Aqueous humour
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The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the aqueous humour in the eye. It describes how the ciliary body produces aqueous humour which flows into the posterior chamber. From there it passes through the pupil into the anterior chamber and exits through the trabecular meshwork into Schlemm's canal and collector channels for drainage into the episcleral veins. It maintains intraocular pressure and the optical and metabolic functions of the eye.
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Aqueous humour
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the aqueous humour in the eye. It discusses the key structures involved - the ciliary body, posterior chamber, anterior chamber, angle of the anterior chamber, and aqueous outflow system. The ciliary body produces the aqueous humour, which flows from the posterior chamber through the pupil into the anterior chamber. It then drains out through the trabecular meshwork, Schlemm's canal, collector channels and into the episcleral veins. The aqueous humour helps maintain intraocular pressure and has metabolic, optical and clearing functions in the eye.
Aqueous humour
The document summarizes the formation and circulation of aqueous humour in the eye. It describes how aqueous humour is produced by the ciliary processes through diffusion, ultrafiltration and active transport. Aqueous humour flows from the posterior to anterior chamber and exits the eye through two pathways - the trabecular meshwork (70-95% of outflow) and the uveoscleral pathway (5-30% of outflow). The trabecular meshwork consists of the inner uveal meshwork, corneoscleral meshwork and juxtacanalicular tissue, and facilitates outflow into Schlemm's canal.
Aqueous humor outflow
The document summarizes key anatomical structures and outflow pathways involved in aqueous humor drainage from the eye. It describes the transition from the trabecular meshwork to Schlemm's canal, noting structures like the scleral spur, Schwalbe's line, and trabecular endothelial cells. The trabecular meshwork consists of three layers - uveal meshwork, corneoscleral meshwork, and juxtacanalicular tissue. Aqueous humor drains through the trabecular meshwork into Schlemm's canal and collector channels before exiting into episcleral and conjunctival veins. The main outflow pathways are trabecular outflow, accounting for 85-95%
Ciliary body
The ciliary body is part of the uvea and is located between the iris and choroid. It is composed of two parts - the ciliary processes and ciliary muscle. The ciliary processes project forward from the ciliary body and contain capillaries and pigmented and non-pigmented epithelial layers important for aqueous humor production. The ciliary muscle allows for accommodation by changing the shape and tension of the lens. The ciliary body receives its blood supply from the short and long posterior ciliary arteries and drains into the anterior ciliary veins and vena vorticosa. It plays key roles in aqueous humor production, maintenance of intraocular pressure, and accommodation.
Aqueous humour
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of aqueous humor in the eye. It describes how aqueous humor is continuously produced by the ciliary processes at a rate of 2.6-2.8 μl/min and circulates from the posterior chamber to the anterior chamber before draining out of the eye. Aqueous humor is formed primarily via active transport processes across the non-pigmented ciliary epithelium, establishing an osmotic gradient that allows fluid movement. It then drains from the anterior chamber through both the trabecular meshwork into Schlemm's canal and the uveoscleral pathway. The facility of aqueous outflow is represented by the C-value which is used to evaluate aqueous drainage and diagnose
Embryology of angle of anterior chamber
1. The anterior chamber of the eye develops between the 3rd and 5th month of gestation as the optic cup grows inward from the optic vesicle and separates the lens from the surface ectoderm.
2. By the 4th month, the ciliary body and processes have developed along with the primordium of the chamber angle. Schlemm's canal also appears in the second half of the 4th month.
3. Between the 5th and 8th month, the anterior chamber enlarges as mesodermal tissue in the angle resorbs. This completes the formation of the angle by the 8th month.
Age related changes of lens
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Aqueous humour
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the aqueous humour in the eye. It discusses the key structures involved - the ciliary body, posterior chamber, anterior chamber, angle of the anterior chamber, and aqueous outflow system. The ciliary body produces the aqueous humour, which flows from the posterior chamber through the pupil into the anterior chamber. It then drains out through the trabecular meshwork, Schlemm's canal, collector channels and into the episcleral veins. The aqueous humour helps maintain intraocular pressure and has metabolic, optical and clearing functions in the eye.
Aqueous humour
The document summarizes the formation and circulation of aqueous humour in the eye. It describes how aqueous humour is produced by the ciliary processes through diffusion, ultrafiltration and active transport. Aqueous humour flows from the posterior to anterior chamber and exits the eye through two pathways - the trabecular meshwork (70-95% of outflow) and the uveoscleral pathway (5-30% of outflow). The trabecular meshwork consists of the inner uveal meshwork, corneoscleral meshwork and juxtacanalicular tissue, and facilitates outflow into Schlemm's canal.
Aqueous humor outflow
The document summarizes key anatomical structures and outflow pathways involved in aqueous humor drainage from the eye. It describes the transition from the trabecular meshwork to Schlemm's canal, noting structures like the scleral spur, Schwalbe's line, and trabecular endothelial cells. The trabecular meshwork consists of three layers - uveal meshwork, corneoscleral meshwork, and juxtacanalicular tissue. Aqueous humor drains through the trabecular meshwork into Schlemm's canal and collector channels before exiting into episcleral and conjunctival veins. The main outflow pathways are trabecular outflow, accounting for 85-95%
Ciliary body
The ciliary body is part of the uvea and is located between the iris and choroid. It is composed of two parts - the ciliary processes and ciliary muscle. The ciliary processes project forward from the ciliary body and contain capillaries and pigmented and non-pigmented epithelial layers important for aqueous humor production. The ciliary muscle allows for accommodation by changing the shape and tension of the lens. The ciliary body receives its blood supply from the short and long posterior ciliary arteries and drains into the anterior ciliary veins and vena vorticosa. It plays key roles in aqueous humor production, maintenance of intraocular pressure, and accommodation.
Aqueous humour
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of aqueous humor in the eye. It describes how aqueous humor is continuously produced by the ciliary processes at a rate of 2.6-2.8 μl/min and circulates from the posterior chamber to the anterior chamber before draining out of the eye. Aqueous humor is formed primarily via active transport processes across the non-pigmented ciliary epithelium, establishing an osmotic gradient that allows fluid movement. It then drains from the anterior chamber through both the trabecular meshwork into Schlemm's canal and the uveoscleral pathway. The facility of aqueous outflow is represented by the C-value which is used to evaluate aqueous drainage and diagnose
Embryology of angle of anterior chamber
1. The anterior chamber of the eye develops between the 3rd and 5th month of gestation as the optic cup grows inward from the optic vesicle and separates the lens from the surface ectoderm.
2. By the 4th month, the ciliary body and processes have developed along with the primordium of the chamber angle. Schlemm's canal also appears in the second half of the 4th month.
3. Between the 5th and 8th month, the anterior chamber enlarges as mesodermal tissue in the angle resorbs. This completes the formation of the angle by the 8th month.
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The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the eyelids. It describes the main parts of the eyelids including the palpebral aperture, lid margin, tarsal plate, conjunctiva and glands. It discusses the layers of the eyelids from anterior to posterior including the skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscle and conjunctiva layers. It also summarizes the blood supply, nerves and functions of the eyelids.
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Vitreous humour
1. Vitreous Humour
2. General features Vitreous humour is an inert ,transparent , colourless, jellylike, hydrophilic gel that serves the optical functions and also acts as important supporting structures for the eyeball. The vitreous cavity is bounded by anteriorly by the lens and ciliary body and posteriorly by the retina Its weighs nearly 4g Vitreous is an extacellular material composed of approximately 99 per cent water
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2. The document outlines uniocular and binocular eye movements including versions, vergences, and diagnostic positions of gaze. Hering's and Sherrington's laws govern coordinated eye movements between the eyes.
3. Supranuclear control systems like saccadic, smooth pursuit, vergence and vestibulo-ocular pathways mediate voluntary and reflexive eye movements
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2. Anatomical Limbus: Circumcorneal transitional zone of the conjunctivocorneal & corneoscleral junction Conjunctivo-corneal junction: • Bulbar conjunctiva is firmly adherent to underlying structures • Substantia propria of the conjunctiva stops here but its epithelium continues with that of the cornea. Sclero-corneal junction: • Transparent corneal lamellae become continuous • With the oblique, circular and opaque fibres of sclera
3. CONTINUE…. • In the area near limbus, the conjunctiva, tenon’s capsule & the episcleral tissue are fused into a dense tissue which is strongly adherent to corneo scleral junction.It is preferred site for obtaining a firm hold of the eyeball during ocular surgery. • The limbus is a common site for the occurrence of corneal epithelial neoplasm. • The Limbus contains radially oriented fibrovascular ridge known as the palisades of Vogt that may harbour a stem cell population. The palisades of Vogt are more common in the superior and inferior quadrants around the eye
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Vitreous humour
1. Vitreous Humour
2. General features Vitreous humour is an inert ,transparent , colourless, jellylike, hydrophilic gel that serves the optical functions and also acts as important supporting structures for the eyeball. The vitreous cavity is bounded by anteriorly by the lens and ciliary body and posteriorly by the retina Its weighs nearly 4g Vitreous is an extacellular material composed of approximately 99 per cent water
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Accommodation is the mechanism by which the eye changes refractive power to focus on objects at different distances. It involves changes in the shape of the elastic lens, controlled by the ciliary muscle. The amplitude of accommodation declines with age as the lens loses elasticity, causing presbyopia. Accommodation is measured using methods like push-up and minus lens, which determine the near and far points of clear vision. The range between these points indicates how much accommodation is available. Accommodation abilities normally decline with age according to established formulas.
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2. The document outlines uniocular and binocular eye movements including versions, vergences, and diagnostic positions of gaze. Hering's and Sherrington's laws govern coordinated eye movements between the eyes.
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Limbus
LIMBUS… • The limbus forms the border between the transparent cornea and opaque sclera, contains the pathways of aqueous humour outflow, and is the site of surgical incisions for cataract and glaucoma
2. Anatomical Limbus: Circumcorneal transitional zone of the conjunctivocorneal & corneoscleral junction Conjunctivo-corneal junction: • Bulbar conjunctiva is firmly adherent to underlying structures • Substantia propria of the conjunctiva stops here but its epithelium continues with that of the cornea. Sclero-corneal junction: • Transparent corneal lamellae become continuous • With the oblique, circular and opaque fibres of sclera
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This document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the anterior chamber angle and aqueous humor dynamics. It describes the structures forming the anterior chamber angle, including the ciliary body, trabecular meshwork, and Schlemm's canal. It discusses techniques for estimating the anterior chamber angle, including iris shadow testing, Van Herick testing, and gonioscopy. The document outlines the production of aqueous humor by the ciliary body, including ultrafiltration, active transport, and diffusion. It also summarizes the drainage of aqueous humor through the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal into episcleral veins.
Aqueous humor by shahla
The document discusses the aqueous humor, which is a clear fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It is produced by the ciliary body and nourishes the cornea and lens while maintaining intraocular pressure. The principal structures involved include the posterior chamber, anterior chamber, angle of the anterior chamber, and aqueous outflow system. The trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal are involved in the outflow pathway of aqueous humor, while the composition and production of aqueous humor are also described. Disorders like glaucoma can occur if there are issues with the intraocular pressure regulation mediated by aqueous humor dynamics.
Aqueous humour products and drainage
INTRODUCTIONThe clear fluid filling the space in front of the eyeball between lens and cornea.The aqueous humour supplies nutrition and removes waste from the clear structure in the anterior eye(cornea and lens)The balance between aqueous production and outflow determines the intraocular pressure.
INTRODUCTION
The clear fluid filling the space in front of the eyeball between lens and cornea.
The aqueous humour supplies nutrition and removes waste from the clear structure in the anterior eye(cornea and lens)
The balance between aqueous production and outflow determines the intraocular pressure.
Glaucoma-Relevant Anatomy & Physiology
Let's learn about the relevant anatomy & physiology associated with glaucoma- the angle of the anterior chamber, physiology of aqueous humor circulation, and many more. Happy Learning!
Aqueous humour dynamics
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the anterior chamber angle and aqueous humor dynamics. It describes the structures forming the anterior chamber angle from posterior to anterior, including the ciliary band, scleral spur, trabecular meshwork, and Schwalbe's line. It also discusses the grading of angle widths, aqueous outflow system through the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal, and the production and drainage of aqueous humor through trabecular and uveoscleral outflow pathways.
Aqueous humour dynamics
The document summarizes aqueous humour dynamics. Aqueous humour is produced by the ciliary processes at a rate of 2-3 μL/min through ultrafiltration, active secretion and diffusion. It flows from the posterior chamber through the pupil into the anterior chamber. It then drains through the trabecular meshwork into Schlemm's canal and collector channels and episcleral veins. Glaucoma results from obstruction of this outflow pathway. Drugs like pilocarpine work by contracting the ciliary muscle to pull the iris away from trabecular meshwork and increase outflow.
Anatomy of anterior chamber angle (1)
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the anterior chamber angle and aqueous humor production and drainage. It describes the key structures forming the anterior chamber angle including the ciliary body, scleral spur, trabecular meshwork, and Schwalbe's line. It explains that aqueous humor is produced primarily by the ciliary body through ultrafiltration, active transport of ions, and diffusion. The aqueous humor provides nutrients to ocular tissues and maintains intraocular pressure within normal limits through balanced production and drainage through the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal. Gonioscopy allows direct examination of the anterior chamber angle structures.
Aqueous Humor Dynamics.pptx
The document discusses the angle of the anterior chamber and aqueous humor dynamics. It covers the anatomy and development of the angle, diagnostic methods for examining the angle like gonioscopy, and grading scales for the angle. It also discusses the production and drainage of aqueous humor, including the roles of the ciliary body and processes, trabecular meshwork, and collector channels. Key functions of the aqueous humor include maintaining eye pressure and providing nutrients to ocular tissues.
Aqueous humor anatomy
The aqueous humor is a fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It is produced by the ciliary body and drained out of the eye through the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal. The aqueous humor provides nutrients to the avascular structures in the eye and maintains the shape and internal pressure of the eye. Disruptions to the normal outflow of aqueous humor can lead to increased intraocular pressure and conditions like glaucoma.
Anatomy of Angle of Anterior chamber.pptx
This document discusses the anatomy of the angle of the anterior chamber. It begins by defining the anterior chamber as the aqueous-filled space bounded anteriorly by the cornea and posteriorly by the iris and lens. It then describes the key structures that make up the angle, including Schwalbe's line, the trabecular meshwork, Schlemm's canal, and the aqueous outflow system. Finally, it discusses the importance of examining the angle of the anterior chamber for diagnosing and treating glaucoma and other eye conditions.
AQUEOUS HUMOUR DYNAMICS.pptx
INTRODUCTION
PRIMARY OCULAR STRUCTURES
AQUEOUS OUTFLOW SYSTEM
PRODUCTION OF AQOUEOUS HOUMOUR
DRAINAGE
MAINTAINENCE OF INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE
AC Anatomy- 1.pptx
The anterior chamber is the space in the eye between the cornea and iris filled with aqueous humor. It is approximately 3mm deep and contains 0.25ml of fluid. The anterior chamber depth is determined by the lens and becomes shallower with age and in hyperopic eyes. Structures in the anterior chamber include Schwalbe's line, the trabecular meshwork, Schlemm's canal, the aqueous humor, and the anterior part of the ciliary body. The trabecular meshwork drains aqueous humor into Schlemm's canal, where it is then drained into blood vessels. Blockage of Schlemm's canal can lead to increased pressure and glaucoma.
AC Anatomy- 1.pptx
The anterior chamber is the space in the eye between the cornea and iris filled with aqueous humor. It is approximately 3mm deep and contains 0.25ml of fluid. The anterior chamber depth is determined by the lens and becomes shallower with age and in hyperopic eyes. Structures in the anterior chamber include Schwalbe's line, the trabecular meshwork, Schlemm's canal, the aqueous humor, and the anterior part of the ciliary body. The trabecular meshwork drains aqueous humor into Schlemm's canal, where it is collected and drained into blood vessels. Blockage of Schlemm's canal can lead to increased pressure and glaucoma.
Anatomy of anterior chamber
1. ANTERIOR CHAMBER
2. SHAFFERS GRADING
3. ANGLE OF ANTERIOR CHAMBER
4.OUTFLOW OF APPARATUS
5.INNERVATION OF OUTFLOW OFF APPARATUS
Aqueous humour dynamics
This document discusses the anatomy and physiology of aqueous humour production and outflow in the eye. It covers:
- The ciliary body produces aqueous humour through ultrafiltration and active transport processes across the non-pigmented epithelial cells.
- Aqueous humour flows from the posterior to anterior chamber and is drained through two pathways - the trabecular meshwork (75-90% of outflow) and uveoscleral outflow (10-25% of outflow).
- The trabecular meshwork regulates outflow through the endothelium of Schlemm's canal. Resistance to outflow mainly occurs at the juxtacanalicular meshwork.
Aqueous humor dynamics
The document discusses aqueous humor, which is a fluid continuously secreted and drained in the eye. It is formed from plasma by epithelial cells in the ciliary processes and functions to deliver nutrients to the eye and maintain intraocular pressure. The rate of aqueous humor formation is normally around 2-3 μL/min. It is secreted into the posterior chamber and drained through the anterior chamber angle. Measurement of aqueous humor formation can be done using fluorophotometry with systemic or topical fluorescein administration.
Anatomy of limbus, Stem cell deficiency.pptx
The document discusses the anatomy and histology of the limbus, which is the transitional zone between the cornea and sclera. It contains important stem cells that aid in corneal wound healing. The limbus has distinct features when examined by anatomists, histologists, pathologists, and surgeons. It discusses the embryology, blood supply, nerve supply and functions of the limbus. Limbal stem cell deficiency can occur if the stem cells in the limbus are damaged or depleted.
angle structure anatomy& IOP
This document discusses the anatomy of the angle structures in the eye and factors that affect intraocular pressure (IOP). It describes the development of the angle structures, including the schlemm's canal, trabecular meshwork, scleral spur, and ciliary body band. It also outlines the assessment of the anterior chamber angle, aqueous drainage system, definition of IOP, and factors that can affect IOP such as age, glaucoma, episcleral venous pressure, and resistance to aqueous outflow. Maintaining the normal range of IOP is important to prevent damage to the optic nerve from conditions like glaucoma.
Physiology of aqueous humor
The document summarizes the physiology of aqueous humor and factors that influence intraocular pressure (IOP). It describes how aqueous humor is produced by the ciliary body and exits through two outflow pathways - the trabecular and uveoscleral routes. Aqueous humor formation involves diffusion, ultrafiltration, and active transport processes. IOP is influenced by both long-term factors like genetics, age, gender and refractive error as well as short-term factors such as diurnal variation, exertion, eye movements, and systemic health conditions. Maintaining the balance between aqueous humor production and outflow is important for normal IOP levels.
Similar to Aqueous humour (20)
Aqueous Chamber Angle and Aqueous Humor Dynamics - Sandeep Kandel
Aqueous Chamber Angle and Aqueous Humor Dynamics - Sandeep Kandel
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The anterior chamber is filled with aqueous humour and bounded by the cornea and iris. The angle of the anterior chamber plays an important role in aqueous drainage through structures like the trabecular meshwork into Schlemm's canal. The posterior chamber lies behind the iris and lens and is also filled with aqueous humour secreted by the ciliary processes. Aqueous humour flows from the posterior to anterior chamber and exits through the trabecular meshwork or uveoscleral pathways to maintain intraocular pressure within normal limits.INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE.pdf
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The Ultimate Guide in Setting Up Market Research System in Health-Tech
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"Market Research it too text-booky, I am in the market for a decade, I am living research book" this is what the founder I met on the event claimed, few of my colleagues rolled their eyes. Its true that one cannot over look the real life experience, but one cannot out beat structured gold mine of market research.
Many 0 to 1 startup founders often overlook market research, but this critical step can make or break a venture, especially in health tech.
But Why do they skip it?
Limited resources—time, money, and manpower—are common culprits.
"In fact, a survey by CB Insights found that 42% of startups fail due to no market need, which is like building a spaceship to Mars only to realise you forgot the fuel."
Sudharsan Srinivasan
Operational Partner Pitchworks VC Studio
Overconfidence in their product’s success leads founders to assume it will naturally find its market, especially in health tech where patient needs, entire system issues and regulatory requirements are as complex as trying to perform brain surgery with a butter knife. Additionally, the pressure to launch quickly and the belief in their own intuition further contribute to this oversight. Yet, thorough market research in health tech could be the key to transforming a startup's vision into a life-saving reality, instead of a medical mishap waiting to happen.
Example of Market Research working
Innovaccer, founded by Abhinav Shashank in 2014, focuses on improving healthcare delivery through data-driven insights and interoperability solutions. Before launching their platform, Innovaccer conducted extensive market research to understand the challenges faced by healthcare organizations and the potential for innovation in healthcare IT.
Identifying Pain Points: Innovaccer surveyed healthcare providers to understand their difficulties with data integration, care coordination, and patient engagement. They found widespread frustration with siloed systems and inefficient workflows.
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Regulatory Compliance: Ensured their platform complied with HIPAA and other healthcare data privacy regulations. This compliance was crucial to gaining trust from healthcare providers wary of data security issues.
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Aqueous humour
- 2. AQUEOUS HUMOUR Concerned with it are ciliary body, posterior chamber, anterior chamber angle of the AC
- 3. Ciliary body It is the site of aqueous production
- 4. Posterior chamber Triangular space containing about 0.06ml aqueous humour Anteriorly: by the posterior surface of the iris & part of CB
- 5. Cont…… Posteriorly : by the crystalline lens & its zonules Laterally: by the CB
- 6. Anterior chamber Anterior: back of cornea Posterior: anterior surface of iris & part of CB 3mm deep in the centre in normal adult Comparatively shallow in very young children & old people
- 7. Cont………. 0.25ml of the aqueous Through pupil communicates with the posterior chamber Peripheral recess: angle of AC , mainly formed by trabicular meshwork
- 8. Angle of the AC An important role in the process of aqueous drainage
- 9. Cont……………… Structures: 1. The ciliary band 2. Scleral spur 3. Trabicular meshwork 4. Schwalbe’s line
- 10. 1. The ciliary band Most posterior landmark in the angle recess. It is formed by the anterior most part of the CB It appears as a grey or dark brown band
- 11. 1. Sceral spur Posterior portion of the scleral sulcus Prominent white line on gonioscopy Posteriorly : CB, anteriorly: corneoscleral meshwork
- 12. 1. Trabicular meshwork Seen as a band Just anterior to the scleral spur No pigment at birth & develops pigments with increasing age
- 13. 1. Schwalbe’s line Fine ridge seen just in front of the trabicular meshwork It is formed by the prominent end of the decsemet’s membrane
- 15. 1. Trabicular meshwork 2. Schlemm’s canal 3. Collector channels 4. Episcleral veins
- 16. Trabicular meshwork Sieve –like structure Through which aqueous leaves the eye It is a complex connective tissue
- 17. Cont……….. 1. Uveal meshwork 2. Corneoscleral meshwork 3. Justracanalicular meshwork
- 18. Uveal meshwork Innermost part of trabicular meshwork Extend from the iris root & CB to the schwalbe’s line
- 19. Corneoscleral meshwork Large middle portion & extend from the scleral spur to the lateral wall of the sulcus
- 20. Jstracanalicular meshwork Form the outer most portion of the trabicular meshwork
- 21. Schemm’s canal Endothelial lined oval channel present circumferentially in the scleral sulcus Endothelial cells of its inner wall are irregular & spindle shaped
- 22. Collector channels Also called intrascleral aqueous vessels About 25-35 in number & leave the schlemm’s canal
- 23. Episcleral veins Most of the aqueous vessels drain into vein Episcleral vein ultimately drain into the cavernous sinus
- 25. Functions Clear, colourless, watery solution Continuously circulated from the posterior chamber of the eye throughout the anterior chamber
- 26. Cont… 1. Maintenance of intraocular pressure 2. Metabolic role 3. Optical function 4. Clearing function
- 27. Physiochemical properties Volume: 0.31ml RI : 1.336 Density : slightly greater than that of water Osmotic pressure: slightly hyperosmotic to plasma (3-5 mOsm/l) pH: acidic (7.2) Rate of formation : 2.3 micro l /min
- 28. Aqueous humour dynamics Aqueous dynamics include aqueous formation & drainage Aqueous production remain constant till IOP is raised to 50 mmHg & over
- 29. Aqueous humour flow from the posterior chamber into the AC through the pupil From AC aqueous is drained out by two routes : uveoscleral outflow , trabicular out flow
- 30. Intraocular pressure The IOP refers to the pressure exerted by intraocular contents on the coats of the eyeball The normal level IOP is essentially maintained by a dynamic equilibrium b/w the aqueous humour formation aqueous humour outflow & episcleral pressure
- 31. Cont… IOP is distributed evenly throughout the eye The IOP important in maintaining the shape of the eyeball Normal IOP varies b/w 10.5 to 20.5 mmHg
- 32. Thank you