Here are the key points about using games as a research method for data gathering:
- Games can be used as an interactive way for respondents to express themselves and provide information.
- One example is Wilson's "Neighborhood Game" where respondents make a series of linked choices to indicate preferences or opinions. The choices they make provide data.
- Games make the research process more engaging for respondents. They are less overtly like a formal questionnaire.
- By making choices in a game-like scenario, respondents may feel more comfortable sharing opinions compared to directly answering questions.
- The structured nature of games still allows researchers to systematically gather standardized data from responses that can be quantified and compared.
So in summary,
Literature Review (Review of Related Literature - Research Methodology)Dilip Barad
Literature Review or Review of Related Literature is one of the most vital stages in any research. This presentation attempts to throw some light on the process and important aspects of literature review.
Literature Review (Review of Related Literature - Research Methodology)Dilip Barad
Literature Review or Review of Related Literature is one of the most vital stages in any research. This presentation attempts to throw some light on the process and important aspects of literature review.
Here is an in-depth presentation that overviews twenty two (22) qualitative data methods that can be used in marketing research. For more great FREE resources, join us on facebook today at www.facebook.comb2bwhiteboard.
Or visit our website: www.b2bwhiteboard.com
Braun, Clarke & Hayfield Thematic Analysis Part 3Victoria Clarke
The third part of a four part lecture providing an introduction to thematic analysis and specifically the reflexive approach developed by Braun & Clarke.
Thematic analysis in qualitative research Explained with ExampleSufi Nouman Riaz
https://youtu.be/QNP4KkNFzu4
Thematic analysis is a technique of data analysis while conducting a qualitative study. Thematic analysis is the most recognized, adapted, and used approach to analyze qualitative data.
This video is made as per the illustrations and procedures explained in the Braun and Clarke (2006) research article on Thematic Analysis.
Have you just conducted a qualitative study involving:
Interviews
Focus Groups
Observations
Document or artifact analysis
Journal notes or reflections?
How to use this type of data?
Just as there are numerous statistical tests to run for quantitative data, there are just as many options for qualitative data analysis.
THEMATIC APPROACH
Most common forms of analysis in qualitative research. It emphasizes Pinpointing, Examining, Recording
Patterns (or "themes") within data.
Themes are patterns across data sets that are important to the description of a phenomenon and are associated to a specific research question.
Themes become categories for analysis
6 Phases of Coding
(Thematic Analysis)
1-Familiarization with data
2-Generating initial codes
3-Searching for themes among codes
4-Reviewing themes
5-Defining and naming themes
6-Producing the final report
Braun, Clarke & Hayfield Thematic Analysis Part 2Victoria Clarke
The second part of a four part lecture providing an introduction to thematic analysis and specifically the reflexive approach outlined by Braun and Clarke.
DATA COLLECTION AND FIELDWORK – WHAT TO EXPECT AND HOW TO OVERCOME DIFFICULTI...Samar Almossa
In this session, we will discuss: a) fieldwork essentials b) fieldwork preparation c) conducting fieldwork: what to expect and how to cope with unexpected challenges d) post fieldwork: blues, imposter syndrome, and getting back on track.
Here is an in-depth presentation that overviews twenty two (22) qualitative data methods that can be used in marketing research. For more great FREE resources, join us on facebook today at www.facebook.comb2bwhiteboard.
Or visit our website: www.b2bwhiteboard.com
Braun, Clarke & Hayfield Thematic Analysis Part 3Victoria Clarke
The third part of a four part lecture providing an introduction to thematic analysis and specifically the reflexive approach developed by Braun & Clarke.
Thematic analysis in qualitative research Explained with ExampleSufi Nouman Riaz
https://youtu.be/QNP4KkNFzu4
Thematic analysis is a technique of data analysis while conducting a qualitative study. Thematic analysis is the most recognized, adapted, and used approach to analyze qualitative data.
This video is made as per the illustrations and procedures explained in the Braun and Clarke (2006) research article on Thematic Analysis.
Have you just conducted a qualitative study involving:
Interviews
Focus Groups
Observations
Document or artifact analysis
Journal notes or reflections?
How to use this type of data?
Just as there are numerous statistical tests to run for quantitative data, there are just as many options for qualitative data analysis.
THEMATIC APPROACH
Most common forms of analysis in qualitative research. It emphasizes Pinpointing, Examining, Recording
Patterns (or "themes") within data.
Themes are patterns across data sets that are important to the description of a phenomenon and are associated to a specific research question.
Themes become categories for analysis
6 Phases of Coding
(Thematic Analysis)
1-Familiarization with data
2-Generating initial codes
3-Searching for themes among codes
4-Reviewing themes
5-Defining and naming themes
6-Producing the final report
Braun, Clarke & Hayfield Thematic Analysis Part 2Victoria Clarke
The second part of a four part lecture providing an introduction to thematic analysis and specifically the reflexive approach outlined by Braun and Clarke.
DATA COLLECTION AND FIELDWORK – WHAT TO EXPECT AND HOW TO OVERCOME DIFFICULTI...Samar Almossa
In this session, we will discuss: a) fieldwork essentials b) fieldwork preparation c) conducting fieldwork: what to expect and how to cope with unexpected challenges d) post fieldwork: blues, imposter syndrome, and getting back on track.
This Presentation was given in Guru Kashi University Talwandi Sabo (2013) at the inaugural ceremony of Ph.D. program. Bibliography is added for sake of References.
Cover All the Aspects of Writing a Good Research Report. <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc/4.0/88x31.png" /></a><br />This work is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License</a>.
Research in general refers to….
A search for knowledge.
A scientific and systematic search for relevant information on a specific topic.
Research is an art of scientific investigation.
Research is a careful investigation or inquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge.
Impact of Climate and Environment Changes on the Sustainability of the Coasta...Galala University
Impact of Climate and Environment Changes on the Sustainability of the Coastal Areas: The Case of Ain Sukhna, Red Sea, Egypt
This paper investigates the impact of climate and environmental changes on the sustainability of the coastal area of Ain Sukhna, Red Sea, Egypt. Ain Sukhna sea shores and Galala mountain region have witnessed rapid change and modifications during the past 50 years. Climate changes are expected to impact this area through the increase in the amount and intensity of rainfall and the rise of seawater tides. Modifications applied to the topography of the mountains through grading and levelling are spreading excavation debris on the sides of the mountains creating a new hazard if swept away by the rainwater. The paper analyzes the design and construction of the coastal and mountain developments and assesses their capacity to withstand these changes. The negative impact of these changes is not only ecological but also physical and socioeconomic. Climate change impacts are becoming more instantaneous and intensified. Place-based strategies for reducing the negative impact of climate change are required to reduce the physical and ecological vulnerabilities and manage the impacts of climate change.
Climate change, Environment Change, Sustainability, Coastal Areas, Ain Sukhna, Red Sea, Egypt
Sustainability of Tourism Development in the city of Ain-Sukhna, EgyptGalala University
Sustainability of Tourism Development in the city of Ain-Sukhna, Egypt
Tourism is a major economic source for Egypt, due to its significant natural and cultural attractions. Yet, rapid development and construction of touristic facilities have a negative impact on the fragile natural and cultural heritage. This paper studies the recent touristic developments of the coastal stretch of Ain-Sukhna on the Red Sea coastal region of Galala Mountain, and their impact on the surrounding natural and cultural attractions. Coral reefs and rich marine life have made this stretch among the prime fishing and scuba diving destinations in the world. The area is also famous for its year-round sunny beaches and the spectacular coastal scenic drive where Galala Mountain reaches the Red Sea. Recently, development has started on the mountains following the construction of Galala Mountain Road. Galala City started with Galala University and several residential, touristic, and commercial facilities. This paper studies the pattern of development in the area during the past 40 years and assesses its impact on natural and cultural resources.
Sustainability of Tourism Development in Al Ain Al Sukhna, Egypt Yasser Mahgo...Galala University
Sustainability of Tourism Development in Al Ain Al Sukhna, Egypt
Due to its significant natural and cultural attractions, tourism is a major economic source for Egypt. Yet, rapid development and construction of touristic facilities has negative impact on the fragile natural and cultural heritage. This paper studies the recent touristic developments of the coastal stretch of Al Ain Al Sukhna – the hot spring in Arabic - on the Red Sea coastal region of Galala mountain, and their impact on the surrounding natural and cultural attractions. Coral reefs and rich marine life have made this stretch among the prime fishing and scuba diving destinations in the world. The area is also famous of its all-year-round sunny beaches, spectacular coastline scenic drive where mountains reach the costal road. Recently, development has started on the mountains following the construction of Galala Mountainous road. Galala City started operating hosting Galal University and several other residential, touristic and commercial facilities. The paper studies the pattern of development in the area during the past 50 years and assesses its impact on the natural and cultural resources.
Typologies of Urban Development in Sukhna-Zaafarana Area.pdfGalala University
Development of Sukhna-Zaafarana stretch went several forms and intensities during different periods of time. It is currently witnessing another wave of rapid development resulting in more stress on the natural and urban environment. This paper analyses the typologies of its urban development and their resilience to potential risks of climate change using urban design techniques to analyze the area in terms of character, continuity and quality of the public realm, ease of movement, legibility, adaptability and diversity. In addition, the research analyzes the different natural sites, such as the shoreline, the floodplains, the Galala mountains, and the valleys. Methods used in this study included: survey and analysis of the built and natural environments based on maps and site visits; and SWOT analysis to identify the potential risks and challenges in the area. Maps and tables of typologies based on the date of construction, environmental characteristics, neighborhood planning, architectural design elements, urban design features, landscape design, greenery, and water features are produced. The results of the study indicate the absence of visual connectivity, architectural identity, public services and facilities, and overlapping vehicular and pedestrian circulation. Moreover, the built environment is vulnerable to climate change risks, since most structures on the coast are built either close to the shoreline or on floodplains, hence threatened by sea-level rise and extreme flush floods respectively. The study concludes by suggesting a set of urban design guidelines based on the three principles of sustainability; environmental, economic and equity to achieve a more sustainable and resilient environment.
AI-Human Dialogue for Architectural Design Concept Generation presentation 26...Galala University
AI-Human Dialogue for Architectural Design Concept Generation presentation
Architectural design concept generation is the process of coming up with the initial ideas for a new building or structure.
It is an essential part of the architectural design process, as it provides the foundation for the rest of the design.
AI-human dialogue for architectural design concept generation is a process where an architect and an AI system collaborate to generate architectural design concepts.
The AI system can be used to:
Generate ideas: The AI system can be used to generate a wide range of design ideas
Evaluate ideas: The AI system can also be used to evaluate design ideas. This can be done by considering factors such as functionality, aesthetics, and sustainability. This can help the architect to make informed decisions about the design.
Collaborate with the architect: The AI system can also be used to collaborate with the architect. This can be done by providing feedback on the architect's ideas or by generating new ideas based on the architect's input.
AI-human dialogue for architectural design concept generation is a process where an architect and an AI system collaborate to generate architectural design concepts.
The AI system can be used to:
Generate ideas: The AI system can be used to generate a wide range of design ideas
Evaluate ideas: The AI system can also be used to evaluate design ideas. This can be done by considering factors such as functionality, aesthetics, and sustainability. This can help the architect to make informed decisions about the design.
Collaborate with the architect: The AI system can also be used to collaborate with the architect. This can be done by providing feedback on the architect's ideas or by generating new ideas based on the architect's input. AI-human dialogue for architectural design concept generation is a process where an architect and an AI system collaborate to generate architectural design concepts.
The AI system can be used to:
Generate ideas: The AI system can be used to generate a wide range of design ideas
Evaluate ideas: The AI system can also be used to evaluate design ideas. This can be done by considering factors such as functionality, aesthetics, and sustainability. This can help the architect to make informed decisions about the design.
Collaborate with the architect: The AI system can also be used to collaborate with the architect. This can be done by providing feedback on the architect's ideas or by generating new ideas based on the architect's input.
AI-human dialogue for architectural design concept generation is a process where an architect and an AI system collaborate to generate architectural design concepts.
As AI systems continue to develop, they are likely to play an increasingly important role in the design process.
AI is not an end …It is only another beginning.
Thank you.
Visual Style and Aesthetics: Basics of Visual Design
Visual Design for Enterprise Applications
Range of Visual Styles.
Mobile Interfaces:
Challenges and Opportunities of Mobile Design
Approach to Mobile Design
Patterns
Storytelling For The Web: Integrate Storytelling in your Design ProcessChiara Aliotta
In this slides I explain how I have used storytelling techniques to elevate websites and brands and create memorable user experiences. You can discover practical tips as I showcase the elements of good storytelling and its applied to some examples of diverse brands/projects..
Transforming Brand Perception and Boosting Profitabilityaaryangarg12
In today's digital era, the dynamics of brand perception, consumer behavior, and profitability have been profoundly reshaped by the synergy of branding, social media, and website design. This research paper investigates the transformative power of these elements in influencing how individuals perceive brands and products and how this transformation can be harnessed to drive sales and profitability for businesses.
Through an exploration of brand psychology and consumer behavior, this study sheds light on the intricate ways in which effective branding strategies, strategic social media engagement, and user-centric website design contribute to altering consumers' perceptions. We delve into the principles that underlie successful brand transformations, examining how visual identity, messaging, and storytelling can captivate and resonate with target audiences.
Methodologically, this research employs a comprehensive approach, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses. Real-world case studies illustrate the impact of branding, social media campaigns, and website redesigns on consumer perception, sales figures, and profitability. We assess the various metrics, including brand awareness, customer engagement, conversion rates, and revenue growth, to measure the effectiveness of these strategies.
The results underscore the pivotal role of cohesive branding, social media influence, and website usability in shaping positive brand perceptions, influencing consumer decisions, and ultimately bolstering sales and profitability. This paper provides actionable insights and strategic recommendations for businesses seeking to leverage branding, social media, and website design as potent tools to enhance their market position and financial success.
Arc 323 human studies in architecture fall 2018 lecture 6-mid term revision
1. Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Department of Architectural Engineering
ARC 323 : Human Studies in
Architecture
Fall 2018
Dr. Yasser Mahgoub
Mid Term Revision
2. “There is no doubt whatever about the
influence of architecture and structure
upon human character and action.
We make our buildings and afterwards
they make us.
They regulate the course of our lives.”
Winston Churchill,
addressing the English Architectural Association, 1924
5. Research
HumanitiesBehavior
Applied behavioral research
Data gathering and social
research tools
Sampling
Human needs in relation
to social contexts
Behavior and the built
environment
Behavior and culture
Perception
Architecture within the
framework of human
sciences
Human theories and
society formation
Environment
relationship
Humanities in contemporary
architecture
6. Humanities
• Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human
society and culture.
– Anthropology
– Sociology
– Psychology
– Archaeology
– History
– Linguistics and languages
– Law and politics
– Literature
– Philosophy
– Religion
– Performing arts
– Visual arts
– …
7. Definition of Research
• A systematic inquiry or investigation
into a subject in order to discover or
revise facts, theories or applications.
10. 1 Select Topic
2 Review Literature
3 Devise Conceptual Framework
4 Decide Research Questions
5 List Information Needs
6 Decide Research Strategy
7 Conduct Research
8 Report Findings
Research Steps
11. 1. Select a topic
Personal Interest
The literature
Policy or management problem
Social Concern
Popular Media
12. 2. Literature Review
• Entire basis of the research
• Source of ideas
• Information on research already done by
others
• Source of Methods or theory ideas
• Basis of comparison
• Topic/problem statement guides this
review
• The review leads to further problem
statement clarification
13. 3. Devise Conceptual Framework
Framework involves concepts
Concepts are general representations of the phenomena to be
studied
Framework indicates how the researcher views the
relationships between elements involved
14. 4. Decide on Research Questions
• 1. Find out what is already known about
the subject through doing a literature
review.
• 2. After you know what is already
known, your question might need to be
reformulated so that you have a question
in need of an answer, rather than a
question that has already been
answered.
15. 5. List of Information Needs
• Guided by the Problem Statement and secondary
questions and conceptual framework.
16. 6. Decide on research Strategy
• Information gathering
techniques
• Data Analysis techniques
• Budget
• Timetable
17. 7. Conduct Research
• Pilot study – Use to test and adjust data collection tools
• Data collection – Collect required data
• Data analysis – Analyse collected data
18. 8. Report Findings
• Through - tables, figures, GIS, graphics, and text
discussion/oral presentations
19. Literature Review (LR)
Knowledge we already possess New information
– A survey of various sources to produce
knowledge that is more lasting and has more
widespread usefulness.
– A very important part of the research process
– Not only at the beginning of the process but
throughout it.
20. Annotated Bibliography vs LR
• Annotated Bibliography:
– Listing of references
obtained from searching a
field’s literature
– Respond to each reference
cited with a descriptive
paragraph.
21. 3.1.2. Annotated Bibliography vs LR
• Annotated Bibliography:
– Listing of references obtained from searching a
field’s literature
– Respond to each reference cited with a descriptive
paragraph: Goals, Theoretical stance, Relevance
for the investigation.
22. Annotated Bibliography vs LR
• Literature Review:
– Introductory statement
– Summary of the lines of existing research
(grouped)
– Observations on the state of literature: Expand –
Covered – Arguments - …
23. Uses of LR
1. To identify the research question
2. To develop a research question
3. To focus the topic of inquiry
4. To understand the research question
5. To understand an idea’s generic roots
6. To understand the current conceptual
landscape
29. Research Approaches
Descriptive Studies
• describe and measure as precisely as possible
one or more characteristics and their relations
in a defined group.
• Developing clear concepts and translating these
into something that can be counted as a
manifestation of the concept
30. Research Approaches
Theoretical Studies
• set specific hypotheses suggested by
experiences elsewhere or primarily derived
from more comprehensive theory.
• increase general insights and focus more on
the conceptual framework of a problem
31. Research Approaches
Action research Studies
• changes are made and analyzed that have
direct and lasting consequences on people
beyond those in the research project.
• may occur naturally or may be created
analytically by careful sampling.
33. Research Design
Case Study
• to develop intensive knowledge about one
complex object.
• to describe and diagnose single, internally
complex objects: individuals, buildings,
episodes, institutions, processes, societies.
• information specific to the particular study
object and context
34. Research Design
Survey
• to find out in detail about a
phenomenon
• study large populations
• easy to quantify
• less time-consuming to analyze
• email questionnaires, observing
physical traces, observing
behavior, and interviews.
35. Research Design
Experimental
• to measure the effects that an action has in a
particular situation.
• to focus observation on a small number of
attributes at one time
• control,
–Control group and Experiment group
–Before and After the action
36. Research Design
Experimental - Parametric Study
• the systematic
manipulation of one
variable
(Independent), and
making
measurements on
another variable
(Dependent), while
keeping all other
conditions constant
38. Research Settings
Natural Settings
• to observe people in settings they
choose to come to
• appropriate for diagnostic studies
in which investigators want to find
out what is actually going on -
what elements, relationships, and
dynamics are salient.
• can also carry out an experiment,
by manipulating a part of a physical
environment, a particular social
behavior, or a policy.
39. Research Settings
Contrived Settings
• planned and controlled research environments in which to
observe people and gather data from them.
• experimental laboratory, in which investigators control the
setting, choose participants randomly, effect controlled changes,
and measure some attribute of the subjects after those changes.
42. Research Methods
1. Observing Physical Traces
2. Observing Environmental Behavior
3. Focused Interviews
4. Standardized Questionnaires
5. Games
43. Research Methods:
Observing Physical Traces
• Systematically looking at physical surroundings to find
reflections of previous activity not produced in order to be
measured by researchers.
– unconsciously left behind
– conscious changes
1. How an environment got to be the way it is?
2. What decisions its designers and builders made about the
place?
3. How people actually use it?
4. How they feel toward their surroundings?
5. How that particular environment meets the needs of its
users?
44. • Qualities of the Method
1. Unobtrusive
2. Durable
3. Easy
Research Methods:
Observing Physical Traces
46. • What to look for?
– By-products of use
• Erosions
• Leftovers
• Missing Traces
– Adaptation for Use
• Props
• Separations
• Connections
Research Methods:
Observing Physical Traces
47. • What to look for?
– Displays of Self
• Personalization
• Identification
• Group Membership
– Public Messages
• Official
• Unofficial
• Illegitimate
Research Methods:
Observing Physical Traces
48. • Systematically watching people use their environments:
individuals, pairs of people, small groups, and large groups.
– What do they do?
– How do activities relate to one another spatially?
– How do spatial relations affect participants?
– How does a physical environment support or interfere
with behaviors taking place within it?
– What side effects does the setting have on relationships
between individuals or groups?
Research Methods:
Observing Environmental Behavior
49. • Generates data about:
– people's activities and the relationships needed to sustain
them; about
– regularities of behavior; about
– expected uses, new uses, and misuses of a place; and about
– behavioral opportunities and constraints that environments
provide.
Research Methods:
Observing Environmental Behavior
50. • Qualities of the Method
• Empathetic
• Direct
• Dynamic
• Reflective
• Variable Intrusive
• Observers’ Vantage Points
Secret Outsider
Recognized Outsider
Marginal Participant
Full Participant
Research Methods:
Observing Environmental Behavior
51. • Recording Devices
• Notation
• Precoded Checklists
• Maps
• Photographs
• Videotapes and Movies
Research Methods:
Observing Environmental Behavior
52. • What to Observe?
– Elements of Observation
• Who is Actor
• Doing what Act
• With whom? Significant Other
• In what relationship, Relationships (aural, visual, tactile, olfactory,
symbolic)
• In what context, Sociocultural Context (situation, culture)
• Where? Physical Setting (props, spatial relations)
Research Methods:
Observing Environmental Behavior
53. • Posing questions systematically to find
out what people think, feel, do, know,
believe, and expect.
Research Methods:
Focused Interviews
54. • Focused Interviews can be used with
individuals or groups to find out in depth:
1. How people define a concrete situation?
2. What they consider important about it?
3. What effects they intended their actions to have in the
situation?
4. How they feel about it?
Research Methods:
Focused Interviews
55. • The Interview Guide
• A loose set of topics, questions, elements,
patterns, and relationships that the
interviewer tentatively intends to cover.
Research Methods:
Focused Interviews
56. • Objectives of Focused Interviews:
–Definition of the Situation
–Strength of Respondents’ Feelings
–Intentions
Research Methods:
Focused Interviews
57. Research Methods:
Focused Interviews
Focused Interviews Probes
Probes are primarily questions that
interviewers interpose to get a respondent
to clarify a point, to explain further what he
meant, to continue talking, or to shift the
topic.
58. • The Leader Effect
– Appeal for equal time
– Attention to body language
– Asking for a vote
Research Methods:
Focused Interviews Probes
59. • To discover regularities among groups of
people by comparing answers to the same
set of questions asked of a large number
of people.
• Analysis of questionnaire responses can
provide precise numbers to measure
variables, e.g. degrees, percentages, .etc.
Research Methods:
Standardized Questionnaire
60. • Qualities of the Method
– Findings in a short time.
– Convincing using Quantitative data
– Control of the investigation
– Intrusiveness
Research Methods:
Standardized Questionnaire
61. • Precoding Responses
–Open ended questions (free-responses) are time consuming
and costly to analyze.
–Precoding is to partition possible response alternatives into a
set of categories for respondents to choose from.
• Nominal (Yes and No , Gender , Religion)
• Ordinal (Information (age), Attitudes
(opinion), Meaning)
• Rank-ordering of Items
Research Methods:
Standardized Questionnaire
80. Question
• How can games be used as a
research method for data
gathering?
Editor's Notes
تساعدك الدراسات التشخيصية على تعميق فهمك للإعدادات: فهي تقدم أدلة موحية على نطاق واسع. أنها توفر نظرة ثاقبة في هيكل وديناميات الوضع برمته. من أجل موثوقية النتائج ، تعتمد الدراسات التشخيصية على الاتساق والوضوح وترابط الأفكار التي تطورها في الحالة التي تجري دراستها. الباحثون الذين يرغبون في الحصول على قياسات أكثر دقة لسمات معينة لمجموعة أو حالة ، يمكنهم إجراء دراسة وصفية تستند إلى أطر مفاهيمية تم تطويرها في مجموعات تشخيصية. مثال: القرويون الحضريون
تصف الدراسات الوصفية وتقيس بأكبر قدر ممكن من الدقة خصائص أو أكثر وعلاقاتها في مجموعة محددة. إن تطوير المفاهيم الواضحة وترجمتها إلى شيء يمكن اعتباره مظهراً من مظاهر المفهوم هي مشاكل حاسمة بشكل خاص في البحث الوصفي. مثال: دراسة الخوف بين سكان مشروع إسكان برويت إيغو في سانت لويس
حددت الدراسات النظرية فرضيات محددة مقترحة من التجارب في مكان آخر أو مستمدة أساسًا من نظرية أكثر شمولية. تميل مثل هذه الدراسات إلى زيادة البصائر العامة والتركيز أكثر على الإطار المفاهيمي لمشكلة ما على الطبيعة الدقيقة للمجموعة التي يراقبونها. مثال: الضغوط الاجتماعية في مجموعات غير رسمية
في الدراسات البحثية العملية يتم إجراء التغييرات وتحليلها التي لها عواقب مباشرة ودائمة على الأشخاص بخلاف أولئك في مشروع البحث. قد تحدث إعدادات بحث العمل المقارن بشكل طبيعي أو يمكن إنشاؤها بطريقة تحليلية عن طريق أخذ عينات متأنية.
يستخدم الباحثون تصميم دراسة حالة عندما يرغبون في تطوير معرفة مكثفة عن أحد الأشياء المعقدة. يتم استخدامها لوصف وتشخيص كائنات مفردة ومعقدة داخليًا: الأفراد والمباني والحلقات والمؤسسات والعمليات والمجتمعات. تعتبر دراسة الحالة مناسبة عندما يكون الباحثون مهتمين بشكل أساسي بمعلومات خاصة بجسم الدراسة المعين والسياق ، بدلاً من المعلومات التي يمكن تعميمها بسهولة على عدد كبير من السكان.
يُعد تصميم الاستبيان مفيدًا عندما يريد المحققون معرفة تفاصيل ظاهرة معينة ، مثل رضا السكن ، أو حول فئة من العناصر. غالبًا ما يختار الباحثون في الدراسة الذين يدرسون عددًا كبيرًا من السكان جمع البيانات التي يسهل قياسها ، وبالتالي ، أقل استهلاكا للوقت للتحليل من البيانات النوعية. ولهذا السبب ، فإن طرق البحث المتواترة المستخدمة في الاستبيانات هي استبيانات بالبريد الإلكتروني ، ومراقبة الآثار المادية ، ومراقبة السلوك ، والمقابلات.
يكون التصميم التجريبي مناسبًا عندما يريد المحققون قياس التأثيرات التي يحدثها الإجراء في حالة معينة. في التجربة التي تريد أن تكون قادراً على تركيز الملاحظة على عدد صغير من السمات في وقت واحد. للقيام بذلك ، تحتاج إلى التحكم ، حتى تكون متأكدًا قدر المستطاع من أن التأثيرات التي تلاحظها ناتجة عن التغييرات التجريبية. مجموعة التحكم ومجموعة التجربة قبل وبعد العمل
يتكون البحث البارامتري من التلاعب المنهجي لمتغير واحد (مستقل) ، وإجراء قياسات على متغير آخر (تابع) على الرغم من أنه يتأثر مباشرة بالمتغير المستقل ، مع الحفاظ على جميع الشروط الأخرى ثابتة عن طريق متغير التحكم
في العديد من المواقف ، يصعب تحديد مجموعة واحدة أو حتى مجموعة محدودة من المتغيرات - خاصة في حالة الدراسات السلوكية لبيئات البناء حيث توجد العديد من العوامل المادية والشخصية.
توفر الإعدادات الطبيعية للباحثين فرصة فريدة لمراقبة الأشخاص في الأماكن التي يختارون المجيء إليها ، والمشاركة في الأنشطة التي لا يمكن لأي إعداد مفتعل إعادة إنشائها. تعتبر الإعدادات الطبيعية مناسبة بشكل خاص للدراسات التشخيصية التي يرغب المحققون في معرفة ما يحدث فيها بالفعل - ما هي العناصر والعلاقات والديناميكيات البارزة. في الإعدادات الطبيعية ، يمكنك أيضًا إجراء تجربة ، عن طريق التلاعب بجزء من بيئة مادية ، أو سلوك اجتماعي معين ، أو سياسة.
يتم إعداد الإعدادات المفتعلة في بيئات بحثية يتم التحكم فيها لمراقبة الأشخاص وجمع البيانات منهم. أحد هذه الإعدادات هو المختبر التجريبي ، حيث يتحكم المحققون في الإعداد ، ويختارون المشاركين عشوائياً ، ويؤثروا في التغييرات ، ويقيسون بعض سمات الموضوعات بعد هذه التغييرات.
وتتعلق صلاحية القياس بما إذا كانت الخاصية التي يجري قياسها هي ما ينبغي قياسه - أي ، هل نقيس الشيء الصحيح؟
تشير الموثوقية إلى ما إذا كان باحثون آخرون يقومون بأبحاث مماثلة يحصلون على نتائج متكافئة.