This document defines aquatic ecosystems and describes different types of aquatic ecosystems in Pakistan. It begins by defining an ecosystem and aquatic ecosystem. It then describes common aquatic organisms like plankton, nekton, and benthos. It provides examples of different aquatic ecosystems in Pakistan like marine ecosystems containing estuaries and coral reefs, and freshwater ecosystems containing wetlands, lakes, and rivers. It concludes by discussing the functions and importance of aquatic ecosystems.
23rd November 1976: The convention on wetlands came into force for Pakistan
1976: Total wetland surface area 7,800 sq km with 9 wetlands of global significance
2001: Number raised to 16
2013:Among 1,888 Ramsar sites, 19 sites of Pakistan bear global importance
Total surface area of Pakistan Ramsar sites is 1,343,627 hectares
Pakistan’s 19 sites Internationally recognized by Ramsar Convention (RC) Bureau
2PK009
Astola (Haft Talar) Island, Balochistan
Russel’s viper (Echis carinatus astolae), is an endemic species and a highly poisonous snake, which is reported only from this Island
Deh Akro-II wetland supports more than 18 species of mammals, 16 species of reptiles, 14 species of fish, and 101 species of birds and regularly supports over 20,000 waterbirds. The fauna includes waterfowl, crocodiles, otters and fish.
The surrounding hills are the home of Urial, Sindh wild goat, Chinkara gazelle, Wolf, Jackal, Common fox, Pangolin and numerous other birds and reptiles.
The Indus river dolphin is one of the world's rarest mammal and most endangered cetaceans. Only about 1,000 of this unique species exist today in the lower reaches of the Indus River in Pakistan. Water pollution, poaching and habitat fragmentation due to dams and irrigation systems are all threatening the dolphin's survival. WWF works to conserve their habitat and has been involved in a number of rescue missions where individual dolphins find themselves trapped in canals
23rd November 1976: The convention on wetlands came into force for Pakistan
1976: Total wetland surface area 7,800 sq km with 9 wetlands of global significance
2001: Number raised to 16
2013:Among 1,888 Ramsar sites, 19 sites of Pakistan bear global importance
Total surface area of Pakistan Ramsar sites is 1,343,627 hectares
Pakistan’s 19 sites Internationally recognized by Ramsar Convention (RC) Bureau
2PK009
Astola (Haft Talar) Island, Balochistan
Russel’s viper (Echis carinatus astolae), is an endemic species and a highly poisonous snake, which is reported only from this Island
Deh Akro-II wetland supports more than 18 species of mammals, 16 species of reptiles, 14 species of fish, and 101 species of birds and regularly supports over 20,000 waterbirds. The fauna includes waterfowl, crocodiles, otters and fish.
The surrounding hills are the home of Urial, Sindh wild goat, Chinkara gazelle, Wolf, Jackal, Common fox, Pangolin and numerous other birds and reptiles.
The Indus river dolphin is one of the world's rarest mammal and most endangered cetaceans. Only about 1,000 of this unique species exist today in the lower reaches of the Indus River in Pakistan. Water pollution, poaching and habitat fragmentation due to dams and irrigation systems are all threatening the dolphin's survival. WWF works to conserve their habitat and has been involved in a number of rescue missions where individual dolphins find themselves trapped in canals
Studying the geomorphology of lakes is a part of earth science studies. The presence of a lake, in any region, greatly influences the life of the people, living adjacent to it. There are several kinds of lakes in the world. Their characteristics are explained in this module.
Rangelands and its importance and economic share in pakistan economyUmair Rasheed
Pakistan Rangelands and its importance with economy shares.
Rangelands importance with the detail and its pics and can be available on my whatsapp num if not downloading here
Wetlands exist along the borders of water courses and water bodies, in topographically low lying areas. Wetlands are the interfaces between land and water. This module explains the importance of wetlands as promising ecosystems.
Wetlands are... areas where a water table is at, near, or just above the surface
and where soils are water-saturated for a sufficient length of time such that excess
water and resulting low soil oxygen levels are principal determinants of vegetation
and soil development. wetlands will have a relative abundance of obligate
hydrophytes in the vegetation community and soils featuring “hydric” characteristics.
It is my academic presentation file which I presented with my friend in the last semester exam. It describe the major estuaries in Bangladesh. Also input these estuaries geographical location , characteristics , physio - chemical parameters , species abundance ,importance etc. ...
Freshwater ecosystems are a subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems. They include lakes and ponds, rivers, streams and springs, and wetlands. They can be contrasted with marine ecosystems, which have a larger salt content. This module explains the characteristics of aquatic ecosystems-freshwater ones.
Studying the geomorphology of lakes is a part of earth science studies. The presence of a lake, in any region, greatly influences the life of the people, living adjacent to it. There are several kinds of lakes in the world. Their characteristics are explained in this module.
Rangelands and its importance and economic share in pakistan economyUmair Rasheed
Pakistan Rangelands and its importance with economy shares.
Rangelands importance with the detail and its pics and can be available on my whatsapp num if not downloading here
Wetlands exist along the borders of water courses and water bodies, in topographically low lying areas. Wetlands are the interfaces between land and water. This module explains the importance of wetlands as promising ecosystems.
Wetlands are... areas where a water table is at, near, or just above the surface
and where soils are water-saturated for a sufficient length of time such that excess
water and resulting low soil oxygen levels are principal determinants of vegetation
and soil development. wetlands will have a relative abundance of obligate
hydrophytes in the vegetation community and soils featuring “hydric” characteristics.
It is my academic presentation file which I presented with my friend in the last semester exam. It describe the major estuaries in Bangladesh. Also input these estuaries geographical location , characteristics , physio - chemical parameters , species abundance ,importance etc. ...
Freshwater ecosystems are a subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems. They include lakes and ponds, rivers, streams and springs, and wetlands. They can be contrasted with marine ecosystems, which have a larger salt content. This module explains the characteristics of aquatic ecosystems-freshwater ones.
A wetland is a distinct ecosystem that is flooded by water, either permanently or seasonally, where oxygen-free processes prevail.
Wetlands are also considered the most biologically diverse of all ecosystems, serving as home to a wide range of plant and animal life. Whether any individual wetland performs these functions, and the degree to which it performs them, depends on characteristics of that wetland and the lands and waters near it. Wetlands occur naturally on every continent.The main wetland types are
swamp marsh bog fen
Many peatlands are wetlands. The water in wetlands is either freshwater, brackish, or saltwater.
"the conservation and wise use of wetlands by national action and international cooperation as a means to achieving sustainable development throughout the world
he Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar 1971), commonly known as Ramsar Convention, is a crucial intergovernmental treaty, with mission "Conservation and wise use of all wetlands through local, regional and natural actions and international cooperation, as a contribution towards achieving sustainable development throughout the world.“
The convention entered into force in Pakistan on 23 November 1976. Pakistan currently has 19 sites designated as Wetlands of International Importance
Lakes are helpful in controlling weather and local climate. Lakes are helpful for creating irrigation facilities and recreation. In some places, lakes are good sources for water supply for drinking. Every lake, is unique in terms of its size, morphometry, water availability, water chemistry, physics, hydrology and biology. There are several type, kinds and categories of lakes in the world.
An estuary is a semi-enclosed coastal body of water which has a free connection with the open sea and within which sea water mixes with fresh water. This module highlights the details of estuaries as one of the productive coastal ecosystems.
Ulhas River estuary has been polluted due to several anthropogenic activities in the nearby urban and industrial areas viz. Thane, Dombivli, Kalyan, Mumbra, Biwandi and Mira-Bhayander. the anthropogenic activities like sewage water and industrial effluent influx, agricultural fields, sand excavation, solid waste dumping has put tremendous pressure on the inhabitant fish species from the ambient water. Mudskippers were not the exception during the present study. The species like Boleophthalmus dussumieiri (Cuv. & Val.) fishery had dwindled to a threatened limit during the study. It was envisage to analyse the water quality through hydrological study and its impact on fishery of Boleophthalmus dussumieiri in the Ulhas River estuary.
This is a visual presentation which includes:
1. What is pond ecosystem?
2. Types of pond ecosystem
3. Characteristics of pond ecosystem.
4. Stratification in pond ecosystem.
5. Biotic and Abiotic components of pond ecosystem.
6. Food chain in pond ecosystem.
Marine ecology deals with the study of the environment and life in marine waters. It involves the study of marine organisms and their habitat. The details of marine ecosystems are given in this module.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
2. Department of Environmental Sciences,
NFC Institute of Engineering & Technology Multan
Ghulam Jilani
Farhad Hamid
Session: 2021-2024
Course 19 Presentation | BS (Hons.) Environmental Sciences
Registration # 2k21-BSES-
01,10
Course Instructor
Sir Arbaz Madni
Sessional Lecturer / Environmental Consultant
Aquatic Ecosystem in Pakistan
by
3. Introduction:
The term ‘ecosystem’ was proposed by a British ecology
A.G.Tansley in the year 1953.
The ecosystem represents the basic functional unit of
ecology which comprises of the biotic communities
mutually related with their nonliving or abiotic
environment.
An ecosystem is a biological environment consisting of
all the organisms living in a particular area, as well as
all the non-living (abiotic), physical components of the
environment, such as air, soil, water and sunlight.
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4. What is Aquatic Ecosystem?
The aquatic ecosystem definition states it is a water-
based environment, wherein, living organisms interact
with both physical and chemical features of the
environment.
These living creatures whose food, shelter,
reproduction, and other essential activities depend on a
water-based environment are known as aquatic
organisms.
Water plays a significant role in the management of
world-scale ecosystem processes in aquatic systems,
connecting the atmosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere
by transferring material between them and allowing
chemical reactions to occur.
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5. Common Aquatic Organisms:
Some of the most
common aquatic
organisms are –
plankton, nekton and
benthos Additionally,
lakes, oceans, ponds,
rivers, swamps, coral
reefs, wetlands, etc. are
a few popular aquatic
ecosystem examples.
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6. Plankton:
Plankton are drifting
organisms that live in
the surface layers of the
ocean.
They live in the top
layer of the ocean,
called the epipelagic
zone.
They are not strong
enough to swim against
ocean currents. The
term is in contrast to
nekton, who can control
their movements.
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7. Nekton:
Nekton (or swimmers)
are living organisms that
are able to swim and
move independently of
currents.
Nekton are
heterotrophic and have
a large size range, with
familiar examples such
as fish, squid, octopus,
sharks, and marine
mammals.
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8. Benthos:
The name Benthos
comes from a Greek
term that means “depth
of the sea.” It refers to
creatures that dwell on,
in, or near the water’s
bottom. The benthic
zone is the area around
a water body such as a
river, lake, stream, or
sea.
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9. Features of Aquatic Ecosystem:
They serve as a home for a variety of aquatic animals.
The majority of the vegetation is made up of algae and
corals.
They have a lot of biological diversity, which makes
them the most productive and wealthiest ecosystems on
the planet.
They help regulate the hydrological cycle and act as a
pollution filter, among other things.
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10. Types of Aquatic Ecosystem:
In general, there are two types of aquatic ecosystems,
namely marine ecosystems and freshwater ecosystems.
Both marine and freshwater ecosystems are further
divided under different aquatic ecosystems.
1. 1) Marine Water Ecosystem
Ocean Ecosystem
Estuaries
Coral Reefs
Coastal Ecosystem
2. Freshwater Ecosystem
Swamps and Wetlands
Lentic Ecosystems
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11. 1) Marine Ecosystem:
Marine ecosystems are
the largest of Earth’s
aquatic ecosystems and
exist in waters that have
a high salt content.
These systems contrast
with freshwater
ecosystems, which have
a lower salt content.
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12. Ocean Ecosystem:
The major ocean
ecosystems span polar,
temperate and tropical
waters, and include
coastal waters, bays and
estuaries, the deep sea
water column, shallow
and deep sea bottom
(benthic) environments,
sea mounts, island arcs,
coral reefs, mangrove
systems, salt marshes,
frontal zones, and the
centers of gyres.
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13. Estuary:
An estuary is a partially
enclosed, coastal water
body where freshwater
from rivers and streams
mixes with salt water
from the ocean.
Estuaries, and their
surrounding lands, are
places of transition from
land to sea.
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14. Example of estuary in
Pakistan:
The estuary in Sindh is known as the Indus estuary that
finishes up in the Indus Delta. The Indus delta is present
at the inlet of the Indus River. This delta is covering
approximately the total coastal area of Sindh primarily
south of Karachi. It makes a landform that has mudflats.
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15. Coral Reefs:
Coral reefs are massive
structures made of
limestone deposited by
coral polyps. Often referred
to as the “rainforests of the
sea,” coral reefs support
approximately 25 percent
of all known marine
species.
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16. Coral Reef in Pakistan:
Location of Coral reef Biome of Pakistan: It is present
along with coastal areas of Pakistan. The known sites
for the coral reef biome of Pakistan include Jiwani,
Ormara (Rodrigues Shoals), Gawadar, Astola Island, and
C ishurna Island.
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17. Costal Ecosystem:
The coastal ecosystems
occur where the land meets
the sea and that includes a
diverse set of habitat types
like the mangroves, coral
reefs, seagrass beds,
estuaries and lagoons,
backwaters etc.
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18. Costal ecosystem of
Pakistan:
Pakistan is endowed with unique coastal ecosystems.
There are two coastal states in Pakistan—Sindh and
Balochistan, with Sindh being the seventh largest arid
mangrove ecosystem in the world. It is clear that
climate change is a threat to our planet and well-
being.
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19. 2) Freshwater Ecosystem:
Divided into – wetlands,
lentic and lotic
ecosystems.
Freshwater ecosystems
are a subset of Earth’s
aquatic ecosystems.
They include lakes,
ponds, rivers, streams,
springs, bogs, and
wetlands. They can be
contrasted with marine
ecosystems, which have
a larger salt content.
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20. Freshwater bodies in
Pakistan:
Saif-ul-Muluk Lake. 195. Bodies of Water.
Rawal Lake. 168. Bodies of Water • Dams.
Upper Kachura Lake. Bodies of Water. By arbabytes.
Hawks Bay. Bodies of Water. City Railway Colony.
Lulusar Lake. Bodies of Water. By 452javedk.
Ratti Gali Lake. Bodies of Water. By sobiap63.
Satpara Lake. Bodies of Water.
Banjosa Lake. Bodies of Water.
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21. Swampy areas in Pakistan:
Four major wetlands
complexes are
prominent in Pakistan
which are the North-
Western Alpine Wetlands
Complex (NAWC), Salt
Range Wetlands
Complex (SRWC),
Central Indus Wetlands
Complex (CIWC), and
Makran Coastal Wetlands
Complex (MCWC)
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22. Lotic Ecosystem:
Lotic ecosystems are
characterized by flowing
waters. Examples
include rivers, streams,
brooks and springs.
Here, the oxygen level is
higher due to the
continually moving
waters of the current
and the water is clearer.
The flow of the water is
different depending on
the area of a river or
stream.
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23. Functions of Aquatic
Ecosystem:
These pointers highlight the importance of aquatic
ecosystem.
Facilitates recycling of nutrients
Helps to purify water
Recharges groundwater
Is a habitat for aquatic flora and flora
Mitigates flood
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24. Conclusion:
Aquatic ecosystems worldwide provide important
resources for human populations. Estuarine and marine
habitats provide many essential ecosystem services,
including climate regulation, yet currently these systems
are impacted over large areas through over-exploitation
and degradation.
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