Watersupply and sanitation appraisal and review outline

1. Appraisal and Review for a Rural Water Supply and
Sanitation Project
Rahul Bhargava
23 November 2012
Contents
Background 1
Monitoring water supply and sanitation 1
Methodology 1
Monitoring 2
Contaminants to be analysed 4
Sampling 4
Glossary 4
References 5
Background
The Project is aligned with the Government’s policies, guidelines, planning
processes, rules and regulations. Funds from the Government, clubbed
with those from multilateral agencies, are channeled from the Central
Government through local bodies to communities in accordance with
existing processes and mechanisms. In keeping with the projects objectives
of inclusion, support has been provided for the development of District
WASH Implementation Guidelines and activities are being implemented
according to these guidelines.
Outputs/targets:
1. Model District WASH Implementation Guideline (DWIG)
2. District WASH Plans
3. Village Development Committees (VDC) WASH plans
4. Improved sanitation and hygenic practices, along with behaviour change
5. Strengthened instiutions with the capacity to implement, operate and
maintain water supply, sanitation and hygiene
6. Water supply through gravity schemes, gravity rehabilitations, point
source improvements, tube wells, hand dug wells, rainwater harvesting
systems.

2. Monitoring water supply and sanitation
Methodology
Before the planning of water sampling and analysis, it is necessary to deve-
lop a monitoring program document that clearly outlines what information
is needed and what is already available under the mandate of the RWSSP
Project. This will provide the foundation to,
• Describe water resources and identify actual and emerging problems of
water pollution.
• Develop a monitoring network design by establishing what is measured
and sampled where, when and how often. Random sampling for the
Appraisal is necessary so that the emerging picture can be generalized in
a statistically satifactory manner.
• Formulate plans and setting priorities for water quality management.
This will include estimating resources available for undertaking field
surveys, hydrological measurements and microbiological, biological
and sediment sampling, undertaking laboratory work, and determining
staff competency and training. Laboratories must be identified that will
undertake physical and chemical analyses under appropriate external and
internal quality controls.
• Peform a gap analysis to determine if the preconditions for the Comple-
tion Phase of the RWSSP have been met.
• Evaluate the effectiveness of RWSSP to date.
Monitoring
“The indicators/parameters to be included in water quality assessment and
monitoring programmes can be summarised as follows:
1. microbial quality: micro-organisms which indicate faecal contamination
(‘indicator organisms’ such as Escherichia coli or, as a surrogate, ther-
motolerant coliforms) and thus signal the potential presence in water of
micro-organisms that are harmful to health (pathogens);
2. parameters that have been shown to influence microbial quality (such as
disinfectant residuals, pH and turbidity);
3. chemical parameters of known health risk; and
4. aesthetic parameters, i.e. those that cause rejection of water (notably
turbidity, taste, colour, odour, iron and manganese).”1 1
Rapid assessment of drinking-water
quality: a handbook for implementation
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3. Sources of drinking water
Table 1: WHO/UNICEF Joint Mo-
Improved Room for improvement nitoring Programme for Water
Piped water into dwelling, yard or plot Tanker truck water Supply and Sanitation. Water for
Public tap/standpipe Vendor-provided water life: making it happen. 2005. pg 6.
Tubewell/borewell
Protected dug well Unprotected dug well
Protected spring Unprotected spring
Rainwater collection Surface water (river, stream, dam
Bottled water lake, pond, canal, irrigation channel)
Sanitation
Improved Room for improvement
Flush/pour-flush to: Public or shared latrine
piped sewer system
sepctic tank Hanging toilet
pit (latrine) Bucket latrine
Ventilated improved pit laterine
Pit laterine with slab Pit laterine w/o slab, open pit
Composting toilet No facilities (use open area)
Contaminants to be analysed
• Organochlorinated pesticides, PCBs, Organophosphorus
• Pentachlorophenol, Phenolics, Phenoxy acid herbicides
• Aluminium, Antimony, Barium, Beryllium, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt,
Copper, Iron, Lead, Lithium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Selenium,
Strontium, Vanadium, Zinc
• Silver
• Mercury
• Acidity, Alkalinity, Arsenic, Calcium, Chloride, Colour, Fluoride, Hard-
ness, Magnesium, Non-filterable residue, pH, Potassium, Sodium, Specific
conductance, Sulphate, Turbidity
• Carbon, total organic; Nitrogen: ammonia; Nitrogen: nitrate, nitrite;
Nitrogen: total
• Phosphorus, total
Sampling
Composite sampling should be undertaken and be a combination of depth,
area and time integrated. That is, two or more parts should be collected at
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4. Likely volume of Public health risk Intervention priority
Service level Distance/time water collected from poor hygiene and actions
No access More than 1 km; more than Very low: 5 litres per capita Very high Very high
30 min round-trip per day Hygiene compromised; Provision of basic level of
basic consumption may service;
be compromised hygiene education
Basic access Within 1 km; within 30 min Average approximately High High
round-trip 20 litres per capita per day Hygiene may be compromised; Hygiene education; provision
laundry may occur off-plot of improved level of service
Intermediate access Water provided on-plot Average approximately Low Low
through at least one tap 50 litres per capita per day Hygiene should not be Hygiene promotion still
(yard level) compromised; laundry likely yields health gains;
to occur on-plot encourage optimal access
Optimal access Supply of water through Average 100– 200 litres Very low Very low
multiple taps within the per capita per day Hygiene should not be Hygiene promotion
house compromised; laundry will still yields health gains
occur on-plot
Table 2: Source: Domestic water quantity, service level and health. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2004.
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5. predetermined depths below the surface and bottom, spatially distributed,
and at regular intervals.
Glossary
WASH Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene. Behaviour change relating to
both sanitation and hygienic practices is essential.
DWIG District WASH Implementation Guideline
VDC Village Development Committees
Monitoring is the long-term, standardised measurement and observation of
the aquatic environment in order to define status and trends.
Surveys are finite duration, intensive programmes to measure and observe
the quality of the aquatic environment for a specific purpose.
Surveillance is continuous, specific measurement and observation for the
purpose of water quality management and operational activities.
References
World Health Organization. Rapid assessment of drinking-water quality: a
handbook for implementation, 2012.
WHO/UNICEF Joint Water Supply and Sanitation Monitoring Pro-
gramme Staff (Contribution by). Water for Life : Making It Happen. Albany,
NY, USA: World Health Organization, 2005. p 27.
Jamie Bartram and Richard Ballance (editors). Water Quality Moni-
toring - A Practical Guide to the Design and Implementation of Fresh-
water Quality Studies and Monitoring Programmes. UNEP/WHO, 1996.
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/resourcesquality/
waterqualmonitor.pdf. Last accessed 23 November 2012.
WHO/UNICEF. Rapid assessment of drinking-water quality: a handbook
for implementation. October 2012. http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/
user_upload/resources/RADWQHandbookv1final.pdf
IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre. http://www.irc.nl/
page/102
World Health Organization (WHO). http://www.who.int/water_
sanitation_health/en/
Water and Sanitation Program (WSP). http://www.wsp.org/
Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council. http://www.wsscc.
org
Global Water Partnership (GWP). http://gwpforum.netmasters05.
netmasters.nl/en/index.html
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