Primates communicate in several ways including gestures, facial expressions, gaze following, vocalizations, and smell. Many primates use vocalizations to communicate, with different calls serving functions like warning of predators, announcing food sources, or maintaining group cohesion. Primate vocalizations depend on both the sound source in the larynx and filtering by the vocal tract shape. Different primate species have evolved specialized forms of communication like gibbon songs that involve complex duets between mated pairs. Vervet monkeys use distinct alarm calls to warn of different predators like snakes, big cats, or birds of prey.
Primate social organizations can generally be categorized into two types: 1) solitary foragers or dispersed polygyny where females forage alone and males monopolize access to females, and 2) where females forage together in female-bonded groups that are larger and contain multiple males. Group structures range from one-male harems to multi-male/multi-female groups. The type of social structure adopted depends on factors like the nature of resources and how defendable or monopolizable they are.
Iczn(The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature )Al Nahian Avro
The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) acts as adviser and arbiter for the zoological community by generating and disseminating information on the correct use of the scientific names of animals. The ICZN is responsible for producing the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature - a set of rules for the naming of animals and the resolution of nomenclatural problems.
This document summarizes key concepts around the evolution of behavior through natural selection and genetic inheritance. It discusses how behaviors are co-adapted through evolution to maximize survival and reproduction. Behaviors can be culturally transmitted between individuals without genetic changes. Kin selection theory explains how behaviors that help reproduce relatives' genes can also be selected for, if the degree of relatedness and benefits are high enough. Examples of genetic studies of behaviors in insects and vertebrates are provided to show the interaction between genes, development and environment in determining behaviors.
There are two main animal mating systems: monogamy and polygamy. Monogamy involves an animal having only one mate, while polygamy involves having multiple mates. Polygamy includes polygyny, where one male mates with multiple females, polyandry, where one female mates with multiple males, and polygynandry, where multiple males mate with multiple females. Polygyny is the most common type of polygamy in the animal kingdom. It provides advantages for males in increasing reproductive success but can negatively impact genetic diversity, while females may experience infanticide from new dominant males.
Parental care involves investment from parents to increase offspring survival and fitness. In mammals, most care is maternal, involving lactation. Only 6% of mammals show biparental care where monogamous males and females provide care. Paternal care can involve protecting young from predators and helping with growth. For artiodactyls like deer and antelopes, females are the sole caregivers through lactation. They use hiding or following strategies to protect vulnerable young until independent.
The handicap principle proposes that females prefer males with handicaps (mating characters that reduce survival chances) because handicaps are indicators of heritable viability. According to the principle, honest signals of quality must be costly to produce so that low-quality individuals cannot fake them. Examples of honest signals include a peacock's tail, which is eye-catching but heavy, and a gazelle's stotting behavior before fleeing from predators, which requires energy but signals the gazelle's strength. The principle suggests signals of quality effectively lower an individual's fitness but are affordable only by those of high biological fitness.
1. Fisher's Fundamental Theorem on Natural Selection states that the rate of increase in fitness of any organism at any time is equal to its genetic variance in fitness at that time.
2. The theorem has been revised and clarified over time, but generally means that natural selection will tend to increase the fitness of organisms through changes in gene frequencies.
3. Fisher framed his argument in terms of parental expenditure, suggesting that natural selection will act to equalize the total parental expenditure between male and female offspring to maximize reproductive value.
Primate social organizations can generally be categorized into two types: 1) solitary foragers or dispersed polygyny where females forage alone and males monopolize access to females, and 2) where females forage together in female-bonded groups that are larger and contain multiple males. Group structures range from one-male harems to multi-male/multi-female groups. The type of social structure adopted depends on factors like the nature of resources and how defendable or monopolizable they are.
Iczn(The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature )Al Nahian Avro
The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) acts as adviser and arbiter for the zoological community by generating and disseminating information on the correct use of the scientific names of animals. The ICZN is responsible for producing the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature - a set of rules for the naming of animals and the resolution of nomenclatural problems.
This document summarizes key concepts around the evolution of behavior through natural selection and genetic inheritance. It discusses how behaviors are co-adapted through evolution to maximize survival and reproduction. Behaviors can be culturally transmitted between individuals without genetic changes. Kin selection theory explains how behaviors that help reproduce relatives' genes can also be selected for, if the degree of relatedness and benefits are high enough. Examples of genetic studies of behaviors in insects and vertebrates are provided to show the interaction between genes, development and environment in determining behaviors.
There are two main animal mating systems: monogamy and polygamy. Monogamy involves an animal having only one mate, while polygamy involves having multiple mates. Polygamy includes polygyny, where one male mates with multiple females, polyandry, where one female mates with multiple males, and polygynandry, where multiple males mate with multiple females. Polygyny is the most common type of polygamy in the animal kingdom. It provides advantages for males in increasing reproductive success but can negatively impact genetic diversity, while females may experience infanticide from new dominant males.
Parental care involves investment from parents to increase offspring survival and fitness. In mammals, most care is maternal, involving lactation. Only 6% of mammals show biparental care where monogamous males and females provide care. Paternal care can involve protecting young from predators and helping with growth. For artiodactyls like deer and antelopes, females are the sole caregivers through lactation. They use hiding or following strategies to protect vulnerable young until independent.
The handicap principle proposes that females prefer males with handicaps (mating characters that reduce survival chances) because handicaps are indicators of heritable viability. According to the principle, honest signals of quality must be costly to produce so that low-quality individuals cannot fake them. Examples of honest signals include a peacock's tail, which is eye-catching but heavy, and a gazelle's stotting behavior before fleeing from predators, which requires energy but signals the gazelle's strength. The principle suggests signals of quality effectively lower an individual's fitness but are affordable only by those of high biological fitness.
1. Fisher's Fundamental Theorem on Natural Selection states that the rate of increase in fitness of any organism at any time is equal to its genetic variance in fitness at that time.
2. The theorem has been revised and clarified over time, but generally means that natural selection will tend to increase the fitness of organisms through changes in gene frequencies.
3. Fisher framed his argument in terms of parental expenditure, suggesting that natural selection will act to equalize the total parental expenditure between male and female offspring to maximize reproductive value.
Foraging is when animals search for wild foods and plays an important role in survival and reproduction. There are two main types of foraging - solitary, where animals forage alone using tools like sticks or stones, and group foraging where animals hunt together, benefiting from working as a group to isolate prey. Examples of group foragers include lions, hyenas, and wolves.
The document discusses Zahavi's handicap principle, which proposes that sexually selected traits like a peacock's tail function as honest signals of genetic fitness. These traits are handicaps that reduce survival chances but indicate to potential mates that the individual is strong enough to survive despite the handicap. Examples given include the peacock's heavy tail, gazelle stotting behavior, and mating displays in birds of paradise. The principle relies on signals being costly and honest, ensuring only fit individuals can display the handicap. This makes the signals reliable indicators of genetic quality.
Social organization & Social behavior in animalsDipHaloi1
Social organization in animals depends on factors like group size, age, sex, habitat, and food availability. Animals live in social groups for benefits like improved predator detection, increased chance of prey capture, and easier mate finding. Key aspects of social groups include communication methods, division of labor, and permanent membership among related females. Group living provides advantages for survival and reproduction.
The document discusses sexual dimorphism and reproductive strategies in animals. It notes that there is a fundamental asymmetry between males and females, with females producing fewer offspring that require more resources, while males can aim for more offspring. This leads to sexual selection strategies like monogamy, polygyny, and promiscuity. It uses birds as a case study, noting traits like plumage, beaks, weapons, ornaments, and song that have developed through sexual selection. Female birds often choose mates based on traits like bright colors that act as honest signals of health. Fisher's runaway model is discussed as explaining the evolution of attractive but challenging traits that increase sexual differences.
Animal communication occurs when information is passed between two animals, known as the signaller and receiver. Communication can be intraspecific between members of the same species, or interspecific between different species. Modes of communication include visual signals like coloration, posture, and movement. Auditory signals include sounds, while chemical signals involve pheromones. Other modes are tactile contact, electrical signals in some fish, and surface vibrations. Visual signals in bees include round and waggle dances to communicate location of food sources. Animal communication serves functions like attracting mates, defending territory, and warning of predators.
Habituation is the gradual reduction in response to a repeated stimulus that is irrelevant or harmless to an animal. When a stimulus such as a sound or sight is encountered repeatedly without negative consequence, the animal will stop responding to it as the stimulus loses its novelty and significance. This allows the animal to ignore unimportant stimuli and conserve its energy and time for responses that are actually important for survival. Examples show how various animals like snails, chicks, prairie dogs, and sea anemones eventually stop responding to repeated stimuli through habituation once they learn the stimuli do not pose a threat.
This document discusses the concept of natural selection and provides examples. It describes three patterns of natural selection: directional selection which favors advantageous traits, stabilizing selection which reduces variability, and disruptive selection which favors extreme traits. Examples provided include industrial melanism in moths due to pollution, control of Australian rabbits through myxomatosis virus, and selective breeding experiments increasing traits like body weight and disease resistance in salmon.
Kin selection theory explains the evolution of altruism. While altruism seems to go against individual survival and fitness, kin selection demonstrates that altruistic behavior can persist if the altruistic individual helps genetically similar relatives to survive and pass on shared genes. Key examples discussed are sterile worker ants helping their queen sister reproduce since they share three-quarters of their genes, and ground squirrels whose alarm calls risk individual safety but benefit genetically related neighbors. The theory was developed by W.D. Hamilton and others to explain how natural selection can favor altruism between kin.
1) Birds produce vocal sounds like calls and songs for communication purposes related to reproduction and territorial behavior.
2) The vocal organ of birds, the syrinx, produces sounds when air passes over membranes at the junction of the bronchi. Songbirds have more complex syrinx muscles allowing more varied songs.
3) Bird songs serve functions like proclaiming sex, attracting mates, establishing territories, and signaling changes in parental duties. Calls can signal predators, coordinate flock movement, and allow individual and species identification.
TO FOLLOW THESE SLIDES you will learn about the adaptive radiations involve in evolution .
yo will learn about the parallel adaptations and its types
speciation role in the evolution
factors
key innvations
to imrove the article involving examples
Founder events
Adaptive plasticity
process of adaptive radiation
Factors promote adaptive radiations
Factors underlying adaptive radiations
defined by 0.S OSBORN
ecological space
geological
climatological
Islands
examplrs: 1.Darwin Finches 2.Cichlid fish genome -adaptive evolution, Stanford scientists
3.Anolis Lizards
Factors promote adaptive radiations
1.Generally speaking, adaptive radiations occur when new, unoccupied ecological niches become accessible to a founder population.
This can happen after a mass extinction during which the previous occupiers of those niches died out.
t can also happen when a colonizing species arrives at an island. (For instance the ancestor of the honeycreepers in Hawaii, or of Darwin's "finches" in the Galapagos)
Honey creeper
Change feeding habitat
At least 56 species of Hawaiian honeycreepers known to have existed, although all but 18 of them are now extinct.
Lack of competition. When a species enters an adaptive zone, it is poorly equipped to compete with species that have become adapted to the same niche.
For example, mudskippers are fish that are making a living on land, but they are marine fish and they don't have to compete against frogs and salamanders, which are restricted to fresh water. That is why we don't see freshwater mudskippers.
process of adaptive radiation
Ecological Release Colonization of species.
Taxon cycle
Habitat varying as population expand- species dispersal.
Adaptive plasticity Phenotypic plasticity(behavior change)
Property of an individual or genotype that may be adaptive, maladaptive or neutral with regard to an individual's fitness.
The particular way an individual's (or genotype's) phenotype varies across environments can be described as a reaction norm (Single genotype-phenotypic expression)
Speciation in adaptive radiation Founder events
This presentation includes detailed explanation of Animal communication via different examples present in nature. It includes all the different methods animals use to convey information to their species or the other animals in nature.
This document discusses the theory of Neo-Darwinism, which is a synthesis of Darwin's theory of natural selection and modern genetics. It describes key aspects of Neo-Darwinism, including genetic variation, mutations, natural selection, genetic drift, and isolation. Several scientists in the 20th century contributed to the development of the modern synthetic theory, including research on population genetics, genetics, and heredity. Examples are given of natural selection in industrial melanic moths and the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
The document discusses different types of innate animal behavior, including innate, reflexive, instinctive, and learned behaviors. It provides examples and definitions for each type. Innate behaviors are inborn and do not require learning, such as fish swimming and geese migrating. Reflex behaviors are automatic responses to stimuli that do not involve consciousness. Instinctive behaviors are complex, innate behaviors that are performed without prior learning or experience, such as fixed action patterns in animals.
Taxonomic collection, preservation and mountingPrachee Rajput
This document discusses the collection, preservation, and mounting of biological specimens. It covers taxonomic collection, types of collection including dry and wet preservation, methods of collection using various tools, recording data during collection, curation and preservation techniques like relaxing and mounting, storage, and cataloguing of collections. The purpose of biological collections is to preserve plant and animal specimens and documentation for research and study.
Natural selection leads to the evolution of organisms over time through differential survival and reproduction based on heritable traits. There are three main types of selection: directional selection favors one trait extreme, stabilizing selection favors intermediate traits, and disruptive selection favors opposite trait extremes. Examples of natural selection in action include the evolution of melanism in moths due to pollution and the evolution of myxoma virus resistance in rabbits in Australia. Laboratory studies also demonstrate the effects of selection, such as increased growth in selectively bred salmon. Natural selection can result in radiation, convergence, regression, extinction, and coevolution between interacting species.
Evolutionary equilibrium, also known as Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, occurs when allele and genotype frequencies remain constant between generations in a population with no evolutionary forces. There are five main destabilizing forces that disrupt evolutionary equilibrium: 1) genetic drift, such as bottleneck and founder effects, which cause changes in allele frequencies by chance, 2) mutation, which introduces new alleles, 3) migration or gene flow between populations, which prevents divergence, 4) meiotic drive, where some alleles are overrepresented in gametes, and 5) natural selection, where some alleles provide a reproductive advantage. Together, these evolutionary forces ensure that Hardy Weinberg equilibrium is rarely achieved in natural populations.
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature articles 1-9Kishor6460
The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) establishes standard rules for naming animals. It has been updated through various international conferences since the 1830s. The current 4th edition from 1999 contains 6 principles, 18 chapters, and 90 articles that govern scientific naming. Key principles include binominal nomenclature, priority, coordination, first reviser, homonymy, and typification. The code defines valid publication and establishes 1 January 1758 as the starting point of zoological nomenclature. Interpolated names and qualifying abbreviations are also addressed.
This document summarizes the different types of skulls found in reptiles:
- Anapsid skulls, found in primitive reptiles and turtles, have no temporal fenestrae.
- Euryapsid skulls, found in marine reptiles like plesiosaurs, have a single pair of fenestrae high on the skull.
- Parapsid skulls, seen in ichthyosaurs, are similar but with additional bones bordering the single fenestrae.
- Diapsid skulls, common in living reptiles and dinosaurs, contain two pairs of fenestrae on each side of the skull.
- Synapsid skulls, seen in early mammal-like reptiles
Cetaceans such as whales, dolphins, and porpoises communicate through complex vocalizations. Research shows that some cetaceans can mimic sounds from other species. Three examples are discussed: 1) Dolphins can mimic behaviors of other dolphins or humans without sight by using echolocation. 2) Killer whales living with dolphins change their calls to incorporate more dolphin-like sounds. 3) A beluga whale named Noc learned to mimic human speech sounds by changing its vocal anatomy and frequencies. Further research could explore whether mimicry is intentional for learning or communication across species.
Animal languages show some similarities to human language in their use of signs and signals to communicate, though they are generally not as complex or expressive. While animals can convey various messages, such as warnings or the location of food, they lack a key component of human language which is the ability to create novel combinations and patterns. Research on teaching animal sign language has shown some success, with chimpanzees able to learn and combine hundreds of signs, but they have not shown the ability to truly master language structure and syntax in the same way humans can.
Foraging is when animals search for wild foods and plays an important role in survival and reproduction. There are two main types of foraging - solitary, where animals forage alone using tools like sticks or stones, and group foraging where animals hunt together, benefiting from working as a group to isolate prey. Examples of group foragers include lions, hyenas, and wolves.
The document discusses Zahavi's handicap principle, which proposes that sexually selected traits like a peacock's tail function as honest signals of genetic fitness. These traits are handicaps that reduce survival chances but indicate to potential mates that the individual is strong enough to survive despite the handicap. Examples given include the peacock's heavy tail, gazelle stotting behavior, and mating displays in birds of paradise. The principle relies on signals being costly and honest, ensuring only fit individuals can display the handicap. This makes the signals reliable indicators of genetic quality.
Social organization & Social behavior in animalsDipHaloi1
Social organization in animals depends on factors like group size, age, sex, habitat, and food availability. Animals live in social groups for benefits like improved predator detection, increased chance of prey capture, and easier mate finding. Key aspects of social groups include communication methods, division of labor, and permanent membership among related females. Group living provides advantages for survival and reproduction.
The document discusses sexual dimorphism and reproductive strategies in animals. It notes that there is a fundamental asymmetry between males and females, with females producing fewer offspring that require more resources, while males can aim for more offspring. This leads to sexual selection strategies like monogamy, polygyny, and promiscuity. It uses birds as a case study, noting traits like plumage, beaks, weapons, ornaments, and song that have developed through sexual selection. Female birds often choose mates based on traits like bright colors that act as honest signals of health. Fisher's runaway model is discussed as explaining the evolution of attractive but challenging traits that increase sexual differences.
Animal communication occurs when information is passed between two animals, known as the signaller and receiver. Communication can be intraspecific between members of the same species, or interspecific between different species. Modes of communication include visual signals like coloration, posture, and movement. Auditory signals include sounds, while chemical signals involve pheromones. Other modes are tactile contact, electrical signals in some fish, and surface vibrations. Visual signals in bees include round and waggle dances to communicate location of food sources. Animal communication serves functions like attracting mates, defending territory, and warning of predators.
Habituation is the gradual reduction in response to a repeated stimulus that is irrelevant or harmless to an animal. When a stimulus such as a sound or sight is encountered repeatedly without negative consequence, the animal will stop responding to it as the stimulus loses its novelty and significance. This allows the animal to ignore unimportant stimuli and conserve its energy and time for responses that are actually important for survival. Examples show how various animals like snails, chicks, prairie dogs, and sea anemones eventually stop responding to repeated stimuli through habituation once they learn the stimuli do not pose a threat.
This document discusses the concept of natural selection and provides examples. It describes three patterns of natural selection: directional selection which favors advantageous traits, stabilizing selection which reduces variability, and disruptive selection which favors extreme traits. Examples provided include industrial melanism in moths due to pollution, control of Australian rabbits through myxomatosis virus, and selective breeding experiments increasing traits like body weight and disease resistance in salmon.
Kin selection theory explains the evolution of altruism. While altruism seems to go against individual survival and fitness, kin selection demonstrates that altruistic behavior can persist if the altruistic individual helps genetically similar relatives to survive and pass on shared genes. Key examples discussed are sterile worker ants helping their queen sister reproduce since they share three-quarters of their genes, and ground squirrels whose alarm calls risk individual safety but benefit genetically related neighbors. The theory was developed by W.D. Hamilton and others to explain how natural selection can favor altruism between kin.
1) Birds produce vocal sounds like calls and songs for communication purposes related to reproduction and territorial behavior.
2) The vocal organ of birds, the syrinx, produces sounds when air passes over membranes at the junction of the bronchi. Songbirds have more complex syrinx muscles allowing more varied songs.
3) Bird songs serve functions like proclaiming sex, attracting mates, establishing territories, and signaling changes in parental duties. Calls can signal predators, coordinate flock movement, and allow individual and species identification.
TO FOLLOW THESE SLIDES you will learn about the adaptive radiations involve in evolution .
yo will learn about the parallel adaptations and its types
speciation role in the evolution
factors
key innvations
to imrove the article involving examples
Founder events
Adaptive plasticity
process of adaptive radiation
Factors promote adaptive radiations
Factors underlying adaptive radiations
defined by 0.S OSBORN
ecological space
geological
climatological
Islands
examplrs: 1.Darwin Finches 2.Cichlid fish genome -adaptive evolution, Stanford scientists
3.Anolis Lizards
Factors promote adaptive radiations
1.Generally speaking, adaptive radiations occur when new, unoccupied ecological niches become accessible to a founder population.
This can happen after a mass extinction during which the previous occupiers of those niches died out.
t can also happen when a colonizing species arrives at an island. (For instance the ancestor of the honeycreepers in Hawaii, or of Darwin's "finches" in the Galapagos)
Honey creeper
Change feeding habitat
At least 56 species of Hawaiian honeycreepers known to have existed, although all but 18 of them are now extinct.
Lack of competition. When a species enters an adaptive zone, it is poorly equipped to compete with species that have become adapted to the same niche.
For example, mudskippers are fish that are making a living on land, but they are marine fish and they don't have to compete against frogs and salamanders, which are restricted to fresh water. That is why we don't see freshwater mudskippers.
process of adaptive radiation
Ecological Release Colonization of species.
Taxon cycle
Habitat varying as population expand- species dispersal.
Adaptive plasticity Phenotypic plasticity(behavior change)
Property of an individual or genotype that may be adaptive, maladaptive or neutral with regard to an individual's fitness.
The particular way an individual's (or genotype's) phenotype varies across environments can be described as a reaction norm (Single genotype-phenotypic expression)
Speciation in adaptive radiation Founder events
This presentation includes detailed explanation of Animal communication via different examples present in nature. It includes all the different methods animals use to convey information to their species or the other animals in nature.
This document discusses the theory of Neo-Darwinism, which is a synthesis of Darwin's theory of natural selection and modern genetics. It describes key aspects of Neo-Darwinism, including genetic variation, mutations, natural selection, genetic drift, and isolation. Several scientists in the 20th century contributed to the development of the modern synthetic theory, including research on population genetics, genetics, and heredity. Examples are given of natural selection in industrial melanic moths and the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
The document discusses different types of innate animal behavior, including innate, reflexive, instinctive, and learned behaviors. It provides examples and definitions for each type. Innate behaviors are inborn and do not require learning, such as fish swimming and geese migrating. Reflex behaviors are automatic responses to stimuli that do not involve consciousness. Instinctive behaviors are complex, innate behaviors that are performed without prior learning or experience, such as fixed action patterns in animals.
Taxonomic collection, preservation and mountingPrachee Rajput
This document discusses the collection, preservation, and mounting of biological specimens. It covers taxonomic collection, types of collection including dry and wet preservation, methods of collection using various tools, recording data during collection, curation and preservation techniques like relaxing and mounting, storage, and cataloguing of collections. The purpose of biological collections is to preserve plant and animal specimens and documentation for research and study.
Natural selection leads to the evolution of organisms over time through differential survival and reproduction based on heritable traits. There are three main types of selection: directional selection favors one trait extreme, stabilizing selection favors intermediate traits, and disruptive selection favors opposite trait extremes. Examples of natural selection in action include the evolution of melanism in moths due to pollution and the evolution of myxoma virus resistance in rabbits in Australia. Laboratory studies also demonstrate the effects of selection, such as increased growth in selectively bred salmon. Natural selection can result in radiation, convergence, regression, extinction, and coevolution between interacting species.
Evolutionary equilibrium, also known as Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, occurs when allele and genotype frequencies remain constant between generations in a population with no evolutionary forces. There are five main destabilizing forces that disrupt evolutionary equilibrium: 1) genetic drift, such as bottleneck and founder effects, which cause changes in allele frequencies by chance, 2) mutation, which introduces new alleles, 3) migration or gene flow between populations, which prevents divergence, 4) meiotic drive, where some alleles are overrepresented in gametes, and 5) natural selection, where some alleles provide a reproductive advantage. Together, these evolutionary forces ensure that Hardy Weinberg equilibrium is rarely achieved in natural populations.
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature articles 1-9Kishor6460
The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) establishes standard rules for naming animals. It has been updated through various international conferences since the 1830s. The current 4th edition from 1999 contains 6 principles, 18 chapters, and 90 articles that govern scientific naming. Key principles include binominal nomenclature, priority, coordination, first reviser, homonymy, and typification. The code defines valid publication and establishes 1 January 1758 as the starting point of zoological nomenclature. Interpolated names and qualifying abbreviations are also addressed.
This document summarizes the different types of skulls found in reptiles:
- Anapsid skulls, found in primitive reptiles and turtles, have no temporal fenestrae.
- Euryapsid skulls, found in marine reptiles like plesiosaurs, have a single pair of fenestrae high on the skull.
- Parapsid skulls, seen in ichthyosaurs, are similar but with additional bones bordering the single fenestrae.
- Diapsid skulls, common in living reptiles and dinosaurs, contain two pairs of fenestrae on each side of the skull.
- Synapsid skulls, seen in early mammal-like reptiles
Cetaceans such as whales, dolphins, and porpoises communicate through complex vocalizations. Research shows that some cetaceans can mimic sounds from other species. Three examples are discussed: 1) Dolphins can mimic behaviors of other dolphins or humans without sight by using echolocation. 2) Killer whales living with dolphins change their calls to incorporate more dolphin-like sounds. 3) A beluga whale named Noc learned to mimic human speech sounds by changing its vocal anatomy and frequencies. Further research could explore whether mimicry is intentional for learning or communication across species.
Animal languages show some similarities to human language in their use of signs and signals to communicate, though they are generally not as complex or expressive. While animals can convey various messages, such as warnings or the location of food, they lack a key component of human language which is the ability to create novel combinations and patterns. Research on teaching animal sign language has shown some success, with chimpanzees able to learn and combine hundreds of signs, but they have not shown the ability to truly master language structure and syntax in the same way humans can.
This document compares and contrasts systems of communication in animals and humans. It discusses communication in birds, bees, and apes, noting key differences from human language. While animals and humans both use signs to communicate, animal signs are innate responses to stimuli, confined to specific functions, and cannot be creatively rearranged. Human language, on the other hand, is acquired through exposure, can communicate an unlimited variety of thoughts, and allows for creative expression. The document argues this ability for creative symbol use is unique to humans.
This document provides an overview of an introduction to language studies group presentation. It discusses several theories on the origin of language, including the social interaction source theory, divine source theory, oral gestures theory, physical adaptation source theory, and tool making source theory. The document also outlines various theories proposed in the 19th century such as the bow-wow, pooh-pooh, and ding-dong theories. It examines the evolution of gestures and their role in the development of language.
Anthropology and LanguageLanguage is in many ways the quin.docxrossskuddershamus
Anthropology and Language
Language is in many ways the quintessential expression of culture. Language is learned,
shared, and transmitted. All humans have the capacity for language, but the language spoken by
each cultural group is in many respects unique. Just as children can learn any culture, so too are
they born with an innate ability to learn any language.
More than this, however, language is essential to culture. Culture is based on symbols. In
order to learn, to share, to transmit cultural knowledge, we need to communicate. Our
Communication, in turn is based on symbols, of which language is one manifestation. That is,
language forms a subset of a more broadly conceptualized capacity for symbolic expression.
If we want to describe a building, we do not have to show someone a building, we can use
words to paint a picture. If we want to tell someone how to build a better mousetrap, we don’t
need build it in front of their eyes, but we can talk about it. In can describe the mousetrap using
words to build the picture for us.
Language as culture
Language is the quintessential cultural product: it must be learned, it must be shared, and it
must be transmitted. Just as all humans have the capacity for culture, all humans have the
capacity for language. The brains of human young are wired so that they begin to learn language
even before they can speak. And any human child can learn any language ever devised by any
group of people, from Tagalog to mathematics. Yes, anyone can learn math.
Although all humans have the capacity for language, the particular language that you learn
is variable, and an essential element of enculturation is teaching language to the young.
The capacity for language is the product of millions of years of evolution. Our remote
ancestors millions of years ago lacked the capacity for the sophisticated manipulation of symbols
and the capacity for vocalizing the many sounds that go into our spoken language.
Two primary factors led to selection for the ability to manipulate symbols and to speak.
First, the primary selective advantage that our species had over others is the ability to plan. As
we’ll talk about in some detail next week, between 8 and 4 million years ago, species ancestral to
our own were faced with an environment that was changing dramatically. Food was no longer
readily available, and wasn’t to be found in large amounts. In order to survive our ancestors, who
were a bit like gorillas and chimps today, had to be able to plan. They had to be able to think
abstractly, to remember where resources were located, and when they were available. They had to
be able to think spatially and to model the landscape in their minds.
Secondly, they had to be able to cooperate. As we’ll see, humans, like all other primates,
live in groups. They do this primarily for defense. What distinguishes us and our near relatives,
however, is that we not only band together for defens.
Chimpanzees share 98% of human DNA and a common ancestor from 4-8 million years ago. While chimpanzees can be taught sign language and communicate to some degree, extensive research has shown they lack the ability for spontaneous, human-like language. Chimpanzees can learn symbols and gestures but cannot master syntax. Their vocal anatomy also limits complex vocalization. Thus, chimpanzees are not capable of human language.
Language in its biological context. A presentation to the PBET 1101 participants, Semester 1 AY 2010-2011 at the Faculty of Education, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.
This document discusses the origins and design features of human language. It explores various religious and scientific theories on how language originated, including divine sources, experiments on infants, and theories that early words imitated natural sounds or gestures. The document also outlines Charles Hockett's design features that characterize human language, such as arbitrariness, cultural transmission, productivity and displacement. Finally, it compares animal communication forms and functions to human language.
1) Language is a system of symbols used by humans to communicate and interact with each other. It allows for the transmission of ideas, emotions, and desires.
2) Early theories suggested language originated from either divine sources, natural sounds in the environment, or oral and physical gestures.
3) More recent theories focus on physiological adaptations in human anatomy that enabled complex vocalization and language, such as changes in teeth, lips, larynx and brain lateralization.
This document provides an overview of language and its origins from the perspective of different theories. It defines language as the human ability to use complex communication systems and discusses views of language as innate, learned behavior, or both. Theories discussed for the origin of language include the belief that it was divinely created or evolved naturally as the human brain developed. Multiple theories are also presented for how early language systems may have originated, such as imitating animal sounds or naming objects based on associated sounds.
This document discusses theories about the origin of language. It outlines 7 main theories: 1) Divine sources, where language is seen as a gift from God; 2) Mythological sources found in ancient cultures; 3) Natural sound imitation theories where language evolved from imitating sounds; 4) Social interaction necessity theories where language developed to communicate needs; 5) Physical adaptation of human anatomy that allowed speech; 6) Tool making abilities linking language and manual skills; 7) Innateness hypothesis that language ability is genetically determined. The document examines evidence for each theory but finds it difficult to determine the single origin of language.
This document discusses human evolution and the evidence from fossils that show how humans developed from early hominids. It provides a timeline of major hominid species like Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens. It describes changes in anatomy that characterize human evolution like the positioning of the foramen magnum, increased brain size, flatter faces, and changes in teeth and jaw structure. The document also discusses where the oldest hominid fossils have been found, with East Africa considered the likely "cradle of humankind." Key sites in South Africa like Sterkfontein are also mentioned where many important early hominid fossils have been discovered.
The document provides an overview of the field of phonetics and its branches. It discusses how phonetics is the scientific study of speech sounds and their production, transmission, and perception. The key branches of phonetics are articulatory phonetics, which studies speech sound production; acoustic phonetics, which examines the physical properties of sounds; and auditory phonetics, which focuses on sound perception. The document also outlines the development of the International Phonetic Alphabet and its role in providing symbols to represent speech sounds across languages.
The document discusses several theories about the origins of human language:
1) The divine source theory which says language was given by God. Experiments found children did not spontaneously speak.
2) Natural sound theories where early words imitated animal sounds or emotions. However, these cannot explain abstract words.
3) Physical adaptation theory that human physical traits like teeth, lips and larynx evolved to support speech. Alone they did not lead to language.
4) Tool use theory where language arose as hands were needed for tools. Brain lateralization also supported speech and tool use.
The document examines evidence for both single and multiple origins of language, and compares how different theories account for the gradual or sudden
1. Human language is distinct from animal communication in that it is compositional, allowing for an infinite number of sentences by recombining words into subject, verb and object roles.
2. Some key properties of human language include reflexivity, displacement, arbitrariness, productivity, and cultural transmission.
3. While some chimpanzees have been taught limited sign language or words, research shows they lack the physical capabilities and social structure for fully acquiring human spoken language. Their communication is more emotional and gestural.
1. Communication requires a sender, receiver, and interpretation of messages conveyed through feedback like words and gestures.
2. Human language is distinct from animal communication in being compositional, referential, and having properties like reflexivity, displacement, arbitrariness, and productivity that allow for generating novel sentences.
3. Attempts to teach chimpanzees human speech had limited success due to physical and cognitive differences, though some learned some words or signed symbols with training.
Here are the key characteristics of human language:
- Productivity/creativity - Language allows for infinite expression of new ideas through novel combinations of words.
- Cultural transmission - Language is learned socially through interaction rather than genetically. It evolves over generations.
- Displacement - Language can be used to communicate about things absent in space and time, including past/future events and imaginary concepts.
- Arbitrariness - The relationship between words and what they refer to is arbitrary and learned through convention rather than natural law.
- Duality of patterning - Language has two levels of structure - sounds combine into words, and words combine into sentences.
- Specialization - Language relies on specialized vocal
NAPS 2016 Simon Ager - Origins of LanguageLangFest
This document discusses various theories about the origins of human language. It provides definitions of language and discusses evidence from fossils, genetics, tools and cave paintings. The document also summarizes different approaches to how language emerged, including the idea that it developed gradually from primate communication or emerged suddenly in humans. Several theories are outlined, such as language originating from imitation of sounds, emerging during a proposed aquatic ape phase, or developing from gestures and vocalizations.
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
Northern Engraving | Modern Metal Trim, Nameplates and Appliance PanelsNorthern Engraving
What began over 115 years ago as a supplier of precision gauges to the automotive industry has evolved into being an industry leader in the manufacture of product branding, automotive cockpit trim and decorative appliance trim. Value-added services include in-house Design, Engineering, Program Management, Test Lab and Tool Shops.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
High performance Serverless Java on AWS- GoTo Amsterdam 2024Vadym Kazulkin
Java is for many years one of the most popular programming languages, but it used to have hard times in the Serverless community. Java is known for its high cold start times and high memory footprint, comparing to other programming languages like Node.js and Python. In this talk I'll look at the general best practices and techniques we can use to decrease memory consumption, cold start times for Java Serverless development on AWS including GraalVM (Native Image) and AWS own offering SnapStart based on Firecracker microVM snapshot and restore and CRaC (Coordinated Restore at Checkpoint) runtime hooks. I'll also provide a lot of benchmarking on Lambda functions trying out various deployment package sizes, Lambda memory settings, Java compilation options and HTTP (a)synchronous clients and measure their impact on cold and warm start times.
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
Discover top-tier mobile app development services, offering innovative solutions for iOS and Android. Enhance your business with custom, user-friendly mobile applications.
Must Know Postgres Extension for DBA and Developer during MigrationMydbops
Mydbops Opensource Database Meetup 16
Topic: Must-Know PostgreSQL Extensions for Developers and DBAs During Migration
Speaker: Deepak Mahto, Founder of DataCloudGaze Consulting
Date & Time: 8th June | 10 AM - 1 PM IST
Venue: Bangalore International Centre, Bangalore
Abstract: Discover how PostgreSQL extensions can be your secret weapon! This talk explores how key extensions enhance database capabilities and streamline the migration process for users moving from other relational databases like Oracle.
Key Takeaways:
* Learn about crucial extensions like oracle_fdw, pgtt, and pg_audit that ease migration complexities.
* Gain valuable strategies for implementing these extensions in PostgreSQL to achieve license freedom.
* Discover how these key extensions can empower both developers and DBAs during the migration process.
* Don't miss this chance to gain practical knowledge from an industry expert and stay updated on the latest open-source database trends.
Mydbops Managed Services specializes in taking the pain out of database management while optimizing performance. Since 2015, we have been providing top-notch support and assistance for the top three open-source databases: MySQL, MongoDB, and PostgreSQL.
Our team offers a wide range of services, including assistance, support, consulting, 24/7 operations, and expertise in all relevant technologies. We help organizations improve their database's performance, scalability, efficiency, and availability.
Contact us: info@mydbops.com
Visit: https://www.mydbops.com/
Follow us on LinkedIn: https://in.linkedin.com/company/mydbops
For more details and updates, please follow up the below links.
Meetup Page : https://www.meetup.com/mydbops-databa...
Twitter: https://twitter.com/mydbopsofficial
Blogs: https://www.mydbops.com/blog/
Facebook(Meta): https://www.facebook.com/mydbops/
Must Know Postgres Extension for DBA and Developer during Migration
A.primate communication
1. Forms and meaning of primate communication Presenter: RoyaShariati ANU College of Archaeology and Anthropology Supervisor: Prof. Colin Groves
2. What is Communication? Communication is the transfer of information from one Primate to another. The message or signal is passed between a sender and a receiver. The ability to detect and respond to stimuli is essential for survival. By detecting changes in the external environment, humans and other animals are able to respond appropriately.
3. Pictures from science daily web and wikipidia Form Of Communication Gestures Facial Expression Gaze Following Vocalization Olfactory communication Electro Communication Pictures from Sciencedaily website and Wikipedia
4. Many of primates communicate through vocalizations. Primate communication also involves mental representation in some cases, most clearly in the representational vocalizations used by primate species. Vocalization are believed to serve a variety of functions, including territorial advertisement; intergroup intimidation and spacing; announcing the precise locality of specific individuals, food sources, or danger; and strengthening intragroup cohesion. Vocalization:
5. Vocal organs (Chiba & Kiiama 1940) • Non-human primates have vocal organs similar to ours, but – the size of their tongue relative to the size of the mouth is much larger – their pharynx (area between the larynx and the mouth) is shorter
6. Primate vocalizations Both non-human primates and humans use the larynx for the source of sound production and the oral cavity above the larynx as the filter. Kratzenstein‘s geometric-acoustic considerations based on reflections within elliptical cones (Gessinger 1994) Non-human primates have much larger tongue: not advantageous in manipulating the shape of the vocal tract. Non-human primates have shorter pharynx: less room to play with the shape of the vocal tract. – But they have lower risk of choking on food
7. Source-filter theoryThe source-filter theory describes speech production as a two stage process involving the generation of a sound source, with its own spectral shape and spectral fine structure, which is then shaped or filtered by the resonant properties of the vocal tract. The vowel, its nature and structure / by Tsutomu Chiba and Masato Kajiyama 1941
9. Source filter theory and vocalization • So what a vocalization sounds like depends on what the sound source is like and how that source is filtered • The source can be created by vibrating the vocal folds in the larynx – How fast the vocal folds vibrate will determine the fundamental frequency of the sound • The shape of the vocal tract above the larynx determines the nature of the filter – which frequencies are amplified and which are attenuated – One can make sounds of equal pitch but different quality (timbre)
10. Barks and pant-threats Lips are slightly protruded and maximally spread apart at the beginning of each sound – The lower jaw, or the mandible drops to the lowest point – This is more prominent for barks than for pant-threats – The teeth are partially separated during the production Barks are more likely to be associated with physical aggression
11. Noisy and undulating screams Produced by individuals being threatened by a dominant member of the group – Noisy screams are more consistently associated with physical attack than undulating screams The lips are retracted, revealing the teeth – Lip retraction appears more prominent for noisy scream than for undulating scream
12. Coos and grunts Coos and grunts are produced during group movement, affiliative activities, and when one approaches another to groom When producing coos, the lips are separated fairly wide and somewhat protruded while the mandible is lowered When producing grunts, lips are separated, often to a negligible degree, and there is no lip protrusion
13. links • Rhesus monkey calls http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~mnkylab/media/rhesuscalls.html http://www.soundboard.com/sb/Rhesus_Monkey_sounds.aspx • Rhesus monkey articulation – Hauser et al. (1993). The role of articulation in the production of rhesus monkey, Macacamulatta, vocalizations. Anim. Behav., 45, 423-433. http://galliform.psy.mq.edu.au/Reprints/Hauser_Evans&Marler_1993.pdf – Lieberman et al. (1980). Vocal tract limitations on the vowel repertoires of rhesus monkey and other nonhuman primates, Science, 164, 1185-1187. http://web.haskins.yale.edu/Reprints/HL0080.pdf
14. Call Context Food Many primates produce distinct calls when discovering or eating food. Predators Many primates produce alarm calls in response to predator (Cheney and Seyfarth, 1990), Mating In most of species both sexes produce copulation calls (Hauser, 1996) Caller Identity Individual Sex Group membership
15. Rhesus food discovery vocalizations When rhesus macaques discover food, they call out, at which point other group members come running Hauser (1996) catalogued five different food calls – ‘warbles’, ‘chirps’, and ‘harmonic arches’ are associated with rare and high-quality foods (e.g. coconut) – ‘coos’ and ‘grunts’ are for common, low-quality foods ‘Silent discoverers’ who are caught with food are severely beaten up, and this is true for high and low ranking individuals Males make food calls less often than females
16. Food calls are intentional, not reflexive When individuals discover food, they first scan the area, looking for enemies and/or allies Members of social groups have different calling behaviours than males who live peripherally, waiting to join a social group – When peripheral males find food, they never call – These peripheral silent discoverers never receive targeted aggression These observations suggest that rhesus macaques can intentionally withhold information about food discoveries
17. Rhesus mating vocalizations • Males produce extremely loud and individually distinctive screams during mating • Hauser (1996) found that males who call during copulation obtain significantly more mating than males who were silent • However, vocal males also received significantly more aggression than did silent males • This suggests there are potential survival costs to calling (natural selection pressure), but potential reproductive benefits (sexual selection pressure)
18. Gibbon songs Gibbons, unique among non-human primates, produce complex songs in order to attract mates, advertise pair bonds (duets), repel introducers, and warn each other of predators http://www.gibbons.de/main/sound/sounds/07hool_sounds/hoDuett88a2027.wav
19. Gibbons (Hylobates spp.) produce loud and long song bouts that are mostly exhibited by mated pairs. Typically, mates combine their partly sex-specific repetoire in relatively rigid, precisely timed, and complex vocal interactions to produce well-patterned duets. A cross-species comparison reveals that singing behaviour evolved several times independently in the order of primates. Most likely, loud calls were the substrate from which singing evolved in each line. (Geissmann, T., 2000). Singing male white-handed gibbon (Hylobateslar, Zoo Rapperswil)
20. Another specialization is the occurrence of duet singing in all gibbons with the exception of H. klossii and H. moloch (Geissmann 1993). Duets are mostly sung by mated pairs . Typically, mates combine their repertoire in relatively rigid, more or less precisely timed vocal interactions to produce well-patterned duets.http://www.gibbons.de/main/sound/sounds/08conc_sounds/coDuett94b3270.wav
22. Vervet monkey alarm calls • Vervet monkeys produce acoustically distinct alarm calls in response to different classes of predator – Large cats (e.g. leopard, cheetah) – Birds of prey (e.g. martial eagle, crowned hawk eagle) – Snakes (e.g. pythons, mambas) • Hearing the leopard call, the members of the troupe run up to the top of the nearest tree • Hearing the eagle call, the members of the troupe run into a nearby bush or under the lower branches of a nearby tree • Hearing the snake call, the troupe of vervets all stand up on their hind legs in the open and look around on the ground
23. Conclusion: communicate with a group. Animal communication is more based on the need to warn of danger or to describe the location of food, it is more of a necessary means of survival. Human language however adopts these characteristics of needing communication for survival but adds to them to form a language system that is both needed for survival but is also a social communication device, that is used spontaneously, something an animal does not especially require in order to survive in the animal world.(Tomasello and Call 1997).
24. Books Bradbury, J. W. & Vehrencamp, S. L. (1998) Principles of animal communication., Oxford, Blackwell Cheney, D. L. & Seyfarth, R. M. (1990) How monkeys see the world: Inside the mind of another species., Chicago, Chicago University Press Chiba, T. & Kajiyama, M. (1941). The Vowel, its Nature and Structure. Tokyo. Hauser, M. D. (1996) The evolution of communication., Cambridge, MIT Press Owings, D. H. & Morton, E. S. (1998) Animal vocal communication: A new approach, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press Articles in Books Dawkins, R. & Krebs, J. R. (1978) 'Animal signals: Information or manipulation' In Behavioural ecology (Krebs, J. R.&Davies, N. B., eds), pp Oxford University Press Fischer, J. (2002) 'Developmental modifications in the vocal behavior of non-human primates' In Primate audition: Ethology and neurobiology (Ghazanfar, A. A., ed), pp 109-125, CRC Press Marler, P., Evans, C. S. & Hauser, M. D. (1992) 'Animal signals? Reference, motivation or both?' In Nonverbal vocal communication: Comparative and developmental approaches. (Papoucek, H., Jürgens, U.&Papoucek, M., eds), pp 66-86, Cambridge University Press Owren, M. J. & Linker, C. D. (1995) 'Some analysis methods that may be useful to acoustic primatologists' In Current topics in primate vocal communication (Zimmermann, E., Newman, J. D.&Juergens, U., eds), pp 1-27, Plenum Press Snowdon, C. T. (1986) 'Vocal communication' In Comparative primate biology, vol. 2a, conservation and ecology (Mitchell, G.&Irwin, J., eds), pp 495-530, Alan R. Liss
25. Articles in Journals Cheney, D. L. & Seyfarth, R. M. (1980) Vocal recognition in free-ranging vervet monkeys. Animal Behaviour 28,362-367Crockford, C., Herbinger, I., Vigilant, L. & Boesch, C. (2004) Wild chimpanzees produce group-specific calls: A case for vocal learning? Ethology 110,221-243 Fichtel,C. & Kappeler, P.M. (2002) Anti-predator behavior of group-living Malagasy primates: mixed evidence for a referential alarm call system. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 51: 262-275. Fitch, W. T. (1997) Vocal tract length and formant frequency dispersion correlate with body size in rhesus macaques. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 102,1213-1222 Fitch, W. T., Neubauer, J. & Herzel, H. (2002) Calls out of chaos: The adaptive significance of nonlinear phenomena in mammalian vocal production. Animal Behaviour 63,407-418 Gouzoules, H. & Gouzoules, S. (1990) Body size effects on the acoustic structure of pigtail macaque (macacanemestrina) screams. Ethology 85,324-334 Gouzoules, S., Gouzoules, H. & Marler, P. (1984) Rhesus monkey (macacamulatta) screams: Representational signalling in the recruitment of agonistic aid. Animal Behaviour 32,182-193 Gros-Louis, J. (2004) The function of food-associated calls in white-faced capuchin monkeys, cebuscapucinus, from the perspective of the signaller. Animal Behavior 67,431-440
26. Hamilton, W. J., III & Arrowood, P. C. (1978)Copulatory vocalisations of chacma baboons (papioursinus), gibbons (hylobateshoolock), and humans. Science 200,1405-1409 Marler, P. (1955) Characteristics of some animal calls. Nature 176,6-7 Marshall, A. J., Wrangham, R. W. & Clark, A. P. (1999) Does learning affect the structure of vocalizations in chimpanzees? Animal Behaviour 58,825-830 Miller, C. T., Scarl, J. S. & Hauser, M. D. (2004) Sex-specific sensory biases underlie sex differences in tamarin long call structure. Animal Behaviour 68:713-720. Mitani, J. & Gros-Louis, J. (1998) Chorusing and convergence in chimpanzees: Tests of three hypotheses. Behaviour 135,1041-1064 Rendall, D., Owren, M. J. & Rodman, P. S. (1998) The role of vocal tract filtering in identity cueing in rhesus monkey (macacamulatta) vocalizations. Journal of the Acoustic Society of America 103,602-614
27. Rendall, D., Owren, M. J., Weerts, E. & Hienz, R. D. (2004) Sex differences in the acoustic structure of vowel-like vocalizations in baboons and their perceptualdiscrimination by baboon listeners. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 115,411-421 Semple, S. (1998) The function of barbary macaque copulation calls. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London 265,287-291 Semple, S. & McComb, K. (2000) Perception of female reproductive state from vocal cues in a mammal species. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London 267,707-712 Zahavi, A. (1975) Mate selection: A selection for a handicap. Journal of Theoretical Biology 53,205 214 Zuberbuhler, K., Cheney, D. L. & Seyfarth, R. M. (1999) Conceptual semantics in a nonhuman primate. Journal of Comparative Psychology 113,33-42 Zuberbuhler, K., Noe, R. & Seyfarth, R. M. (1997) Diana monkey long-distance calls: Messages for conspecifics and predators. Animal Behaviour 53,589-604