pin should be avoided, because sometimes
it causes damage to the board).

6. Settings: Tools  Board

7. Settings: Tools  Serial Port

8. Introduction to Programming Syntax

9. Setup()
Setup function is used once when your program starts. It is used to set
up baud rate and initialize pins as input or output pins
#define op1 6
int pwm1 = 20
int pwm2 = 100
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(op1,OUTPUT);
pinMode(4,INPUT);
}

10. Comments, Comments, Comments
• Comments are for you – the programmer and your
friends…or anyone else human that might read your code.
• // this is for single line comments
• // it’s good to put a description at
the top and before anything ‘tricky’
• /* this is for multi-line comments
• Like this…
• And this….
• */

11. Loop()
As the name suggests, code written inside loop will continue to
execute.
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(13,HGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(13,LOW);
Delay(2000);
}

12. Data Types
Void short
Boolean float
Char double
Unsigned char string
Byte array
Int Unsigned int
Word Long
Unsigned long

13. Control Structures
If if..else
For switch case
While do..while
Break continue
Return goto

14. Comparison Operators
==
<
>
<=
>=
!=

15. Boolean Operators
&&
||
!

16. Let’s begin with programming!
void setup() {
// initialize the digital pin as an output.
// Pin 13 has an LED connected on most Arduino boards:
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(13, HIGH); // set the LED on
delay(1000); // wait for a second
digitalWrite(13, LOW); // set the LED off
delay(1000); // wait for a second
}

17. PMW Pins
• Command:
analogWrite(pin,value)
• value is duty cycle:
between 0 and 255
• Examples:
analogWrite(9, 128)
for a 50% duty cycle
analogWrite(11, 64)
for a 25% duty cycle
Image from Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces at UC Berkley

18. PWM + for loop
int ledPin = 9; // LED connected to digital pin 9
void setup() {
}
void loop() {
for(int fadeValue = 0 ; fadeValue <= 255; fadeValue +=5) {
analogWrite(ledPin, fadeValue);
delay(30);
}
for(int fadeValue = 255 ; fadeValue >= 0; fadeValue -=5) {
analogWrite(ledPin, fadeValue);
delay(30);
}
}

19. Printing on the serial monitor
int x = 10;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
Serial.println(“X=“);
Serial.println(x);
}

20. Some other frequently used functions
digitalRead()
Reads the value from a specified digital pin,
either HIGH or LOW.
Syntax: digitalRead(pin)
Returns
HIGH or LOW

21. Example
int ledPin = 13; // LED connected to digital pin 13
int inPin = 7; // pushbutton connected to digital pin 7
int val = 0; // variable to store the read value
void setup()
{
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // sets the digital pin 13 as output
pinMode(inPin, INPUT); // sets the digital pin 7 as input
}
void loop()
{
val = digitalRead(inPin); // read the input pin
digitalWrite(ledPin, val); // sets the LED to the button's value
}

22. analogRead()
Description
Reads the value from the specified analog pin. The Arduino board
contains a 6 channel (8 channels on the Mini and Nano, 16 on the
Mega), 10-bit analog to digital converter. This means that it will
map input voltages between 0 and 5 volts into integer values
between 0 and 1023. This yields a resolution between readings of:
5 volts / 1024 units or, .0049 volts (4.9 mV) per unit. The input
range and resolution can be changed using analogReference().
It takes about 100 microseconds (0.0001 s) to read an analog input,
so the maximum reading rate is about 10,000 times a second.
Syntax
analogRead(pin)

23. Example
int analogPin = A3; // potentiometer wiper (middle terminal) connected to
analog pin 3
// outside leads to ground and +5V
int val = 0; // variable to store the value read
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); // setup serial
}
void loop()
{
val = analogRead(analogPin); // read the input pin
Serial.println(val); // debug value
}

24. pulseIn()
Description : Reads a pulse (either HIGH or LOW) on a
pin. For example, if value is HIGH, pulseIn() waits for
the pin to go HIGH, starts timing, then waits for the pin to
go LOW and stops timing. Returns the length of the pulse in
microseconds. Gives up and returns 0 if no pulse starts
within a specified time out.
The timing of this function has been determined empirically
and will probably show errors in longer pulses. Works on
pulses from 10 microseconds to 3 minutes in length.

25. Syntax
pulseIn(pin, value)
pulseIn(pin, value, timeout)
Parameters
pin: the number of the pin on which you want to read
the pulse. (int)
value: type of pulse to read: either HIGH or LOW. (int)
timeout (optional): the number of microseconds to wait
for the pulse to start; default is one second (unsigned
long)
Returns
the length of the pulse (in microseconds) or 0 if no
pulse started before the timeout (unsigned long)

26. Example:
int pin = 7;
unsigned long duration;
void setup() {
pinMode(pin, INPUT);
}
void loop()
{
duration = pulseIn(pin, HIGH);
}

27. To explore many other functions
that can be used..
Visit
http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/Ho
mePage

28. Thank
You.