Applied anatomy of external ear
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Applied anatomy of external ear with emphasis on divisions of external ear - pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane with their structure and clinical aspects with mention about otoscopy
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2. The middle ear is divided into several compartments by mucosal folds including the protympanum, mesotympanum, epitympanum, hypotympanum, and retrotympanum.
3. The epitympanum or attic is further divided by mucosal folds into the upper unit above
THE MIDDLE EAR
I have tried my level best to complete this one. Basics & subjective details as much possible, are included here with understandable diagrams, CT-scans & charts. Clinical associations with possible anatomical structures are also touched . Frequent questions based on the topic discussed, will be there at the middle & end of presentation.
If you find it helpful then please like it & if any query regarding this ppt or upcoming ppts then mail me
drsuraj1997@gmail.com
Development of the middle ear is not covered in this presentation. If you are interested then please mail me. I will try to upload it as a separate one.
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This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the nose, including:
- The external nose is made up of bone and cartilage, with the upper 1/3 formed by the bony pyramid and the lower 2/3 by the cartilaginous vault.
- The nasal septum divides the nose and is formed by bone and cartilage, including the quadrilateral cartilage.
- The lateral wall of the nose contains the superior, middle, and inferior turbinates and their meatuses.
- The sphenoid sinus is located in the body of the sphenoid bone and its ostium opens into the sphenoethmoidal recess. It has important neighboring structures that must be considered during surgery.
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1. The middle ear develops from the tubotympanic recess which buds into sacs including the saccus anticus, medius, superior and posterior. Remnants of mesenchyme become ligaments and blood vessels.
2. The middle ear is divided into several compartments by mucosal folds including the protympanum, mesotympanum, epitympanum, hypotympanum, and retrotympanum.
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THE MIDDLE EAR
I have tried my level best to complete this one. Basics & subjective details as much possible, are included here with understandable diagrams, CT-scans & charts. Clinical associations with possible anatomical structures are also touched . Frequent questions based on the topic discussed, will be there at the middle & end of presentation.
If you find it helpful then please like it & if any query regarding this ppt or upcoming ppts then mail me
drsuraj1997@gmail.com
Development of the middle ear is not covered in this presentation. If you are interested then please mail me. I will try to upload it as a separate one.
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The document discusses juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA), a benign but locally invasive vascular tumor that primarily affects adolescent males. It arises near the sphenopalatine foramen and can spread medially into the nasopharynx and laterally into surrounding structures. Presentation varies from nasal obstruction to cranial nerve palsies. Imaging shows a hypervascular mass often with bone erosion. Diagnosis is confirmed histologically. Staging guides surgical approach, with endoscopic resection increasingly used for early-stage tumors. Complete resection while preserving function is the goal.
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This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the nose, including:
- The external nose is made up of bone and cartilage, with the upper 1/3 formed by the bony pyramid and the lower 2/3 by the cartilaginous vault.
- The nasal septum divides the nose and is formed by bone and cartilage, including the quadrilateral cartilage.
- The lateral wall of the nose contains the superior, middle, and inferior turbinates and their meatuses.
- The sphenoid sinus is located in the body of the sphenoid bone and its ostium opens into the sphenoethmoidal recess. It has important neighboring structures that must be considered during surgery.
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The larynx extends from the laryngeal inlet to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage. It lies opposite the third to sixth cervical vertebrae. The larynx contains 9 cartilages connected by joints, ligaments, and muscles. The thyroid cartilage is the largest and protects the larynx. The vocal cords lie within the larynx and are responsible for voice production. The larynx develops from the branchial arches and undergoes changes between infancy and adulthood.
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this seminar is regarding the anatomy of nasal septum its importance , and surgeries used to correct deviated septum.
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The inner ear consists of two parts - the bony labyrinth within the temporal bone, and the membranous labyrinth contained within. The bony labyrinth includes the cochlea, vestibule and semicircular canals. The membranous labyrinth contains the cochlear duct, utricle, saccule and semicircular ducts filled with endolymph. These structures contain specialized sensory cells that detect sound (cochlear hair cells) and linear/angular acceleration (vestibular hair cells), transmitting signals to the brain.
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The document discusses the mucosal folds of the middle ear, which develop as the primitive tympanic cavity expands into the middle ear cleft between 3-7 months of fetal development. This forms four primary sacs that enlarge and replace the mesenchyme, with their walls becoming the mucosal lining of the middle ear. Mucosal folds are the planes of contact between neighboring sacs and carry ligaments and blood vessels to the ossicles. There are 10 important mucosal folds described, including the anterior and posterior malleal folds, lateral malleal ligamental fold, and tensor tympani fold. The folds divide the epitympanum (attic) and orient the progression of
Harvesting cartilage for cartilage tympanoplasty
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Lateral sinus thrombophlebitis
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Tympanosclerosis
Tympanosclerosis is characterized by hyaline deposits in the tympanic membrane and middle ear space caused by chronic infection or inflammation. It results in the degeneration of connective tissue and deposition of calcium and phosphate. Common symptoms include conductive hearing loss and occasional tinnitus. Diagnosis is made by otoscopy showing white plaques and audiometry showing a conductive hearing loss. Treatment depends on the size and location of plaques, with small plaques sometimes removed before grafting but large plaques usually just addressed with hearing aids.
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1) The nasal septum consists of three parts - the columellar septum, membranous septum, and septum proper. The septum proper contains cartilage and bones that provide support to the nose.
2) Deviations, fractures, and injuries to the nasal septum can cause problems like nasal obstruction, epistaxis, and deformities. Surgical procedures like submucous resection (SMR) and septoplasty are used to correct septal abnormalities.
3) Complications of nasal septum diseases and their surgeries include bleeding, septal hematoma, infection, and saddle nose deformity. Accurate diagnosis and treatment of septal fractures or deviations is
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This document provides information on the anatomy of the external, middle, and inner ear. It begins with an overview of the external ear including the pinna, external acoustic canal, and tympanic membrane. It then discusses the anatomy of the middle ear, including the eustachian tube, tympanic cavity, ossicles, muscles, nerves, and blood supply. Finally, it covers the anatomy of the inner ear, including the bony and membranous labyrinths, semicircular canals, cochlea, hair cells, and receptors for hearing and balance. Clinical conditions involving each part of the ear are also briefly mentioned.
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This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the middle ear and Eustachian tube. It describes the structures of the middle ear, including the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), muscles (tensor tympani and stapedius), nerves (chorda tympani and tympanic plexus), and contents. It also details the walls and parts of the tympanic cavity, mastoid air cells, blood supply, and differences between adult and infant anatomy of the Eustachian tube. Key structures like the oval window, round window, facial nerve canal, and mastoid antrum are defined.
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This document outlines the anatomy of the nose, beginning with its external features such as the nasal bones, cartilages, skin and muscles. It then details the internal nasal septum formed by bone and cartilage. The lateral nasal wall contains three turbinates and their air passages. Sensory innervation is provided by the trigeminal and facial nerves. Arterial blood supply originates from the ophthalmic, maxillary and facial arteries, and veins drain to the angular and ophthalmic veins. Precise knowledge of nasal anatomy guides surgical procedures like rhinoplasty and septoplasty.
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The document provides information on ear anatomy including:
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- The external ear includes the pinna and external auditory canal. The pinna is made of cartilage and develops from branchial arches.
- The middle ear contains the tympanic cavity lined with mucosa, which houses the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), muscles, and nerves. The ossicles transmit sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane.
- The inner ear contains the bony and membranous labyrinth including the cochlea for hearing and vestibular system for balance. Sound is transduced
Surgical anatomy of salivary glands
The major salivary glands are the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. The parotid gland is the largest and is located below and in front of the ear. The submandibular gland is beneath the jawbone and the sublingual gland is beneath the floor of the mouth. Each gland has specific blood supply, nerve innervation and ducts through which saliva passes. Imaging modalities like ultrasound and CT are useful for evaluating salivary gland disorders. Surgical procedures like gland excision require careful dissection to preserve structures like nerves and ducts.
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This includes anatomy of external and middle ear with their clinical co relations. Embryology is also discussed here. Pinna, External auditory canal, Tympanic membrane, Middle ear Cleft, Mastoid and Auditory tube topics are included.
EAR-ANATOMY.pdf
The document describes the anatomy of the ear, including:
1. The ear is made up of 3 regions - external ear, middle ear, and inner ear. The middle ear contains the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) and converts acoustic to kinetic energy.
2. The middle ear cleft includes the tympanic cavity lined by mucosa, containing the ossicles. It is connected to the nasopharynx by the Eustachian tube and mastoid air cells by the mastoid antrum.
3. The tympanic membrane separates the middle ear from the external ear canal. It transmits vibrations to the ossicles and has a fibrous and mucos
EAR-ANATOMY.pdf
The document provides information on ear anatomy including:
1. The ear is made up of 3 regions - external, middle, and inner ear. The middle ear contains the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) and converts acoustic to kinetic energy.
2. The tympanic membrane separates the external ear from the middle ear cavity. It transmits sound vibrations to the ossicles.
3. The ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) form a chain across the middle ear cavity, transmitting vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window of the inner ear.
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Ear
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the ear in 3 parts:
1. The external ear which includes the pinna and external auditory meatus leading to the tympanic membrane.
2. The middle ear which is an air filled cavity containing the 3 ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) that transmit sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear.
3. The inner ear which contains the bony and fluid filled labyrinth involved in hearing and balance. Each section describes the structures and their functions. Clinical correlations regarding common ear diseases are also discussed.
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middle ear anatomy and eustachian tube dysfunction .pptx
This document provides an overview of middle ear anatomy and the Eustachian tube function test. It describes the structures that make up the middle ear cleft, including the tympanic cavity, Eustachian tube, and mastoid air cell system. It then discusses the anatomy of the tympanic cavity in detail, describing its walls, compartments, contents, and neighboring structures like the ossicles, muscles, nerves and mucosal folds. The document also outlines the anatomy and function of the Eustachian tube and important mucosal folds within the middle ear.
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Applied anatomy of external ear
- 1. Applied anatomy of external ear Adhavan. M 2nd year MBBS IGMC&RI Puducherry
- 2. External ear Pinna External auditory meatus Tympanic membrane •Helix •Anti-helix •Tragus •Anti-tragus •Concha •Cymba conchae •Incisura terminalis Cartilagenous part Bony part Pars flaccida Pars tensa
- 3. Pinna •Single folded piece of cartilage •Skin adherent to perichondrium •Epithelium: Stratified squamous keratinised •Lobule - adipose tissue, no cartilage Incisura terminalis Cymba conchae
- 4. Applied aspects • Endaural incission - Made in incisura terminalis for surgery of EAC and middle ear; doesn’t cut through auricular cartilage • Frostbite - outer surface more prone - as skin is adherent to perichondrium - no subcutaneous tissue • Grafts in rhinoplasty - conchal cartilage to correct depressed nasal bridge; skin and cartilage for defects in ala of nose • Grafts in tympanopathy - tragal and conchal cartilage, perichondrium and fat from lobule are used
- 5. External auditory canal • 24mm long • Extends from concha to TM • 2 parts - Cartilagenous and bony • S shaped, not straight • Examination - pinna is pulled upward, backward and laterally to make the canal straight
- 6. • Lateral 1/3 • Continuation of pinna • Directed upward, backward and medially • Contains hair follicles, sebaceous and ceruminous glands • Fissures of Santorini - transverse slits in the anterior inferior wall of cartilagenous EAC - passage of infections and neoplasm to and from EAC to surrounding tissues (parotid and base of skull) • Furuncles/folliculitis - bacterial infection of hair follicles are common Cartilagenous EAC
- 7. • Medial 2/3 • Enclosed within temporal bone • Directed downward, forward and medially • Isthmus - 6mm lateral to TM - narrowest part - foreign bodies impacted medial are difficult to remove • Foramen of huschke - deficiency in anteroinferior bony EAC - spread of infection to and from parotid and TM joint • In acute mastoiditis - sagging of posterior-superior part of deeper bony EAC due to relation with mastoid antrum Bony EAC
- 8. • Epithelial migration - self cleansing mechanism - sloughed epithelium extruded out with cerumen • Hitzelberger’s sign - hypoesthesia of posterior meatal wall due to pressure of facial nerve in patients with acoustic neuroma • Vasovagal reflex - cough, bradycardia, syncope, cardiac arrest during cleansing of EAC due to Vagus nerve • Ramsay hunt syndrome - Vesicles of herpes zoster occur on mastoid and posterior meatal wall indicating facial nerve innervation Bony EAC contd.
- 9. Tympanic membrane • Window between external and middle ear • Height - 9 to 10 mm • Width - 8 to 9 mm • Thickness - 0.1 mm • Position - oblique - 55° with deep EAC, postero-superior part is more lateral • Parts - Pars tensa and pars flaccida
- 10. Pars tensa • Lower 2/3 • Annulus tympanicus - peripheral thickened part of TM forms fibrocartilagenous ring, fits in tympanic sulcus • Umbo - central part of TM - near tip of malleus - is tented inwards • Cone of light - bright part of light radiating from tip of malleus to periphery in anterioinferior quadrant seen in otoscopy
- 12. Pars flaccida • A.k.a. Shrapnell’s membrane • Upper 1/3 of TM • Less tense than pars tensa • Appears pinkish in otoscopy
- 13. Structure of TM • 3 layers • Outer epithelial layer - continuous with EAC skin • Middle fibrous layer - encloses handle of malleus • Inner mucosal layer - continuous with middle ear mucosa
- 14. Ottoscopy • Normal TM is shiny and pearly grey • Concave laterally • Transparency of TM varies from person to person • Some middle ear structures are usually seen through TM