related on water supply system in rural area

1. BY:
Alok Nigam (161302)
NITTTR
Batch ME (CTM) 2016

2. Water is an indispensable natural resource for the survival and well being of human
kind. It is also essential for production of food, energy that contributes to the
economic and industrial development of a society.
Safe and reliable supply of water is therefore essential for individual welfare and
for community development. The first and foremost consequence of lack of safe
water for community consumption is diseases. Infectious diseases, affected by the
availability or the lack of protected water supply systems, may take the following
forms:
• Infections spread through water supplies (water-borne diseases such as typhoid,
cholera, gastroenteritis).
• Infections transmitted through living carriers found in water bodies (water-based
diseases such as schistosomiasis, which is through an aquatic snail that burrows
through skin).
• Infections spread by insects that depend on water (water-related diseases such as
malaria, yellow fever spread through mosquitoes).
• Infections due to the lack of sufficient water for personal hygiene (water-washed
diseases such as scabies, trachoma).

3. World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that as much as 80% of all
diseases in the world is associated with water.
Available evidences indicate that most of the health benefits from safe
water are attainable at service levels of 30–40 liters per capita per day.
Hence, the role of organized water supply in the prevention of water-borne
diseases and in the promotion of public health can be well appreciated
Development Report of United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),
as of 1996, more than 31% of the population in developing countries are
yet to have access to safe water and more than three-fourths of this
population lives in the rural areas.

5. Traditionally, the people in rural areas have obtained water from unprotected
ponds or tanks, wells, cisterns and sometimes streams and rivers. These water
sources are frequented daily for collecting drinking and cooking water, washing
clothes, bathing, livestock washing, etc.
Mostly, these waters are unsafe for consumption due to contamination by fecal
matters as well as by their heavy use. Consequently, the populations suffer from
frequent epidemics. To supply potable water to all such communities by an ideal
comprehensive water supply system that supplies water with a quality matching
international standards, is not feasible.
Water quality standards which have less bearing on health (such as hardness of
water, or the presence of iron and manganese or chlorides normally included in
any drinking water of quality standards) can possibly be relaxed unless this causes
technical problems, and so long as the rural population finds the water acceptable.
This will help to minimize financial constraints in providing safe drinking water.

6. Considering the present situation of rural communities, where water from
polluted sources is carried over long distances and used directly, any simple
improvement in service and water quality could be expected to have a large
beneficial impact on health. That is to say that what is needed is an
effective short-term alternative to the ideal situation. Such an alternative to
achieve an overall low-cost water supply scheme consists of:
• an appropriate water source
• an appropriate water extraction method from the source
• low-cost water treatment systems, wherever required
• an appropriate water distribution system.

7. Water Source Problems
 High dependence on ground water (85%)
 Over extraction of ground water for irrigation
 Uncontrolled deforestation
 Neglect of traditional practices and systems, including rain
water harvesting
 Inadequate integrated water management and watershed
development
 Emerging water quality problems

8. Ensuring a safe and sustainable water supply in rural areas is of fundamental
importance for rural development all over the world. Access to basic water and
sanitation services is a crucial right, vital for development and the reduction of
poverty.
Due to the increasing occurrence of water stress and scarcity, increasing variations
and uncertainties in weather patterns, deterioration in water quality and the
mismanagement of water, there is an urgent demand for innovative technologies,
approaches and solutions. NIRAS specialises in rural development and empowering
rural communities to manage their natural resources in a sustainable way.
Water is a critical natural resource, particularly in many arid and semi-arid areas.
Community-based management of natural resources is key to ensuring
sustainability and equal access. It also ensures that water resource management
solutions are adapted to the needs and specific characteristics of each project area
and ownership and that water resources will continue to be managed
appropriately.

9.  When solving water-related assignments, we make sure that other fields
such as institutional development, sociology, health provision, financial and
economic assessment and the environment are taken into consideration
and needs and expectations met.
 Services Implementation of rural water supply and sanitation projects,
focusing on appropriate design and approaches as well as user participation
and ownership Feasibility studies on technical, social, financial and
environmental aspects Design, implementation and commissioning of
water supply systems, from water intake to user Community fund
mechanisms as tools for community-based needs assessment, social
infrastructure planning and procurement Strengthening of the
management capacity of locally based water committees and associations
Improvement of locally based operational and management systems
Behavioral changes in hygiene and sanitation Environmental impact
assessments Decentralisation of planning, implementation and
management of water supply systems.

10.  To enable communities to monitor and maintain surveillance on their
drinking water sources.
 To ensure that all schools and anganwadis have access to safe drinking
water;
 To provide enabling environment for Panchayat Raj Institutions and local
communities to manage their owns drinking water sources and systems;
 To provide access to information through online reporting mechanism with
information placed in public domain to bring in transparency, accountability

11.  To ensure permanent drinking water security in rural India.
 To ensure drinking water security through measures to improve/augment
existing drinking water sources and conjunctive use of groundwater, surface-
water and rain water harvesting based on village water budgeting and security
plan prepared by the community/local government.
 Delivery of services by the system for its entire design period of quality of
water inconformity with the prescribed standards at both the supply and
consumption points.
 Issue of portability, reliability, sustainability, conveniences, equity and
consumers preference to be the guiding principles while planning for a
community based water supply system

12.  Open wells/ Sanitary dug well/ rain water harvesting collections.
• Hand pumps schemes.
• Gravity flow piped water supply schemes.
• Power pump scheme.
• Hand pump fitted with mini power pump schemes or pump and tank scheme
based on bore wells or sanitary dug wells.
• Single habitation and multi habitation piped water supply schemes based on
surface and ground water.
• The sources of single village and multi habitation piped water supply schemes
may be an open wells, sanitary wells, bore wells, infiltration wells, infiltration
galleries, rivers, dams, reservoir, and canals.

13. 1 Source/ intake works.
2 Raw water storages.
3 Transmission System.
4 Filtration unit.
5 Pumping Machinery.
6 Disinfection.
7 Balancing Reservoir.
8 Distribution system.

14. Some of the problems that may arise during the operation of Intakes are given below.
Necessary steps should be taken to set right the same
a) Fluctuations in water level
b) Water withdrawal at various depths,
c) Hydraulic surges, ice, floods, floating debris, boats and barges,
d) Withdrawal of water of the best available quality to avoid pollution, and to provide
structural stability
e) Operation of racks and screens to prevent entry of objects that might damage
pumps and treatment facilities
f) Minimizing damage to aquatic life
g) Preservation of space for Equipment cleaning, Removal and repair of machinery,
Storing, movement and feeding of chemicals,
h) Screens should be regularly inspected, maintained and cleaned
i) Mechanical or hydraulic jet cleaning devices should be used to clean the screens
j) Intake structures and related facilities should be inspected, operated and tested
Periodically at regular intervals
k) Proper service and lubrication of intake facilities is important
l) Operation of Gates and Valves

15. 29030
7067
12425
104477
19387 23427
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
Fluoride Arsenic Salinity Iron Nitrate Others
Total No. of Quality Affected Habitations - 195813

16. All sources of freshwater originate from rainfall, which is slightly acidic due to
dissolution of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. In the form of surface run-off, it will
gather considerable amounts of organic and mineral matters, soil particles,
microorganisms, etc.
When the surface run-off infiltrates into subsoil it forms groundwater. As the
groundwater level increases and rises above surface level due to varying land
formations, it oozes out as springs. Perennial springs are the fountainheads of surface
water bodies such as streams, rivers and lakes. The source of water has a major effect
on water system design and hence costs.
Water from different sources varies in quality and hence requires varying degrees of
treatment. The process of choosing the most suitable source for water supply largely
depends on the local conditions. A source of water supply can be identified at any of
the above stages of water cycle, provided it can supply in sufficient quantities for
most periods of the time in a year. Thus, water supply for rural communities can be
organized with use of rainwater, groundwater, and, spring and surface water.

17.  Rainwater with reasonable qualities can be collected using rooftop areas that can
be stored to provide individual households in rural areas with adequate water
supplies. By directing the rainfall on the roof areas to flow through simple
collection gutter arrangements, water that would otherwise join surface run-off
can be gainfully utilized.
 Roofs made of tiles, slates, corrugated iron/tin or asbestos sheets are more
suitable. Thatched and lead sheet roofs are not suitable because of health hazards.
Spring fed lined pond for Rainwater harvesting

18. By appropriately preparing a piece of surface on ground, it can be used as a
catchment for harvesting rainwater for small communities. Part of the rainfall will
serve to wet the ground or get lost due to evaporation or infiltration. A considerable
reduction in such losses can be attained by making the catchment surface smooth
and impervious using clay, tiles, asphalt or plastic sheets.
Ground catchment involves land alterations for contouring, clearance of rocks and
vegetation, simple soil compaction, preparation of surface (tiling, etc.) to reduce
infiltration, construction of ditches along contours and construction of storage tanks.

19. Extraction of water from wells can be done with use of simple technologies that can
be manually operated. Traditionally, there were number of water lifting devices that
were being used in various parts of the world. These include, rope and bucket
devices, counterpoise lifts and the Archimedes screws.
With simple modifications, these traditional methods can be made more efficient in
operation and at the same time protecting the source from contamination. Some of
the modified versions of these simple water-lifting technologies are:
• sanitary rope and bucket system
• bucket pumps
• chain pumps
• hand pumps.

20. In order to address the problem of sustainability, the Government approved sector
reforms programme in March 1999 to ensure the active participation of the
community in rural water supply.
The implementation of the new policy has already commenced.
State Governments have identified 63 pilot districts for introducing reforms.
The reform projects incorporate institutionalization of community participation
through capital cost sharing and shouldering of full O&M responsibilities.

21. l The new strategy thus relies heavily on the use of Central/State funding as a
critical incentive to drive the reform process. As such, it is important that
conditionalities for disbursement of Central funds to state administrations
and from state administrations to PRIs and/or local administrations, be
explicitly defined. The conditions which must be met and the activities for
which funding can be applied must be clearly specified.
l Resources for information education communication/human resource
development (IEC/HRD) now given for different sectors, particularly ,public
health, nutrition, drinking water, sanitation etc. should be pooled together
at the district/state level to the extent possible.
l NGOs are found to be particularly good at outreach and have the advantage
of being able to sharply focus on and activate the participation of
communities.
l All existing social organizations, women’s self-help groups, cooperative
societies, civil societies, educational institutions, private institutions etc.
should be involved for effective implementation of a largescale sanitation
programmes.

22.  To ensure lifeline drinking water security under all circumstance and at all times, it
may be required to have an alternate sub district, district and or state level water
supply system in the form of a grid supplying metered bulk water to village by
adopting an appropriate system of pricing. But this does not undermine the
philosophy of importance of multiple sources and conjunctive use of water.
 State or district or sub district level grid could be in the form of major pipelines,
canals or any other appropriate system connecting major water bodies/sources.
 Treatment could be at the delivery point or at the source

23. All drinking water sources should be tested at least twice a year for bacteriological
contamination and once a year for chemical contamination.
– Under NRDWP, States may establish Water Testing Laboratories at the Sub-
Division level with a provision of testing few selected chemical parameters (need
based) and biological parameters. Under NRHM there is a provision of testing
water quality (biological parameters) at the Primary Health Centers. Such facilities,
along with any other labs like college/school labs, in the area, may be used for the
programme.
– The existing Field Testing Kits (FTK) may continue to be used for primary
detection of chemical and biological contamination of all the drinking water
sources in the villages. Fund provided for procurement of FTKs under National
Rural Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Programme launched in February
2005 should be fully utilized.

24.  Move away from dependency on one source to a combination of sources
 Greater emphasis on individual roof-water harvesting
 Introduction of regular and systematic collection of hydro-meteorological,
hydrological and hydro-geological data by all related Departments and analysis the
Data by a single nodal agency
 Supplement by introducing a system for processing qualitative and quantitative
information for all types of water bodies.
 Project future sector-wise demand including quality and type of user and develop
National Water Master Plan for short and long term perspective.
 Demand for water for different purposes should be estimated at different periods
of time in conformity with respective State goal
 The right of individual exploitation of ground water needs to be restricted both for
economic reasons & for equitable distribution

25.  Strong Scientific inputs based on existing and innovative techniques in water
resource development & management at the micro and macro level is required.
 Regulation, monitoring and enforcement to prevent over exploitation and pollution
of DW source through public and collective rights on local communities seems
essential.

26.  Use Coagulation treatment method
 Use Filtration treatment method
 Maintain the physical and chemical characteristics
of water
 Use Disinfection method

27. Thank You