Aquaporins
•Download as PPT, PDF•
6 likes•6,230 views
This document discusses aquaporins, which are membrane channel proteins that facilitate the efficient transport of water across cell membranes. It outlines the key structural features of aquaporins, including their six transmembrane helices and hourglass shape. The document also notes that aquaporins are found across life forms and help transport water in critical biological functions like plant water transport and bacterial water movement. Finally, it briefly discusses some human aquaporins and their roles in diseases like nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Aquaporins
A basic knowledge of aquaporins.
Aquaporin are channel proteins that allow the passive diffusion of water through them.Aquaporins are membrane water channels that play critical roles in controlling the water contents of cells.
These channels are widely distributed in all kingdoms of life, including bacteria, plants, and mammals.
In 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Peter Agre "for the discovery of water channels".
More than ten different aquaporin have been found in human body
AQPs can be divided into three subfamilies:
Orthodox or classical aquaporin, considered to be water selective.
Aqua-glyceroporin, permeable to glycerol and other small solutes in addition to water.
S-aquaporin, also called unorthodox super-aquaporin or subcellular aquaporin, a third subfamily only present in animals but not in plants, fungi and bacteria with permeability still uncertain.
Aquaporins
Aquaporins are 28 kDa proteins embedded in cell membranes that regulate the flow of water. They were discovered in the 1980s by Peter Agre and form channels that allow thousands of water molecules to pass per second. Aquaporins are found across life forms and mammals have 13 types, including 6 in the kidney. They have a structure of six membrane-spanning helical domains with NPA motifs and selectivity filters that allow selective water transport. Aquaporins play important roles in many body functions and diseases can result from mutations that disrupt water transport, such as cataracts and diabetes insipidus.
Aquaporins
The document summarizes key information about aquaporins. It begins by introducing aquaporins as membrane proteins that transport water across cell membranes. It then describes the structure of aquaporins, including that they form homotetramers with NPA motifs and aromatic/arginine selectivity filters that enable selective water transport. The document outlines various functions of aquaporins in fluid transport, kidney function, plant responses to drought, and other processes. It also discusses roles of aquaporins in health conditions like obesity and diseases caused by aquaporin mutations.
Protein sorting and targeting
The delivery of newly synthesized protein to their proper cellular destination, usually referred to as protein targeting or sorting.
The mode of protein transport depends chiefly on the location in the cell cytoplasm of the polysomes involved in protein synthesis.
There are two modes of protein sorting:-
1) Co - translational Transportation.
2) Post - translational Transportation.
Aquaporins and their regulation in plants
The document discusses aquaporins, which are integral membrane proteins that facilitate the transport of water and small molecules across biological membranes in plants. It covers the classification of aquaporins into different subgroups based on their substrate specificity and intracellular locations. The structure and regulation of aquaporins is described. Aquaporins play important roles in plant water transport, nutrient acquisition, and response to environmental stresses. Research findings demonstrate the involvement of specific aquaporins in transporting molecules like hydrogen peroxide and their regulation through phosphorylation.
Proteins folding and denaturation
The document discusses protein folding and denaturation. It begins by explaining that protein folding is the process by which a polypeptide chain folds into its functional three-dimensional structure. It is driven by hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and other forces. The document then describes the four levels of protein structure - primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. It also lists factors that can affect folding and experimental techniques used to study folding. Next, it defines protein denaturation as the loss of native structure, discusses examples, and explains how denaturation occurs and its consequences. Finally, it lists chemical and physical agents that can cause denaturation.
Oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain
a brief overview of oxidative phosphorylation, electron transport chain and ATP synthesis from reducing equivalent
Pentose phosphate pathway,hmp shunt
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), also known as the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP) or phosphogluconate pathway, is an alternative glucose metabolism pathway to glycolysis. It is more complex than glycolysis and takes place in the cytosol. The PPP is important for generating NADPH for biosynthesis of fatty acids, steriods, and maintaining glutathione levels, as well as producing pentoses used in nucleic acid synthesis. The pathway contains oxidative and non-oxidative phases, with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase being the regulatory enzymes controlled by NADPH and pentose levels.
Recommended
Aquaporins
A basic knowledge of aquaporins.
Aquaporin are channel proteins that allow the passive diffusion of water through them.Aquaporins are membrane water channels that play critical roles in controlling the water contents of cells.
These channels are widely distributed in all kingdoms of life, including bacteria, plants, and mammals.
In 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Peter Agre "for the discovery of water channels".
More than ten different aquaporin have been found in human body
AQPs can be divided into three subfamilies:
Orthodox or classical aquaporin, considered to be water selective.
Aqua-glyceroporin, permeable to glycerol and other small solutes in addition to water.
S-aquaporin, also called unorthodox super-aquaporin or subcellular aquaporin, a third subfamily only present in animals but not in plants, fungi and bacteria with permeability still uncertain.
Aquaporins
Aquaporins are 28 kDa proteins embedded in cell membranes that regulate the flow of water. They were discovered in the 1980s by Peter Agre and form channels that allow thousands of water molecules to pass per second. Aquaporins are found across life forms and mammals have 13 types, including 6 in the kidney. They have a structure of six membrane-spanning helical domains with NPA motifs and selectivity filters that allow selective water transport. Aquaporins play important roles in many body functions and diseases can result from mutations that disrupt water transport, such as cataracts and diabetes insipidus.
Aquaporins
The document summarizes key information about aquaporins. It begins by introducing aquaporins as membrane proteins that transport water across cell membranes. It then describes the structure of aquaporins, including that they form homotetramers with NPA motifs and aromatic/arginine selectivity filters that enable selective water transport. The document outlines various functions of aquaporins in fluid transport, kidney function, plant responses to drought, and other processes. It also discusses roles of aquaporins in health conditions like obesity and diseases caused by aquaporin mutations.
Protein sorting and targeting
The delivery of newly synthesized protein to their proper cellular destination, usually referred to as protein targeting or sorting.
The mode of protein transport depends chiefly on the location in the cell cytoplasm of the polysomes involved in protein synthesis.
There are two modes of protein sorting:-
1) Co - translational Transportation.
2) Post - translational Transportation.
Aquaporins and their regulation in plants
The document discusses aquaporins, which are integral membrane proteins that facilitate the transport of water and small molecules across biological membranes in plants. It covers the classification of aquaporins into different subgroups based on their substrate specificity and intracellular locations. The structure and regulation of aquaporins is described. Aquaporins play important roles in plant water transport, nutrient acquisition, and response to environmental stresses. Research findings demonstrate the involvement of specific aquaporins in transporting molecules like hydrogen peroxide and their regulation through phosphorylation.
Proteins folding and denaturation
The document discusses protein folding and denaturation. It begins by explaining that protein folding is the process by which a polypeptide chain folds into its functional three-dimensional structure. It is driven by hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and other forces. The document then describes the four levels of protein structure - primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. It also lists factors that can affect folding and experimental techniques used to study folding. Next, it defines protein denaturation as the loss of native structure, discusses examples, and explains how denaturation occurs and its consequences. Finally, it lists chemical and physical agents that can cause denaturation.
Oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain
a brief overview of oxidative phosphorylation, electron transport chain and ATP synthesis from reducing equivalent
Pentose phosphate pathway,hmp shunt
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), also known as the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP) or phosphogluconate pathway, is an alternative glucose metabolism pathway to glycolysis. It is more complex than glycolysis and takes place in the cytosol. The PPP is important for generating NADPH for biosynthesis of fatty acids, steriods, and maintaining glutathione levels, as well as producing pentoses used in nucleic acid synthesis. The pathway contains oxidative and non-oxidative phases, with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase being the regulatory enzymes controlled by NADPH and pentose levels.
Atp synthesis
This document summarizes ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation. It describes how electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts establish proton gradients across membranes, which are then used by ATP synthase complexes to phosphorylate ADP and produce ATP. Specifically, it outlines how electrons from NADH/FADH2 or water power proton pumping via complex I-IV in mitochondria or photosystems I and II in chloroplasts. The resulting proton gradient drives ATP synthesis when protons flow back through the ATP synthase.
Protein degradation(molecular biology)
description of protein degradation pathways in lysosomes and ubiquitin mediated pathway and n-end rule in different organisms
Ammonia assimilation and transamination
This document discusses ammonia assimilation and transamination in plants. It describes two pathways for ammonia assimilation - the primary pathway involving glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase, and the alternative pathway using glutamate dehydrogenase. The primary pathway converts ammonia into amino acids using glutamine synthetase to produce glutamine, which is then acted on by glutamate synthase to form two molecules of glutamate. Transamination reactions transfer amino groups between amino acids and alpha-keto acids using transaminases and pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor. Transamination is important for forming non-essential amino acids and recycling carbon skeletons.
POLYAMINES
This document discusses polyamine synthesis and metabolism. It notes that ornithine and S-adenosylmethionine are precursors for polyamine synthesis. Ornithine decarboxylase converts ornithine to putrescine, and putrescine is then converted to spermidine and spermine with involvement of S-adenosylmethionine and decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine. Polyamine oxidase can break down polyamines by oxidizing spermine to spermidine and putrescine, which are then excreted. Polyamines are involved in nucleic acid and protein synthesis.
Sulphate Assimilation
Sulphate assimilation which takes place mainly in chloroplasts in higher plants leads to the formation of cysteine. cysteine is the central compound in sulphur assimilation.
Nitrate assimilation
The document summarizes key steps in nitrate assimilation by plants. It discusses how plants reduce nitrate to nitrite and then to ammonium within cells. The ammonium is assimilated through the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase pathway to produce glutamine and other organic nitrogen compounds. Biological nitrogen fixation by symbiotic bacteria is also summarized, including the signaling and nodulation processes that allow nitrogen-fixing bacteria to interact with plant hosts.
RNA SPLICING
RNA splicing is a process where introns are removed from precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) and exons are joined together to produce mature mRNA. It occurs in the nucleus and is essential for eukaryotes to produce proteins. The spliceosome, a large complex of RNA and proteins, facilitates two transesterification reactions that remove introns and ligate exons. RNA splicing generates protein diversity through alternative splicing and is important for cellular functions and disease processes.
Calmodulin and its regulatory role
Calmodulin is a low molecular weight, acidic, calcium binding protein .
It is a multifunctional intermediate calcium-binding messenger protein expressed in all eukaryotic cells.
It is an intermediate target of the secondary messenger Ca 2+.
The binding of calcium is required for the activation of calmodulin
Protein sorting and targeting
protein sorting and targeting ,
protein generation and their distribution to various organelles and out of the cell.
Signal transduction
This document discusses signal transduction in cells. It explains that membrane proteins in bacterial cells detect environmental changes and generate signals to trigger responses. In multicellular organisms, cells exchange various signals, such as plant cells responding to growth hormones and sunlight. The document then provides details on the specific and sensitive nature of signal transduction pathways, including different types of receptors and some important signal transduction pathways like G protein-coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases. It also discusses two-component regulatory systems in bacteria and plants.
Dark reactions
1. The Calvin cycle fixes carbon dioxide into carbohydrates using energy from light reactions that produce ATP and NADPH.
2. Enzymes of the Calvin cycle regenerate the 5-carbon sugar RuBP from 3-carbon glyceraldehyde-3-P in chloroplasts.
3. Overall, 3 molecules of CO2 are fixed into one molecule each of two 3-carbon glyceraldehyde-3-P, with the remaining carbons recycled to regenerate 3 molecules of RuBP to continue the cycle.
Phloem loading
This document discusses phloem loading, which is the process by which sugars enter the sieve tube cells at the source. It presents three main mechanisms of phloem loading: apoplastic loading, which involves active transport of sugars into the phloem from the apoplast; symplastic loading using polymer trapping in intermediary cells; and passive symplastic loading relying on high sugar concentrations to maintain transport. Key cellular structures and transport models are described for each loading type.
cytosceleton
The document discusses the key components of the cytoskeleton - microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments - and how they work together to maintain cell shape, allow movement of organelles and vesicles, transport materials within the cell, and enable cell movement through polymerization and interaction with motor proteins like myosin and kinesin. The cytoskeleton is a dynamic network that forms various structures through accessory proteins and allows rapid changes in cell morphology.
SYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
The document summarizes metabolism of phospholipids. Phospholipids are synthesized from phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial membranes. They perform important structural and signaling functions. Phospholipids are broken down by phospholipases which cleave phosphodiester bonds. The degraded products enter metabolic pools and are used for various purposes. Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase also plays a role in cholesterol transport.
P type pump
The document discusses P-type pumps, also known as SERCA pumps, which are membrane proteins that use ATP to transport ions across membranes. P-type pumps get their name because they use a phosphorylated protein intermediate in their reaction mechanism. Key facts are that they commonly transport calcium, sodium, and potassium ions, use a significant amount of the body's energy, can transport ions in both directions, help maintain osmotic potential and membrane resting potential, and regulate functions by establishing electrochemical gradients, such as the calcium pump in muscle cells.
Ammonium assimilation
Assimilation of ammonium ions is the ultimate aim of nitrogen metabolism in plants. this is the source of nitrogen for various organic compounds of structural and functional importance for the living world
Abscisic acid
Abscisic acid is a plant growth harmone which is very important in the growth and development of plants.
Crassulacean acid metabolism (cam)
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in plants as an adaptation to arid conditions. During the night, the plant takes in carbon dioxide and stores it as the acid malate. During the day, the stomata close to reduce water loss while the malate is broken down, releasing carbon dioxide to be used in photosynthesis through the Calvin cycle. This allows plants like cacti and pineapples to fix carbon dioxide at night to cope with drought conditions.
Introduction of cell signaling
Cell signaling allows cells to communicate and respond to their environment. Extracellular signaling molecules bind to receptors on cells, which then activate intracellular responses. Prokaryotes use quorum sensing to coordinate behaviors based on population density. Eukaryotic signaling is more complex, with over 1500 receptor types in humans. Signaling pathways are classified by the signaling molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter, cytokine) and can cause changes like gene expression, enzyme activity, or cell movement. Defects in signaling can lead to diseases, making cell signaling an important area of research.
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
Presentation on Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in cell (Creation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and NADPH through the action of enzymes called fatty acid synthases).
Acuaporinas
Acuaporinas.
Dentro del canal, las moléculas de agua tienden puentes de hidrógeno entre sí y con las paredes del canal. Sin embargo, a medida que una molécula de agua se acerca a la parte más estrecha del canal, proceda aquélla del interior o del exterior celulares, la intensa carga electrostática positiva de la zona, creada por los lazos que forman el poro, provoca una reorientación de la molécula que obliga a su átomo de oxígeno a tender puentes de hidrógeno con las dos asparraginas del poro. Primero la molécula de agua se une sólo a uno de esos aminoácidos, permaneciendo unida por el otro puente de hidrógeno a la molécula de agua vecina; luego se une a las dos asparraginas, rompiendo así por completo la molécula de agua su conexión con las otras moléculas de agua en el canal. La imposibilidad de tender puentes de hidrógeno con los aminoácidos hidrofóbicos que forman la pared del canal favorece la permeabilidad. Asimismo, en el sitio de mayor constricción del canal se rompe la concatenación de puentes de hidrógeno entre las moléculas de agua que llenan el poro, lo que impide el transporte de protones que se establecería a través de AQP1. La acuaporina-1 es permeable al CO2. De hecho, la proteína forma un canal para el transporte del dióxido de carbono.
Aquaporins
Aquaporins are integral membrane proteins that form pores to transport water molecules across cell membranes. They are essential for water transport in plants, allowing for rapid movement of water and tolerance to drought. Aquaporin proteins form tetramers and contain six transmembrane helices arranged in a bundle, with loops containing highly conserved amino acid motifs like NPA that help orient water molecules as they pass through the narrow pore. Aquaporins are found in many organisms including plants, bacteria, and humans where they play important roles in tissue hydration and fluid transport.
More Related Content
What's hot
Atp synthesis
This document summarizes ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation. It describes how electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts establish proton gradients across membranes, which are then used by ATP synthase complexes to phosphorylate ADP and produce ATP. Specifically, it outlines how electrons from NADH/FADH2 or water power proton pumping via complex I-IV in mitochondria or photosystems I and II in chloroplasts. The resulting proton gradient drives ATP synthesis when protons flow back through the ATP synthase.
Protein degradation(molecular biology)
description of protein degradation pathways in lysosomes and ubiquitin mediated pathway and n-end rule in different organisms
Ammonia assimilation and transamination
This document discusses ammonia assimilation and transamination in plants. It describes two pathways for ammonia assimilation - the primary pathway involving glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase, and the alternative pathway using glutamate dehydrogenase. The primary pathway converts ammonia into amino acids using glutamine synthetase to produce glutamine, which is then acted on by glutamate synthase to form two molecules of glutamate. Transamination reactions transfer amino groups between amino acids and alpha-keto acids using transaminases and pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor. Transamination is important for forming non-essential amino acids and recycling carbon skeletons.
POLYAMINES
This document discusses polyamine synthesis and metabolism. It notes that ornithine and S-adenosylmethionine are precursors for polyamine synthesis. Ornithine decarboxylase converts ornithine to putrescine, and putrescine is then converted to spermidine and spermine with involvement of S-adenosylmethionine and decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine. Polyamine oxidase can break down polyamines by oxidizing spermine to spermidine and putrescine, which are then excreted. Polyamines are involved in nucleic acid and protein synthesis.
Sulphate Assimilation
Sulphate assimilation which takes place mainly in chloroplasts in higher plants leads to the formation of cysteine. cysteine is the central compound in sulphur assimilation.
Nitrate assimilation
The document summarizes key steps in nitrate assimilation by plants. It discusses how plants reduce nitrate to nitrite and then to ammonium within cells. The ammonium is assimilated through the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase pathway to produce glutamine and other organic nitrogen compounds. Biological nitrogen fixation by symbiotic bacteria is also summarized, including the signaling and nodulation processes that allow nitrogen-fixing bacteria to interact with plant hosts.
RNA SPLICING
RNA splicing is a process where introns are removed from precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) and exons are joined together to produce mature mRNA. It occurs in the nucleus and is essential for eukaryotes to produce proteins. The spliceosome, a large complex of RNA and proteins, facilitates two transesterification reactions that remove introns and ligate exons. RNA splicing generates protein diversity through alternative splicing and is important for cellular functions and disease processes.
Calmodulin and its regulatory role
Calmodulin is a low molecular weight, acidic, calcium binding protein .
It is a multifunctional intermediate calcium-binding messenger protein expressed in all eukaryotic cells.
It is an intermediate target of the secondary messenger Ca 2+.
The binding of calcium is required for the activation of calmodulin
Protein sorting and targeting
protein sorting and targeting ,
protein generation and their distribution to various organelles and out of the cell.
Signal transduction
This document discusses signal transduction in cells. It explains that membrane proteins in bacterial cells detect environmental changes and generate signals to trigger responses. In multicellular organisms, cells exchange various signals, such as plant cells responding to growth hormones and sunlight. The document then provides details on the specific and sensitive nature of signal transduction pathways, including different types of receptors and some important signal transduction pathways like G protein-coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases. It also discusses two-component regulatory systems in bacteria and plants.
Dark reactions
1. The Calvin cycle fixes carbon dioxide into carbohydrates using energy from light reactions that produce ATP and NADPH.
2. Enzymes of the Calvin cycle regenerate the 5-carbon sugar RuBP from 3-carbon glyceraldehyde-3-P in chloroplasts.
3. Overall, 3 molecules of CO2 are fixed into one molecule each of two 3-carbon glyceraldehyde-3-P, with the remaining carbons recycled to regenerate 3 molecules of RuBP to continue the cycle.
Phloem loading
This document discusses phloem loading, which is the process by which sugars enter the sieve tube cells at the source. It presents three main mechanisms of phloem loading: apoplastic loading, which involves active transport of sugars into the phloem from the apoplast; symplastic loading using polymer trapping in intermediary cells; and passive symplastic loading relying on high sugar concentrations to maintain transport. Key cellular structures and transport models are described for each loading type.
cytosceleton
The document discusses the key components of the cytoskeleton - microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments - and how they work together to maintain cell shape, allow movement of organelles and vesicles, transport materials within the cell, and enable cell movement through polymerization and interaction with motor proteins like myosin and kinesin. The cytoskeleton is a dynamic network that forms various structures through accessory proteins and allows rapid changes in cell morphology.
SYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
The document summarizes metabolism of phospholipids. Phospholipids are synthesized from phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial membranes. They perform important structural and signaling functions. Phospholipids are broken down by phospholipases which cleave phosphodiester bonds. The degraded products enter metabolic pools and are used for various purposes. Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase also plays a role in cholesterol transport.
P type pump
The document discusses P-type pumps, also known as SERCA pumps, which are membrane proteins that use ATP to transport ions across membranes. P-type pumps get their name because they use a phosphorylated protein intermediate in their reaction mechanism. Key facts are that they commonly transport calcium, sodium, and potassium ions, use a significant amount of the body's energy, can transport ions in both directions, help maintain osmotic potential and membrane resting potential, and regulate functions by establishing electrochemical gradients, such as the calcium pump in muscle cells.
Ammonium assimilation
Assimilation of ammonium ions is the ultimate aim of nitrogen metabolism in plants. this is the source of nitrogen for various organic compounds of structural and functional importance for the living world
Abscisic acid
Abscisic acid is a plant growth harmone which is very important in the growth and development of plants.
Crassulacean acid metabolism (cam)
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in plants as an adaptation to arid conditions. During the night, the plant takes in carbon dioxide and stores it as the acid malate. During the day, the stomata close to reduce water loss while the malate is broken down, releasing carbon dioxide to be used in photosynthesis through the Calvin cycle. This allows plants like cacti and pineapples to fix carbon dioxide at night to cope with drought conditions.
Introduction of cell signaling
Cell signaling allows cells to communicate and respond to their environment. Extracellular signaling molecules bind to receptors on cells, which then activate intracellular responses. Prokaryotes use quorum sensing to coordinate behaviors based on population density. Eukaryotic signaling is more complex, with over 1500 receptor types in humans. Signaling pathways are classified by the signaling molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter, cytokine) and can cause changes like gene expression, enzyme activity, or cell movement. Defects in signaling can lead to diseases, making cell signaling an important area of research.
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
Presentation on Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in cell (Creation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and NADPH through the action of enzymes called fatty acid synthases).
What's hot (20)
Viewers also liked
Acuaporinas
Acuaporinas.
Dentro del canal, las moléculas de agua tienden puentes de hidrógeno entre sí y con las paredes del canal. Sin embargo, a medida que una molécula de agua se acerca a la parte más estrecha del canal, proceda aquélla del interior o del exterior celulares, la intensa carga electrostática positiva de la zona, creada por los lazos que forman el poro, provoca una reorientación de la molécula que obliga a su átomo de oxígeno a tender puentes de hidrógeno con las dos asparraginas del poro. Primero la molécula de agua se une sólo a uno de esos aminoácidos, permaneciendo unida por el otro puente de hidrógeno a la molécula de agua vecina; luego se une a las dos asparraginas, rompiendo así por completo la molécula de agua su conexión con las otras moléculas de agua en el canal. La imposibilidad de tender puentes de hidrógeno con los aminoácidos hidrofóbicos que forman la pared del canal favorece la permeabilidad. Asimismo, en el sitio de mayor constricción del canal se rompe la concatenación de puentes de hidrógeno entre las moléculas de agua que llenan el poro, lo que impide el transporte de protones que se establecería a través de AQP1. La acuaporina-1 es permeable al CO2. De hecho, la proteína forma un canal para el transporte del dióxido de carbono.
Aquaporins
Aquaporins are integral membrane proteins that form pores to transport water molecules across cell membranes. They are essential for water transport in plants, allowing for rapid movement of water and tolerance to drought. Aquaporin proteins form tetramers and contain six transmembrane helices arranged in a bundle, with loops containing highly conserved amino acid motifs like NPA that help orient water molecules as they pass through the narrow pore. Aquaporins are found in many organisms including plants, bacteria, and humans where they play important roles in tissue hydration and fluid transport.
Acuaporinas Agosto/2012
Una breve descripcion de las Acuaporinas y su relacion con varias patologias especialmente con la Diabetes Insipida
Aquaporina
O documento descreve a estrutura e função da aquaporina 1. A aquaporina 1 é uma proteína de membrana que permite a passagem seletiva de moléculas de água através da membrana celular, sendo essencial para a manutenção do equilíbrio hídrico das células. Sua estrutura apresenta quatro poros formados por subunidades proteicas que permitem o fluxo de água enquanto restringem a passagem de outros solutos.
Acuaporinas1
El documento describe las acuaporinas, proteínas que transportan agua a través de las membranas celulares. Explica que las acuaporinas tienen una estructura que permite el paso selectivo de moléculas de agua y que se clasifican en acuaporinas y acuagliceroporinas. Además, señala que factores como el pH, la fosforilación, el mercurio y la osmolaridad regulan las acuaporinas y que éstas cumplen una función en el transporte de agua. Por último, menciona algunas pat
Final SGP Slides
The document discusses various components of fitness including skill-related components like agility, balance, coordination and reaction time as well as health-related components such as cardiovascular fitness, body composition, muscular strength and endurance, and flexibility. It provides definitions and examples of each component and explains how activities like aerobic exercise, anaerobic exercise, and strength training can help improve these aspects of fitness. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the different types of fitness and what they entail.
Acuaporinas
Vol. 34 No 4, 2003
entre células34.
AQP1. Es la más estudiada y la primera en ser identificada. Se expresa en
eritrocitos, endotelio vascular, epitelio
renal y otros. Su función principal es
facilitar el transporte de agua en estas
células, permitiendo la rápida difusión
transcelular del agua en respuesta a
gradientes osmóticos. Alteraciones en
su expresión se han relacionado con
edemas.
AQP2. Es dependiente de la hormona
antidiur
Aquaporin and vaptan
1. Aquaporins are integral membrane proteins that form pores allowing for the selective transport of water molecules across cell membranes. Vasopressin regulates water reabsorption in the kidney by trafficking aquaporin-2 (AQP2) to the renal collecting duct.
2. Vasopressin receptor antagonists (VRAs), also called vaptans, block the action of vasopressin on V1A, V1B, and V2 receptors. VRAs are used to treat hyponatremia by increasing water excretion. Tolvaptan was the first oral VRA approved for clinically significant hyponatremia.
3. Hyponatremia is classified as e
Acuaporinas en carya illinoensis 2015
1. El documento describe las funciones de las acuaporinas en Carya illinoensis (nogal) y sus implicaciones frente al estrés. 2. Analiza cómo factores como la temperatura, radiación ultravioleta y disponibilidad de agua afectan al nogal. 3. Explica que las acuaporinas son proteínas clave para el transporte de agua y otros solutos en las plantas y cómo se ven afectadas por el cambio climático.
Acuaporinas
Las acuaporinas son proteínas transmembrana que permiten el paso rápido y selectivo del agua a través de las membranas celulares. Fueron descubiertas en 1992 por Peter Agre y Ratner, quienes recibieron el Premio Nobel de Química en 2003. Existen 13 tipos de acuaporinas en humanos que forman poros hidrofílicos para el paso de agua pero no de iones. La hormona antidiurética regula la expresión de algunas acuaporinas como la AQP2 en los riñones.
Somaclonal variation
Genetic variations can occur in plants produced through plant tissue culture and be detected as changes in genetic characteristics or phenotypes. Variations commonly include changes in chromosome number and structure. Regenerated plants with chromosomal changes often show alterations in traits like leaf shape and color, growth rate, and fertility. These heritable mutations can persist when plants are transplanted to fields. Somaclonal variations are caused by genetic factors like pre-existing variations in explant cells or mutations during tissue culture, and can result in changes in plant characteristics that are useful for crop improvement.
Carbohydrate metabolism
Kidney.
Muscle.
Adipose tissue.
Brain.
Pancreas.
Gastrointestinal tract.
Hormones.
Nervous system.
Enzymes.
Transporters.
Feedback regulation.
Counter regulatory hormones.
Insulin sensitivity.
Insulin resistance.
Diabetes mellitus.
Obesity.
Starvation.
Canales ionicos
Los canales iónicos son proteínas transmembrana que permiten el paso selectivo de iones a través de la membrana celular. Existen diversos tipos de canales iónicos regulados por ligando, voltaje o mecanosensibilidad que cumplen funciones cruciales como la generación y propagación de potenciales de acción, la secreción de neurotransmisores y la transducción de señales. Las mutaciones en los genes de canales iónicos pueden causar enfermedades, y su estudio es fundamental para comprender procesos fisiológicos clave.
MECHANISM OF CONCENTRATION OF URINE
The document discusses the mechanism of urine concentration in the kidney through countercurrent flow. It explains how the loop of Henle acts as a countercurrent multiplier and the vasa recta acts as a countercurrent exchanger to generate and maintain an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla. This gradient allows water to be reabsorbed in the collecting ducts under the influence of ADH, resulting in concentrated urine when water intake is low. The kidney thus regulates urine concentration through countercurrent mechanisms to maintain water homeostasis.
Viewers also liked (14)
Similar to Aquaporins
Synopsis of Aquaporins Expression in GIT & Renal system in NDRI
Synopsis about the work on AQP1,2,3 in Buffaloes in different seasons.
To study thermotolerance & adoptation.
Desalination and Water Recycling through Aquaporin - A composite power point ...
We propose in brief in this powerpoint about the technology driver of the future of desalination.
We propose that aquaporins through cost-effective membrane packaging can be the driver to deliver pure water to the expanding populace.
Our research & development team incorporates the top scientists of the world with hundreds and thousands of man-hours put into studying this and related fields and we are in the verge of taking our insignts to the next level of commercialization.
AGUAPORINA EN MEDICINA CLINICA.pdf
Aquaporins are a family of membrane water channels involved in many physiological functions and human diseases. They play key roles in fluid transport in organs like the kidney and glands, brain water balance, cell migration and proliferation involved in cancer, and neuroexcitation relevant to epilepsy. Dysfunction of aquaporins can cause diseases like nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, brain swelling, and neuroinflammatory conditions like neuromyelitis optica. Modulating aquaporin function may provide opportunities for diagnostics and therapeutics for conditions like edema, glaucoma, cancer, and obesity.
Human aquaporins regulators of transcellular water flow
This document reviews the role of human aquaporins (AQPs) in regulating transcellular water flow. It finds that AQPs play a crucial role in water homeostasis by providing selective pores for rapid water movement across cell membranes. While the transport mechanism is passive, the distribution and abundance of AQPs in membranes determines water permeability and regulates flow. Knockout studies suggest this regulatory role is more important than their passive channel function. The review examines AQP expression and roles in water transport in major human organ systems like the kidney, lung, skin, and brain. It focuses on how AQPs mediate processes like urine concentration and clearance of brain edema through cell volume regulation.
Introduction to fluid & electrolyte balance in animals
Introduction to fluid & electrolyte balance in animalsDr. Sindhu K., Asst. Prof., Dept. of VPT, VCG.
The document discusses principles of acid-base balance in veterinary practice. It covers topics like water balance, electrolytes, acid-base balance, renal functions, fluid compartments, fluid therapy, dehydration assessment and treatment, electrolyte imbalances, and commercially available fluids. Key points include the importance of water and electrolytes for life, roles of kidneys and blood in acid-base balance maintenance, classification and assessment of dehydration severity, and fluid therapy considerations like cause, degree of dehydration, and patient condition.Aquaporin- A Promising Protein for Agriculture.pptx
It deals about what is aquaporin , Classification, Structure and its role in plant growth and development.
Body Fluids and Electrolyte Homeostasis
This document discusses body fluids and electrolyte balance. It begins by outlining the major body fluid compartments - intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, and plasma. The functions of body fluids are then described. Key points include body fluids acting as a medium for metabolic reactions and transporting nutrients and waste. The document outlines various indicators used to measure body fluid compartments and discusses homeostasis of body fluids and electrolytes. Major electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride are explained in depth, including their roles, concentrations in different fluid compartments, and regulatory mechanisms.
Lactate Acid Concentration During Hypoxia in Crabs In
This study measured lactate acid concentration in green crabs (Carcinus maenus) during periods of physical activity both in and out of water. The hypothesis was that lactate acid concentration would be highest when exercised out of water and would increase over time both in and out of water. Results showed a higher rate of lactic acid accumulation in crabs exercised out of water, indicating differences in anaerobic metabolism between air and water. However, there was not enough evidence to conclude one crab produced more lactate than the other. Future research should examine how the green crab's anaerobic metabolism compares to native species and is affected by environmental stressors.
Body Fluid And Electrolyte Balance
The document discusses disorders of water and electrolyte metabolism. It covers homeostasis of water and electrolytes, common electrolyte imbalances seen in disease, and key mechanisms that regulate fluid and electrolyte balance in the body, including thirst, antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and osmoreceptors.
1.cell environment & junctions Dr. Manisha
This document provides an overview of cell environment and cell junctions. It discusses how cells convert nutrients into usable energy through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. It also describes the body's fluid compartments, homeostasis of pH, electrolytes and body fluids. Disturbances in these systems like dehydration, edema and acid-base imbalances are explained. The document concludes by examining the interaction between the extracellular and intracellular environments through cell membranes, and different transport mechanisms like passive diffusion and active transport.
Water and electrolyte
it explains the distribution of water in various compartments. how it is balanced in our body or regulated. with its disorders of water metabolism.
The red cell membrane
The document summarizes the organization of the red blood cell membrane. It describes how the membrane is composed of three layers - an external carbohydrate layer, lipid bilayer, and inner cytoskeletal network. The lipid bilayer contains numerous transporter proteins and is asymmetrically organized. The inner surface contains spectrin and other proteins that form a mesh-like cytoskeleton providing structural integrity. Transporters such as Band 3 and Aquaporin channels facilitate gas and solute exchange. The elaborate membrane structure and composition allows red blood cells to undergo large deformations to efficiently deliver oxygen throughout the body.
aqueous humor dynamicsmodified presentation
The document discusses aqueous humour dynamics, which play an important role in glaucoma pathogenesis. Aqueous humour is produced by the ciliary processes at a rate of 2.0-2.5 μl/min through ultrafiltration, active secretion, and diffusion. It flows from the posterior chamber to the anterior chamber, providing nutrients and removing waste. Aqueous humour exits through the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal via conventional outflow or through the iris and ciliary muscle via unconventional outflow. The balance of aqueous humour inflow and outflow regulates intraocular pressure.
Urine formation
- Introduction
- Normal anatomy of kidney
- Nephron
- Juxtaglomerular apparatus
- Clearance
- tubular function
- Regulation of water and ion reabsorption
- Types of water reabsorption
- Mechanism of urine concentration and dilution
- Countercurrent mechanism
Endocrine function of hypothalamus and posterior pituitary
This document discusses the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. It describes how the hypothalamus controls the anterior and posterior pituitary via the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system. The hypothalamus produces oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH) which are stored and released from the posterior pituitary. Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and milk release. ADH regulates water balance in the kidneys by increasing water permeability and urine concentration. Stimuli such as water deprivation trigger ADH release from the hypothalamus to conserve water.
Endocrine function of hypothalamus and posterior pituitary
This document discusses the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. It describes how the hypothalamus controls the anterior and posterior pituitary via the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system. The hypothalamus produces oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH) which are stored and released from the posterior pituitary. Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and milk release. ADH regulates water balance in the kidneys by increasing water permeability and urine concentration. Stimuli such as water deprivation trigger ADH release from the hypothalamus to conserve water.
Urinary
The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes and produce urine. The urine passes through the ureters to the bladder for storage and then exits the body through the urethra. Key functions of the kidneys include filtering blood to remove wastes and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and reabsorbs necessary molecules while secreting wastes into urine.
Excretion patterns
Excretion in various invertebrates and vertebrates is dealt as per the PG syllabus prescribed by Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University Ballari. It is useful for the PG students studying animal physiology as the core subject under zoology. It gives a overall picture of excretion to the teacher who is teaching animal physiology to the collegiate and university levels.
Fluid and electrolytes
Fluid and electrolyte balance is a dynamic process that is crucial for life.
Plays important role in homeostasis.
Imbalance may result from many factors, associates with illness
Water comprises 60% (40L) of the body weight of an average adult.
Water is the solvent of life. water is more important than any other single compound to life. lt is involved in several body functions.
Hypotonic Isotonic And Hypertonic Solutions
This experiment aims to determine how solute concentration, particle size, and a membrane's
selective permeability affect diffusion. It is hypothesized that potassium permanganate will diffuse
further than methylene blue in agar due to its smaller molecular mass. Starch will remain in a
dialysis tube while iodine enters due to their size difference. A dialysis tube with higher internal
solute concentration will gain volume via osmosis, while one in a hyperosmotic solution will lose
volume.
Similar to Aquaporins (20)
Synopsis of Aquaporins Expression in GIT & Renal system in NDRI
Synopsis of Aquaporins Expression in GIT & Renal system in NDRI
Desalination and Water Recycling through Aquaporin - A composite power point ...
Desalination and Water Recycling through Aquaporin - A composite power point ...
Human aquaporins regulators of transcellular water flow
Human aquaporins regulators of transcellular water flow
Introduction to fluid & electrolyte balance in animals
Introduction to fluid & electrolyte balance in animals
Aquaporin- A Promising Protein for Agriculture.pptx
Aquaporin- A Promising Protein for Agriculture.pptx
Lactate Acid Concentration During Hypoxia in Crabs In
Lactate Acid Concentration During Hypoxia in Crabs In
Endocrine function of hypothalamus and posterior pituitary
Endocrine function of hypothalamus and posterior pituitary
Endocrine function of hypothalamus and posterior pituitary
Endocrine function of hypothalamus and posterior pituitary
Recently uploaded
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
This presentation covers the content and information on "Cytokines " and their role in immune regulation .
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Thornton ESPP slides UK WW Network 4_6_24.pdf
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero WaterTexas Alliance of Groundwater Districts
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business MeetingRecently uploaded (20)
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Aquaporins
- 1. The Aquaporin WaterThe Aquaporin Water ChannelsChannels
- 2. OutlineOutline 2 What is an Aquaporin? Specie Distribution Structural Features Mechanism of Action Human Aquaporins Medical Aspects of AQPs Conclusion
- 3. Major Intrinsic Proteins (MIPs)Major Intrinsic Proteins (MIPs) Transmembrane protein family High sequence similarity Two types of channels: 1) Aquaporins 2) Glycerol Facilitators 3
- 4. What is an Aquaporin?What is an Aquaporin? Six transmembrane helices joined together Found in all life forms Allow efficient permeation of water High specificity for water Highly conserved 4
- 5. 5
- 6. DiscoveryDiscovery Isolated from RBCs by Peter Agre in1992 Termed as Aquaporins 6
- 7. Species DistributionSpecies Distribution 13 known types in Mammals GlpF and AQPZ in E.coli 5 subfamilies in Plants (PIP,TIP, NIP, XIP, SIP) Human AQPs – 10 different genes Aquaporin family: (AQPs) and (AQGPs) 7
- 8. Bacterial AquaporinsBacterial Aquaporins Trp,Arg,Phe form constriction Two classes of bacterial AQP ◦ AQPZ : An explicit water channel ◦ GlpF : Transport glycerol 8
- 9. Structural Features of AquaporinsStructural Features of Aquaporins 9 Six transmembrane helices C and N terminals Extracellular loop A, C and E Intracellular loop B and D Highly conserved NPA motif
- 10. The NPA MotifThe NPA Motif 10 Asp-Pro-Ala Highly conserved amino acid motif
- 11. Hourglass FoldHourglass Fold Loop B and E fold into membrane and form Hourglass Fold Wide external openings to the channel with a narrow central constriction form the functional water pore 11
- 12. 12
- 13. Ar/R Selectivity FilterAr/R Selectivity Filter Cluster of amino acids help bind to water Prevent other molecules to enter membrane Tetrad:Two residues from helices 2 (H2) and 5 (H5) and two residues from loop E (LE1) and (LE2) 13
- 14. Role of AquaporinsRole of Aquaporins Increase rate of water transport Prevent other molecules to enter in membrane Symplastic movement of water in plants Water transport in prokaryotes (AQPZ) 14
- 15. Mechanism of ActionMechanism of Action 15 Water molecules orient themselves as Single-File H bonded chain Water interacts with NPA and rotated at 180˚ Fast flux is maintained Low Activation energy needed
- 16. 16
- 18. Aquaporins and DiseaseAquaporins and Disease AQP-2 gene: Hereditary Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus AQP-4 gene: Devic's Disease AQP-0 gene: Congenital Cataracts in mice 18
- 19. ConclusionConclusion AQPs are: • Highly conserved • Of Supreme importance • Plumbing system of cell 19
- 20. Future InsightsFuture Insights Much to learn yet… Design therapeutic models More technology and research work needed 20
- 21. ReferencesReferences http://www.aquaporins.org/ http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Aquaporin_1 http://en.allexperts.com/e/a/aq/aquaporin.htm http://www.pharmainfo.net/reviews/aquaporins-secret-highways-water- transport http://www.danfoss-aquaz.com/aquaporins.asp http://www.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/memb/water.channels.htm 21